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  • Authors: ABILDTRUP, Jens; Piguet, Virginie; Schmitt, Bertrand;

    This paper uses a regional adjustment model to compare employment and population change in Denmark from 1997 to 2006. The classical Boarnet model is modified by explicitly addressing employment in the agro-food, manufacturing, and services sectors, allowing an investigation into the role of the agro-industry in regional development. We find that employment growth in the agro-food sector has a positive impact on population growth, while employment growth in the agro-food sector has no significant impact on the employment growth in manufacturing and service sectors. We also find that agro-food sector employment is not particularly associated with rural areas. Agro-food employment has experienced higher growth in urban areas (with higher density) than in rural areas. Furthermore, there is no impact of easier access to the agricultural sector on agro-food employment.

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    Authors: Malanski, Priscila Duarte; Hostiou, Nathalie; Ingrand, Stéphane;

    Le développement du salariat dans les élevages laitiers est lié à l’agrandissement des exploitations et à la diminution de la main-d’œuvre familiale. Ainsi, pérenniser les salariés sur les exploitations laitières est un enjeu pour les éleveurs. Notre hypothèse est que la pérennisation des salariés relève de leurs trajectoires d’évolution du travail, que nous caractérisons par trois dimensions : l’attribution de tâches, la polyvalence vs la spécialisation et le degré d’autonomie. Notre objectif est de décrire les différentes trajectoires possibles pour des salariés en tenant compte de ces trois dimensions du travail. Huit éleveurs et 14 salariés permanents de huit exploitations laitières françaises ont été interrogés individuellement. Huit variables décrivent les évolutions dans les tâches attribuées aux salariés, la tendance vers la polyvalence vs la spécialisation et l’évolution du niveau d’autonomie. Cinq types de trajectoires d’évolution du travail des salariés ont été identifiés. Les perspectives de ce travail sont de discuter ces résultats avec les employeurs, les salariés et les conseillers, afin d’évaluer leur utilité dans un processus réflexif sur la carrière des salariés en élevage. Evolution of employees working on dairy farms is related to the increase in farm size and the decrease in the size of family workforce. Thus, maintaining employees on dairy farms is a major problem for dairy farmers. We hypothesize that maintaining employees is related to their evolution pathways of work according to thetasks assigned, the level of versatility vs.specialization and thelevel of autonomy. Our aim was to describe different pathways for employees according to these three dimensions of work. Eight farmers and 14 permanent employees on eight French dairy farms were interviewed individually. Eight variables were identified to describe the evolution of tasks assigned to employees, the trend toward versatility vs. specialization, and the evolution of autonomy. Five evolution pathways of employees’ work were identified. Thelonger-term goalisto discuss these results with farmers, employees and agricultural advisors to validatethe results and assess their usefulness in a reflexive process concerning employees’ career on farm.

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    Article . 2017
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    Agricultures
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    Agricultures
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2017
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      Agricultures
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      Agricultures
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Laure Latruffe; Yann Desjeux; Zoltán Bakucs; Imre Fertő; +1 Authors

    ABSTRACTPig farming is one of the strongest polluters of water due to its intensive production and slurry rejection. Several European countries have introduced environmental regulations aiming at reducing the pollution caused by nitrates from agriculture, but not yet Hungary. We investigate how Hungarian pig farms' output and technical efficiency would be affected if such regulations are to be fully implemented in this country. Results indicate that the pollution could be reduced with no impact on the output level, and that pig farmers have incentives to reduce nitrogen pollution in order to increase their efficiency even in the absence of regulation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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    Managerial and Decision Economics
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Managerial and Decis...arrow_drop_down
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      Managerial and Decision Economics
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Guenhaël Jegouzo; Guenhael Jegouzo;

