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This report analyses the Brazilian regulatory framework for robotics and AI. The regulatory framework examined in this report consists of legislation enacted by the Brazilian government, Bills for the creation of new legislation, and recommendations issued by non-governmental bodies. The report also examines “Resolutions” issued by regulatory bodies that do not have legislative power, but whose decisions are binding within a specific area. The report focuses on three specific regulatory bodies, i.e., the Federal Medical Council, or CFM (Conselho Federal de Medicina); the Brazilian National Traffic Council (Port.: Conselho Nacional de Trânsito, or CONTRAN); and Order of Attorneys of Brazil (Port: Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil, OAB). It examines the legal issues pertaining to AI and robotics. For AI: (i) algorithmic bias and discrimination (including automated decision-making systems), and (ii) intellectual property issues related to works created by AI. For robotics, (i) creation of a specific legal status for robots and (ii) safety and civil liability issues: who is liable for damage caused by robots. The report also includes a brief analysis of gaps and challenges.

This report was completed as a part of the second phase of the larger SIENNA Project’s (www.sienna-project.eu) comparative analysis of the legal and human rights requirements applicable to AI and robotics. It is an initial attempt at mapping of the United States of America’s (“US”) laws and regulations regarding artificial intelligence (“AI”) and robotics, with a special focus on a few key issues, including: human rights, new AI & robotics-specific legislation, new regulatory bodies, significant case law, and any other relevant legal developments. It was completed during the summer of 2018, and its content reflects that time frame. Noteworthy elements of the US report are the lack of any cohesive federal policy for the development, implementation, or regulation of AI or robotics technologies; the lack of binding federal case law; the lack of any national regulatory bodies; the patchwork of state and local law and regulation; and the powerful role that private industry standards and guidelines have so far played in dictating how these technologies develop. Also of note is the disproportionate number of existing laws and regulation having to do with drones or other autonomous devices. This report will be integrated, along with similar reports from both EU and other non-EU countries into a larger comprehensive SIENNA report documenting the legal, including human rights, requirements applicable to AI and robotics, which will aim to show the convergences and distinctions in the regulation of AI and robotics and the challenges this presents for future innovation.

After having conducted extensive ethical and legal studies and consulted a wide range of stakeholders on AI and robotics and the social implications of these technologies, the SIENNA project has developed practical ethical guidance documents for AI and robotics. Considering the numerous high-level guidance documents developed in the field over the last couple of years, including the High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence (AI HLEG), the SIENNA project, together with numerous stakeholders, identified the need for more operational guidance documents. The main objective of these documents is to provide practical ethics guidance to ensure AI and robotics are developed, deployed and used in ways that respect key ethical principles and values. SIENNA has developed six different guidance documents. The first guidance document is a Multi-stakeholder Strategy for Ethical AI and Robotics which is a comprehensive multi-stakeholder framework to ensure ethical AI and robotics. The others are: Ethics by Design and Ethics of Use for AI and Robotics Industry Education and Buy-In for AI Ethics Research ethics guidelines for Artificial Intelligence AI Ethics Education, Training and Awareness Raising Ethics at Attention to Context: Recommendations for AI ethics

This report proposes a comprehensive strategy for ethical AI and robotics. That is, it proposes, at least in outline, a comprehensive set of methods and procedures for developing, deploying and using AI and robotics systems in a way that adheres to ethical principles. The strategy that we propose addresses all actors in society, particularly developers, deployers, users, regulators and educators. It proposes various methods towards more ethical development and use of AI and robotics, such as methods for incorporating ethical considerations into design and development processes, guidelines for ethical deployment and use of AI and robotics systems, standards and certification, governmental policies and regulations, and education and training programs. Within this general strategy, we pay particular attention to methods and procedures for ethical research and innovation (R&I) in AI and robotics. We propose an approach to Ethics by Design, which is the systematic inclusion of ethical guidelines, recommendations and considerations into design and development processes. We propose both a generic approach to Ethics by Design, and specific approaches within the framework of three popular development methodologies: CRISP-DM, Agile and V-Model. We conclude this report by looking forward to the steps that still need to be taken to further develop and implement our strategy.

This report focuses on legal developments and analyses the law related to AI and robotics in Spain. The report explores five questions on legal developments in Spain related to AI and robotics, i.e., recent developments, plans to implement new legislation, creation of new regulatory bodies, case law and other future relevant developments. The research did not identify any significant developments, however we anticipate there will be developments in terms of finding solutions to issues generated by AI and robotics in the near future. The report explores specific legal issues. It looks at how Spanish law regulates/addresses algorithmic bias and discrimination. It also looks at how the law addresses intellectual property issues related to works created by AI. With regard to both these, in Spain there is no special regulation; the general system, Fundamental Rights and Intellectual Property Act, can provide solutions. It is necessary to go to these general norms to find solutions. In relation to discrimination, there is specific act on gender discrimination and minorities (LGTB community or disabled people). The report also highlights one other relevant issue - criminal liability for robots’ acts.

This report describes the structure of the SIENNA website, the visual identity of the project, and the process used to develop content for the SIENNA website. It describes the website’s role in SIENNA communications, serving as the main point of contact for the project, with a structure that allows the consortium to tailor communication for different target audiences as the project progresses. This report also describes the first steps towards developing a communications and dissemination strategy for SIENNA. It precedes the communication strategy and plan, which will be delivered by 31 December, 2017. Hence, some of the content of this report is to be considered interim in relation to the SIENNA Communication and Dissemination Plan (D7.3).

This report reviews the state of the law and current legal responses to technological developments in AI and robotics. It also explores how specific questions and issues are addressed in France: the issue of algorithmic bias, intellectual property of works created by AI, the creation of a specific legal status for robots and, finally, safety and civil liability issues for damages caused by robots. Developments in AI and robotics challenge the existing legal framework, pose new questions, and create new issues. More profoundly, they challenge a fundamental distinction in French law, the one between the subject of law (as a physical or a legal person) and the object of law. The question related to the legal status of autonomous systems is therefore key in the current debate in France on the legal regulation of AI and robotics. This has, in turn, repercussions on the way intellectual property of AI is regulated as well as on safety and civil liability issues. At the moment, highly sophisticated automated systems (so called “smart” systems) are not given a specific legal status. Only a few legal experts support the creation of a legal personality for such systems. The majority of French experts today believe that the summa divisio of French law between the subject of right and the object of right is not to be currently challenged.

This report provides an overview of the legal framework and legal developments regarding Artificial Intelligence and robotics (AI&R) in Germany. The most challenging issues from a legal perspective are right now safety and liability, privacy and ownership issues which might occur during the use of robots or AI systems. These issues, and the question if new regulations or a revision of existing laws and guidelines is necessary are discussed in the German mainstream press and in some academic articles (however, the focus is more on the robot rules currently discussed on EU level, than on regulations for Germany). There were two important actions from the government regarding AI&R legislation in the last few years: The German Road Traffic Act was changed to create a legal framework for the use of self- driving vehicles. Furthermore, special rules for the use of drones have been implemented to regulate privacy and safety issues. In 2018, the German government established a permanent working group on AI at the German Bundestag and a Data Ethics Committee. Together they have developed a strategy on AI for Germany, which was published in November 2018 and includes an action point on “revising the legal framework”.