    Jegouzo Guenhaël. - La evolución despues de 1975 del celibato masculine en zonas rurales. Si en Francia, los agricultures - sobre todo los pequeňos agricultures y una fracción de los medianos - y los obreros agricoles son los grupos sociales que tienen la tasa de nup- cialidad más baja, esta situación se encuentra tambien, con alguna variación, en la mayor parte de los países de la C.E.E., como lo muestran los datos más recientes. Sin embardgo, <, En nuestro pais, este celibato, prolongado o definitivo sin union libre, no estaria, en vias de reducirse desde háce unos quinze aňos ? La tendencia anterior, que desde 1950 conducia al aumento continue de la tasa de celibato definitivo (a 40-49 aftos), se ha invertido, a la exep- ción de algunas regiones, donde el numero de pequefias explotaciones va disminuyendo. Contrariamente, el celibato prolongado (a 30-39 aňos), no disminuye y a pesar, que los ma- trimonios se realizan más frecuentemente con mujeres que no nacieron en medio agricola, para los jóvenes, habrian aumentado las dificultades de contraer matrimonio, teniendo en cuenta que el desempleo tendria por efecto retener en el campo, particularmente a los nombres más que a las mujeres. Las diferencias elevadas que perduran, a pesar que algunas de ellas van disminuyendo, denotan una profunda crisis de adaptación, en una parte del sector agricola, a los cambios de su contexto económico y social. Jegouzo Guenhaël. - L'évolution après 1975 du célibat agricole masculin. Si en France, les hommes agriculteurs exploitants - en réalité surtout ceux de la petite paysannerie et des fractions basses de la moyenne - et les salariés agricoles sont les groupes sociaux aux taux de nuptialité les moins élevés, cette situation se retrouve, à des degrés variables, dans la plupart des autres pays de la CEE, comme viennent le montrer des données récentes. Tout au moins ce célibat agricole, prolongé ou définitif sans union libre, ne serait-il pas en voie de réduction dans notre pays depuis une quinzaine d'années ? La tendance antérieure qui conduisait depuis 1950 à l'accroissement continu du taux de célibat définitif (à 40-49 ans) s'est retournée, sauf dans quelques régions, du fait du recul de la petite agriculture. Par contre, le célibat prolongé (à 30-39 ans) ne diminue pas et, malgré des mariages plus fréquents avec des filles nées hors de l'agiculture, les difficultés de se marier auraient augmenté chez les jeunes, le chômage ayant eu pour effet de retenir davantage à la terre les garçons que les filles. Le maintien de disparités élevées, même si certaines de celles-ci s'abaissent, révèle une profonde crise d'adaptation d'une partie de l'agriculture aux changements de son contexte économique et social. Jegouzo Guenhaël. - Changes after 1975 in the numbers of single male farmers. In France, marriage rates have been lowest among male fanners, particularly among smallholders, the lower section of medium farmers, and agricultural labourers. Recent data have shown that such is the case, too, to different degrees in other countries of the European Community. However, it would seem that during the last 15 years, permanent celibacy among male farmers has been on the decrease in France. Previous trends which resulted in a continuous increase of never-married male farmers aged between 40 and 49, have been reversed, except in a number of regions, mainly as a result of the decline in the numbers of smallholders. However, prolonged bachelorhood (at the ages of 30-39 years) has persisted, and, in spite of the fact that male farmers increasingly take their brides from outside agriculture, their difficulties in finding a mate have increased. Unemployment has resulted in more young men remaining in the countryside than young women. The persistence of large disparities, even though they may have decreased, bears witness to the fact that some parts of the farming population have not been able to adapt to the socio-economic changes which have affected them. Jegouzo Guenhaël. L'évolution après 1975 du célibat agricole masculin. In: Population, 46ᵉ année, n°1, 1991. pp. 41-61.

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    Population
    Article . 1991 . Peer-reviewed
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    Population
    Article . 1991 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Subervie, Julie;

    Evaluation MOISA - Auteur hors unité au moment de la publication; International audience; This paper analyses the effect of world price instability on the agricultural supply from developing countries and determines to what extent this effect is dependent upon the macroeconomic environment. Producers from agricultural commodityexporting countries are particularly vulnerable to the fluctuations of world prices: they are widely exposed to price shocks and have little ability to cope with them. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of risk-coping strategies is conditioned by the influence of macroeconomic factors (infrastructure, inflation and financial deepening). Thus country-specific price indices are established, and the response of production indices to price instability indices is estimated by using a panel model including macroeconomic variables which interact with price instability. Such analysis is based on a sample of 25 countries between 1961 and 2002. The results highlight a significant negative effect of the world price instability on supply, and further show that high inflation, weak infrastructure and a poorly developed financial system exacerbate this effect.

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    Journal of Agricultural Economics
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Schmitt, Bertrand; Goffette-Nagot, Florence;

    Quelles sont les forces d'agglomération et de dispersion qui sont susceptibles d'expliquer la localisation des hommes et des activités dans les espaces ruraux ? Comment déterminent-elles les configurations spatiales particulières observées dans ces espaces, qui montrent la prégnance de l'influence urbaine ? Les modèles d'économie géographique peuvent se révéler des outils adéquats pour analyser cette question de l'organisation spatiale des zones rurales. Nous proposons ici une revue de ces modèles, en insistant sur les forces de dispersion, qui reposent essentiellement sur la consommation de sol et les coûts de transport. Nous posons ensuite un ensemble d'hypothèses concernant les principales forces à l’œuvre dans les espaces ruraux. L'intensité des économies d'agglomération est supposée être fonction de la taille de la ville. Cette dernière induit des rentes foncières croissantes et donc des déséconomies d'agglomération. Ces déséconomies provoquent un étalement urbain autour de la ville et, dans un deuxième temps, une décentralisation partielle des services aux ménages, qui suivent l'étalement de la population. En conséquence, au-delà d'un certain seuil de taille de la ville centre d'un bassin d'emploi, la décentralisation des services aux ménages donne naissance à des centres de service secondaires, tandis que les services restent concentrés au pôle dans les plus petits bassins d'emploi. Des résultats empiriques concernant les densités de population, les flux de main-d’œuvre et la répartition des services à la population dans les bassins d'emploi desvilles de plus de 20 000 habitants de six régions françaises sont présentés. The question to be addressed here is that of the agglomeration/dispersion forces that are likely to account for the location of people and jobs in rural areas and the way they explain spatial patterns in rural areas depending on urban influence. Economic geography models may provide suitable tools with which to investigate the organization of rural areas. We first review these models, focusing on dispersion forces, which rest basically on land consumption and transport costs. We suggest then a set of hypotheses concerning the main forces at work in rural areas. Intensity of agglomeration economies is hypothesized to be related to the urban size, which in turn induces increasing land rents and finally agglomeration diseconomies. Such diseconomies encourage population spread around the city and in a second stage a possible partial decentralization of population-serving firms, which seek the proximity to the households. The consequences in terms of spatial patterns are that beyond a certain threshold of the city size, decentralization of population-serving firms occurs, giving rise to secondary services centers, whereas services remain concentrated in the center for smallercities. Empirical results concerning population densities, labor force exchanges and distribution of residentiary services in labor-market areas surrounding cities of more than 20,000 inhabitants in six French regions are presented.

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    Environment and Planning A Economy and Space
    Article . 1999 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Bureau, Jean-Christophe;

    [ES] Los modelos de equilibrio general estimados por varios autores e instituciones muestran que, aunque la liberalización del comercio conduce a un bienestar agregado, hay ganadores y perdedorescuando se tiene en cuenta la distribución. El objetivo de este artículo es determinar que regiones rurales han ganado y cuáles han perdido en el proceso de apertura de los mercados que está en proceso desde 1990. La literatura económica sobre comercio internacional y desarrollo regional sugiere que la presencia de fuerzas de oposición, hace que el impacto global de la liberalización internacional del mercado sobre las áreas rurales sea ambiguo. Usando una serie de estudios empíricos, el autor asegura el impacto de la apertura de mercados en las regiones europeas, observando una proporción significativa de perdedores entre las regiones rurales de Europa. El artículo concluye con un análisis de los efectos negativos de las pérdidas de protección sobre el ambiente y el territorio, y sugiere la necesidad de dirigir el problema mediante una modificación de las políticas actuales de la UE. [EN] General equilibrium models estimated by various authors and institutions show that, although trade liberalization leads to aggregate welfare gains, there are winners and losers. The aim of this article is to determine to what extent rural regions have won or lost in the trade opening process that has been underway since the 1990s. The economic literature on international trade and regional development suggests the presence of opposing forces, making the global impact of international trade liberalization on rural areas ambiguous. Using a series of empirical studies, the author assesses the impact of trade opening on the European regions, observing a significant proportion of losers in the trade liberalization process among the rural regions of Europe. The article concludes with an analysis of the negative effects of welfare losses on the environment and territorial ordering in many rural regions, and suggests the need to address the problem by modifying current EU policies.

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    Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales
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  • Authors: Collard, Damien; Raulet-Croset, Nathalie; Teulier, Régine; Suquet, Jean-Baptiste;

    Analyser les compétences au plus près de l’action opérationnelle est une perspective peu développée en gestion et, pourtant, elle intéresse particulièrement les cadres opérationnels en entreprise. En effet, ceux-ci exercent un jugement continu sur les compétences des personnes et des équipes, dont ils organisent l’activité pour atteindre les objectifs qui leur sont fixés. L’enjeu pour la recherche et pour la gestion est donc bien réel. Pour contribuer à cette perspective et en partant de l’observation de nombreuses situations de travail, cet article propose le concept de « compétence orientée situation » (COS), qui s’articule autour de trois notions : la situation, la compétence et la performance. L’utilité du concept est ensuite illustrée empiriquement à travers le cas d’une grande entreprise de transport. Enfin, son caractère opératoire pour la gestion des ressources humaines (GRH) sera discuté. Line managers and qualifications: a situated approachQualifications have seldom been analyzed as closely as possible to the operational level, a possibility of special interest to line managers and a genuine issue for research and management. Supervisors are continually in the position of making judgments about the qualifications of the persons and work teams whose activities they organize to reach the objectives set. Starting from observations conducted in several situations at the workplace, the concept of a “qualification oriented toward the situation” is drawn up around three dimensions : situation, qualification and performance. Its usefulness is empirically illustrated in the case of a big transportation firm ; and its operational nature for human resource management, brought under discussion.

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    Authors: Giraud, Christophe; Rémy, Jacques;

    International audience; How is workload shared between family workers on a farm? And how do workload sharing rules influence diversification decisions? Two types of diversification activities are described in this respect: one (retail, transformation, tourism) principally concerns wife, the other (…) the farmer. It is shown that the technico-centered conception of the profession leads the farmer not to engage oneself in the first type of diversification and to delegate it to his wife. In order to preserve certain professional legitimacy, he prefers to run the second type of diversification.; L’article porte sur l’émergence de nouvelles activités en agriculture et ses conséquences sur le partage du travail au sein du couple dans les exploitations agricoles. Il met en évidence l’existence de deux types de diversification : la première (vente directe, transformation, accueil touristique) concerne principalement le conjoint ; la seconde (travaux agricoles à façon, activités agri-environnementales) surtout le chef d’exploitation. La conception du métier d’agriculteur qui prévaut encore aujourd’hui et centrée sur les tâches techniques culturales ou d’élevage conduit le chef d’exploitation à se désengager des premières activités en laissant le conjoint s’y consacrer et à s’approprier davantage les secondes.

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    Archined
    Article . 2013
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    Travail genre et sociétés
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Bureau, Jean-Christophe; Jean, Sébastien;

    Multilateral trade liberalization has made little progress over the last period, but preferential agreements have multiplied. Recent economic literature helps understand the current negotiation game. New economic and political conditions, in particular the gaining influence of emerging countries, make a multilateral agreement more difficult. Developed countries have given up many of their bargaining chips in previous rounds of negotiation and their remaining agricultural tariffs are not sufficient for extracting the concessions from emerging countries on services, procurement, and intellectual property that would make an agreement possible. The risk of a more fragmented world calls for a revised negotiation agenda and a change in the status of developing countries. Research issues are outlined in order to help revitalize the Doha negotiation agenda.; L'article est un panorama de la situation du commerce international et des négociations en cours sur les échanges. Il dresse un diagnostic et donne des pistes d'évolution pour les négociations de l'organisation mondiale du commerce dans le secteur agricole.

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    Agricultural Economics
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: ABILDTRUP, Jens; Piguet, Virginie; Schmitt, Bertrand;

    This paper uses a regional adjustment model to compare employment and population change in Denmark from 1997 to 2006. The classical Boarnet model is modified by explicitly addressing employment in the agro-food, manufacturing, and services sectors, allowing an investigation into the role of the agro-industry in regional development. We find that employment growth in the agro-food sector has a positive impact on population growth, while employment growth in the agro-food sector has no significant impact on the employment growth in manufacturing and service sectors. We also find that agro-food sector employment is not particularly associated with rural areas. Agro-food employment has experienced higher growth in urban areas (with higher density) than in rural areas. Furthermore, there is no impact of easier access to the agricultural sector on agro-food employment.

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    Authors: Malanski, Priscila Duarte; Hostiou, Nathalie; Ingrand, Stéphane;

    Le développement du salariat dans les élevages laitiers est lié à l’agrandissement des exploitations et à la diminution de la main-d’œuvre familiale. Ainsi, pérenniser les salariés sur les exploitations laitières est un enjeu pour les éleveurs. Notre hypothèse est que la pérennisation des salariés relève de leurs trajectoires d’évolution du travail, que nous caractérisons par trois dimensions : l’attribution de tâches, la polyvalence vs la spécialisation et le degré d’autonomie. Notre objectif est de décrire les différentes trajectoires possibles pour des salariés en tenant compte de ces trois dimensions du travail. Huit éleveurs et 14 salariés permanents de huit exploitations laitières françaises ont été interrogés individuellement. Huit variables décrivent les évolutions dans les tâches attribuées aux salariés, la tendance vers la polyvalence vs la spécialisation et l’évolution du niveau d’autonomie. Cinq types de trajectoires d’évolution du travail des salariés ont été identifiés. Les perspectives de ce travail sont de discuter ces résultats avec les employeurs, les salariés et les conseillers, afin d’évaluer leur utilité dans un processus réflexif sur la carrière des salariés en élevage. Evolution of employees working on dairy farms is related to the increase in farm size and the decrease in the size of family workforce. Thus, maintaining employees on dairy farms is a major problem for dairy farmers. We hypothesize that maintaining employees is related to their evolution pathways of work according to thetasks assigned, the level of versatility vs.specialization and thelevel of autonomy. Our aim was to describe different pathways for employees according to these three dimensions of work. Eight farmers and 14 permanent employees on eight French dairy farms were interviewed individually. Eight variables were identified to describe the evolution of tasks assigned to employees, the trend toward versatility vs. specialization, and the evolution of autonomy. Five evolution pathways of employees’ work were identified. Thelonger-term goalisto discuss these results with farmers, employees and agricultural advisors to validatethe results and assess their usefulness in a reflexive process concerning employees’ career on farm.

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    Agricultures
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    Agricultures
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agricultures
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      Agricultures
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    Authors: Laure Latruffe; Yann Desjeux; Zoltán Bakucs; Imre Fertő; +1 Authors

    ABSTRACTPig farming is one of the strongest polluters of water due to its intensive production and slurry rejection. Several European countries have introduced environmental regulations aiming at reducing the pollution caused by nitrates from agriculture, but not yet Hungary. We investigate how Hungarian pig farms' output and technical efficiency would be affected if such regulations are to be fully implemented in this country. Results indicate that the pollution could be reduced with no impact on the output level, and that pig farmers have incentives to reduce nitrogen pollution in order to increase their efficiency even in the absence of regulation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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    Managerial and Decision Economics
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Managerial and Decis...arrow_drop_down
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      Managerial and Decision Economics
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    Authors: Guenhaël Jegouzo; Guenhael Jegouzo;

    Jegouzo Guenhaël. - La evolución despues de 1975 del celibato masculine en zonas rurales. Si en Francia, los agricultures - sobre todo los pequeňos agricultures y una fracción de los medianos - y los obreros agricoles son los grupos sociales que tienen la tasa de nup- cialidad más baja, esta situación se encuentra tambien, con alguna variación, en la mayor parte de los países de la C.E.E., como lo muestran los datos más recientes. Sin embardgo, <, En nuestro pais, este celibato, prolongado o definitivo sin union libre, no estaria, en vias de reducirse desde háce unos quinze aňos ? La tendencia anterior, que desde 1950 conducia al aumento continue de la tasa de celibato definitivo (a 40-49 aftos), se ha invertido, a la exep- ción de algunas regiones, donde el numero de pequefias explotaciones va disminuyendo. Contrariamente, el celibato prolongado (a 30-39 aňos), no disminuye y a pesar, que los ma- trimonios se realizan más frecuentemente con mujeres que no nacieron en medio agricola, para los jóvenes, habrian aumentado las dificultades de contraer matrimonio, teniendo en cuenta que el desempleo tendria por efecto retener en el campo, particularmente a los nombres más que a las mujeres. Las diferencias elevadas que perduran, a pesar que algunas de ellas van disminuyendo, denotan una profunda crisis de adaptación, en una parte del sector agricola, a los cambios de su contexto económico y social. Jegouzo Guenhaël. - L'évolution après 1975 du célibat agricole masculin. Si en France, les hommes agriculteurs exploitants - en réalité surtout ceux de la petite paysannerie et des fractions basses de la moyenne - et les salariés agricoles sont les groupes sociaux aux taux de nuptialité les moins élevés, cette situation se retrouve, à des degrés variables, dans la plupart des autres pays de la CEE, comme viennent le montrer des données récentes. Tout au moins ce célibat agricole, prolongé ou définitif sans union libre, ne serait-il pas en voie de réduction dans notre pays depuis une quinzaine d'années ? La tendance antérieure qui conduisait depuis 1950 à l'accroissement continu du taux de célibat définitif (à 40-49 ans) s'est retournée, sauf dans quelques régions, du fait du recul de la petite agriculture. Par contre, le célibat prolongé (à 30-39 ans) ne diminue pas et, malgré des mariages plus fréquents avec des filles nées hors de l'agiculture, les difficultés de se marier auraient augmenté chez les jeunes, le chômage ayant eu pour effet de retenir davantage à la terre les garçons que les filles. Le maintien de disparités élevées, même si certaines de celles-ci s'abaissent, révèle une profonde crise d'adaptation d'une partie de l'agriculture aux changements de son contexte économique et social. Jegouzo Guenhaël. - Changes after 1975 in the numbers of single male farmers. In France, marriage rates have been lowest among male fanners, particularly among smallholders, the lower section of medium farmers, and agricultural labourers. Recent data have shown that such is the case, too, to different degrees in other countries of the European Community. However, it would seem that during the last 15 years, permanent celibacy among male farmers has been on the decrease in France. Previous trends which resulted in a continuous increase of never-married male farmers aged between 40 and 49, have been reversed, except in a number of regions, mainly as a result of the decline in the numbers of smallholders. However, prolonged bachelorhood (at the ages of 30-39 years) has persisted, and, in spite of the fact that male farmers increasingly take their brides from outside agriculture, their difficulties in finding a mate have increased. Unemployment has resulted in more young men remaining in the countryside than young women. The persistence of large disparities, even though they may have decreased, bears witness to the fact that some parts of the farming population have not been able to adapt to the socio-economic changes which have affected them. Jegouzo Guenhaël. L'évolution après 1975 du célibat agricole masculin. In: Population, 46ᵉ année, n°1, 1991. pp. 41-61.

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    Population
    Article . 1991 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 1991 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Subervie, Julie;

    Evaluation MOISA - Auteur hors unité au moment de la publication; International audience; This paper analyses the effect of world price instability on the agricultural supply from developing countries and determines to what extent this effect is dependent upon the macroeconomic environment. Producers from agricultural commodityexporting countries are particularly vulnerable to the fluctuations of world prices: they are widely exposed to price shocks and have little ability to cope with them. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of risk-coping strategies is conditioned by the influence of macroeconomic factors (infrastructure, inflation and financial deepening). Thus country-specific price indices are established, and the response of production indices to price instability indices is estimated by using a panel model including macroeconomic variables which interact with price instability. Such analysis is based on a sample of 25 countries between 1961 and 2002. The results highlight a significant negative effect of the world price instability on supply, and further show that high inflation, weak infrastructure and a poorly developed financial system exacerbate this effect.

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    Journal of Agricultural Economics
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Schmitt, Bertrand; Goffette-Nagot, Florence;

    Quelles sont les forces d'agglomération et de dispersion qui sont susceptibles d'expliquer la localisation des hommes et des activités dans les espaces ruraux ? Comment déterminent-elles les configurations spatiales particulières observées dans ces espaces, qui montrent la prégnance de l'influence urbaine ? Les modèles d'économie géographique peuvent se révéler des outils adéquats pour analyser cette question de l'organisation spatiale des zones rurales. Nous proposons ici une revue de ces modèles, en insistant sur les forces de dispersion, qui reposent essentiellement sur la consommation de sol et les coûts de transport. Nous posons ensuite un ensemble d'hypothèses concernant les principales forces à l’œuvre dans les espaces ruraux. L'intensité des économies d'agglomération est supposée être fonction de la taille de la ville. Cette dernière induit des rentes foncières croissantes et donc des déséconomies d'agglomération. Ces déséconomies provoquent un étalement urbain autour de la ville et, dans un deuxième temps, une décentralisation partielle des services aux ménages, qui suivent l'étalement de la population. En conséquence, au-delà d'un certain seuil de taille de la ville centre d'un bassin d'emploi, la décentralisation des services aux ménages donne naissance à des centres de service secondaires, tandis que les services restent concentrés au pôle dans les plus petits bassins d'emploi. Des résultats empiriques concernant les densités de population, les flux de main-d’œuvre et la répartition des services à la population dans les bassins d'emploi desvilles de plus de 20 000 habitants de six régions françaises sont présentés. The question to be addressed here is that of the agglomeration/dispersion forces that are likely to account for the location of people and jobs in rural areas and the way they explain spatial patterns in rural areas depending on urban influence. Economic geography models may provide suitable tools with which to investigate the organization of rural areas. We first review these models, focusing on dispersion forces, which rest basically on land consumption and transport costs. We suggest then a set of hypotheses concerning the main forces at work in rural areas. Intensity of agglomeration economies is hypothesized to be related to the urban size, which in turn induces increasing land rents and finally agglomeration diseconomies. Such diseconomies encourage population spread around the city and in a second stage a possible partial decentralization of population-serving firms, which seek the proximity to the households. The consequences in terms of spatial patterns are that beyond a certain threshold of the city size, decentralization of population-serving firms occurs, giving rise to secondary services centers, whereas services remain concentrated in the center for smallercities. Empirical results concerning population densities, labor force exchanges and distribution of residentiary services in labor-market areas surrounding cities of more than 20,000 inhabitants in six French regions are presented.

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    Environment and Planning A Economy and Space
    Article . 1999 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Bureau, Jean-Christophe;

    [ES] Los modelos de equilibrio general estimados por varios autores e instituciones muestran que, aunque la liberalización del comercio conduce a un bienestar agregado, hay ganadores y perdedorescuando se tiene en cuenta la distribución. El objetivo de este artículo es determinar que regiones rurales han ganado y cuáles han perdido en el proceso de apertura de los mercados que está en proceso desde 1990. La literatura económica sobre comercio internacional y desarrollo regional sugiere que la presencia de fuerzas de oposición, hace que el impacto global de la liberalización internacional del mercado sobre las áreas rurales sea ambiguo. Usando una serie de estudios empíricos, el autor asegura el impacto de la apertura de mercados en las regiones europeas, observando una proporción significativa de perdedores entre las regiones rurales de Europa. El artículo concluye con un análisis de los efectos negativos de las pérdidas de protección sobre el ambiente y el territorio, y sugiere la necesidad de dirigir el problema mediante una modificación de las políticas actuales de la UE. [EN] General equilibrium models estimated by various authors and institutions show that, although trade liberalization leads to aggregate welfare gains, there are winners and losers. The aim of this article is to determine to what extent rural regions have won or lost in the trade opening process that has been underway since the 1990s. The economic literature on international trade and regional development suggests the presence of opposing forces, making the global impact of international trade liberalization on rural areas ambiguous. Using a series of empirical studies, the author assesses the impact of trade opening on the European regions, observing a significant proportion of losers in the trade liberalization process among the rural regions of Europe. The article concludes with an analysis of the negative effects of welfare losses on the environment and territorial ordering in many rural regions, and suggests the need to address the problem by modifying current EU policies.

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    Article . 2011
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    Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales
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  • Authors: Collard, Damien; Raulet-Croset, Nathalie; Teulier, Régine; Suquet, Jean-Baptiste;

    Analyser les compétences au plus près de l’action opérationnelle est une perspective peu développée en gestion et, pourtant, elle intéresse particulièrement les cadres opérationnels en entreprise. En effet, ceux-ci exercent un jugement continu sur les compétences des personnes et des équipes, dont ils organisent l’activité pour atteindre les objectifs qui leur sont fixés. L’enjeu pour la recherche et pour la gestion est donc bien réel. Pour contribuer à cette perspective et en partant de l’observation de nombreuses situations de travail, cet article propose le concept de « compétence orientée situation » (COS), qui s’articule autour de trois notions : la situation, la compétence et la performance. L’utilité du concept est ensuite illustrée empiriquement à travers le cas d’une grande entreprise de transport. Enfin, son caractère opératoire pour la gestion des ressources humaines (GRH) sera discuté. Line managers and qualifications: a situated approachQualifications have seldom been analyzed as closely as possible to the operational level, a possibility of special interest to line managers and a genuine issue for research and management. Supervisors are continually in the position of making judgments about the qualifications of the persons and work teams whose activities they organize to reach the objectives set. Starting from observations conducted in several situations at the workplace, the concept of a “qualification oriented toward the situation” is drawn up around three dimensions : situation, qualification and performance. Its usefulness is empirically illustrated in the case of a big transportation firm ; and its operational nature for human resource management, brought under discussion.

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    Authors: Giraud, Christophe; Rémy, Jacques;

    International audience; How is workload shared between family workers on a farm? And how do workload sharing rules influence diversification decisions? Two types of diversification activities are described in this respect: one (retail, transformation, tourism) principally concerns wife, the other (…) the farmer. It is shown that the technico-centered conception of the profession leads the farmer not to engage oneself in the first type of diversification and to delegate it to his wife. In order to preserve certain professional legitimacy, he prefers to run the second type of diversification.; L’article porte sur l’émergence de nouvelles activités en agriculture et ses conséquences sur le partage du travail au sein du couple dans les exploitations agricoles. Il met en évidence l’existence de deux types de diversification : la première (vente directe, transformation, accueil touristique) concerne principalement le conjoint ; la seconde (travaux agricoles à façon, activités agri-environnementales) surtout le chef d’exploitation. La conception du métier d’agriculteur qui prévaut encore aujourd’hui et centrée sur les tâches techniques culturales ou d’élevage conduit le chef d’exploitation à se désengager des premières activités en laissant le conjoint s’y consacrer et à s’approprier davantage les secondes.

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    Archined
    Article . 2013
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    Travail genre et sociétés
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Bureau, Jean-Christophe; Jean, Sébastien;

    Multilateral trade liberalization has made little progress over the last period, but preferential agreements have multiplied. Recent economic literature helps understand the current negotiation game. New economic and political conditions, in particular the gaining influence of emerging countries, make a multilateral agreement more difficult. Developed countries have given up many of their bargaining chips in previous rounds of negotiation and their remaining agricultural tariffs are not sufficient for extracting the concessions from emerging countries on services, procurement, and intellectual property that would make an agreement possible. The risk of a more fragmented world calls for a revised negotiation agenda and a change in the status of developing countries. Research issues are outlined in order to help revitalize the Doha negotiation agenda.; L'article est un panorama de la situation du commerce international et des négociations en cours sur les échanges. Il dresse un diagnostic et donne des pistes d'évolution pour les négociations de l'organisation mondiale du commerce dans le secteur agricole.

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    Agricultural Economics
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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