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An electron produces an electromagnetic shower in a crystal calorimeter and the deposited electron energy generally extends over several crystals. PWO crystal is proposed to use for the electromagnetic calorimeter part of the Turkish Accelerator Center Particle Factory detector. In this study, the center of gravity method was used to determine the position of the centroid of the electromagnetic shower initiated by an electron in a 3×3 PWO-matrix and the position resolution of the electromagnetic calorimeter of the Turkish Accelerator Center Particle Factory detector was calculated using the Monte Carlo simulation based on GEANT4.

Çalışmada; perlit ve su kültürü ortamında yetiştirilen domates (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Kurucaova) bitkisinin anatomik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ve karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. 2016 yılında, Harran Üniversitesi’ndeki polikarbonat örtülü serada, Malatya Kurucaova yerli domates çeşidi yetiştirilmiştir. Anatomik analizler için; parafin içerisindeki kök, gövde ve yaprak örnekleri Safranin, Fast Green ile boyanmış, ışık mikroskobunda incelenmiş ve bulguların fotoğrafları çekilmiştir. Kök, gövde ve yaprağın bazı dokularında biyometrik ölçümler yapılmıştır. Ölçümlere göre, iki ortamda yetiştirilen bitkiler arasında bazı farklılıklara rastlanmıştır. İncelenen tüm bitkilerde anatomik olarak benzer özellikler saptanmıştır. Kökler; 5-6 sıralı, dalgalı çeperli parankima hücrelerinden oluşan kortekse sahiptir. Tek sıra endodermis ve perisikl gözlenmiştir. Gövdeler; tek sıralı epidermis, 1-2 sıralı klorenkima, 4-5 sıralı kollenkima ve 4-5 sıralı parankimatik dokudan oluşmaktadır. İletim demetleri bir kuşak gibi gövdeyi çevrelemiştir ve bikollateraldir. İletim demetlerinin epidermise bakan yönünde floemin üzerinde 1-2 sıralı sklerankima, öze bakan yönünde floemin altında 1-2 hücreli sklerankima gözlenmiştir. Öz parankimatiktir. Stoma, örtü ve salgı tüyleri gözlenmiştir. Yapraklar; bifasiyal ve amfistomatiktir. Mezofil, tek sıralı palizat parankiması ve 2-3 sıralı sünger parankimasından oluşmaktadır. Büyük iletim demeti, bikollateraldir. Küçük iletim demetleri, mezofilin içine gömülüdür ve kollateral tiptedir. Örtü ve salgı tüylerine sahiptirler. Her iki bitkide kök, gövde ve yaprakta kum ve prizmatik kristallere rastlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak çalışmada; topraksız tarım teknikleri kullanılarak farklı ortamlarda yetiştirilen ekonomik bir bitkinin bazı anatomik özellikleri ortaya konmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlar, bölgede topraksız tarım teknikleri kullanılarak yapılacak yetiştiriciliğe katkı sağlayacak ve benzer bilimsel çalışmalara ışık tutacaktır.

AbstractThe domestic sheep with over 1200 breeds descended from those early domesticated animals that are bred for a variety of resources such as meat, milk and wool. Akkaraman, a fat‐tailed indigenous sheep breed of Türkiye, is widespread throughout Central Anatolia, with the largest indigenous sheep population. Assessing the genetic diversity and genomic structure of animal breeds is among the key contributors to deciphering adaptation to environmental extremes and constructing efficient genetic improvement strategies. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the genome of Akkaraman breed against various world‐renowned transboundary sheep and indigenous sheep with fat and thin tails. Genetic similarities and differences between those breeds have been displayed by estimating and comparing various genetic diversity indices, linkage disequilibrium (LD) estimates and fixation index (FST), runs of homozygosity (ROH) as well as PCA and neighbour‐joining tree analysis. Akkaraman sheep were observed to form a cluster alongside Moghani, Karakas, Tibetan and Cyprus Fat Tail sheep, which are primarily the sole representatives of fat‐tailed sheep in the study. This clustering was evident in both the PCA and neighbour‐joining tree analysis. The Akkaraman sheep was also observed to have the lowest genomic inbreeding and one of the lowest numbers of ROHs, which might also indicate that the breed has not been exposed to historical intensive selection pressure, inbred mating or a massive population bottleneck that might leave strong marks of genomic homozygosity. The results improve our understanding of the genetic diversity in Akkaraman sheep in comparison with certain mainstream sheep breeds as well as those indigenous breeds from around the world. Additionally, findings will also provide valuable insights to perform further GWAS effectively by considering population structure, diversity and LD patterns observed among the breeds while providing practical knowledge that will contribute to designing efficient and successful genome‐based selection programmes for worldwide sheep production systems.

In this paper, a novel market-driven collaborative task allocation algorithm called “Collaboration by competition / cooperation” for the robot soccer domain is proposed and implemented. In robot soccer, two teams of robots compete with each other to win the match. For the benefit of the team, the robots should work collaboratively, whenever possible. The market-driven approach applies the basic properties of free market economy to a team of robots for increasing the profit of the team as much as possible. The experimental results show that the approach is robust and flexible and the developed team is more succcessful than its opponents.

There is a growing scholarly interest in monitoring and assessment of the impacts of land use and land cover changes (LULCC) on the environment. Recent technological developments and tools of geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) facilitate the researches on this interest. This research aims at monitoring LULCC in Bandirma, Turkey over 30 years. This research utilizes GIS and RS techniques. Landsat satellite images of the years 1987, 2003, and 2019 are used in supervised classification methods with the maximum likelihood technique. The classified images show artificial surfaces, agricultural areas, forests, wetlands, and water bodies based on the first level classes of the Coordination of Information on the Environment (CORINE) land cover legend. Accuracy assessment is performed both before and after the correction process by using ArcGIS (10.6 Edition) software. The final overall Kappa values are above 0.95 for 3 years. These images are compared by using the Land Change Modeler tool of IDRISI (Selva Edition) software. The results represent that forest areas are increased and that wetlands are decreased in both 1987-2003 and 2003-2019 periods. Agricultural lands are decreased in the later period. Comparison maps demonstrate that land change from agricultural to artificial occurs (i) around existing settlements; (ii) along transportation axes; and (iii) in the locations of large urban land uses such as industrial areas, mines, and wind energy plants. The land change trend analysis shows that change from agricultural to artificial is the largest in the middle and southeastern parts of the area neighboring the Manyas Lake Ramsar conservation site.

In the Turkish Black Sea coasts fish is particularly consumed because of high protein supplies, essential amino acids, vitamin, and mineral content. Fish are exposed to contaminants such as heavy metals in polluted waters. The aims of the study are to determine heavy metals in Pleuronectiformes species from Sinop coasts of the Black Sea and determine the health risks due to the consumption of contaminated fish. Pleuronectiformes species Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus, 1758) belonging to Scophthalmidae family, Arnoglossus laterna (Walbaum, 1792) belonging to Bothidae family and Pegusa lascaris (Risso, 1810) belonging to Soleidae family were collected from Sinop coasts of the Black Sea in fishing season of 2016. Heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn) in edible tissues were determined by ICP-MS (Agilent 7700x). The limit values given by the international and national organizations did not exceed in the muscle tissues of turbot, Mediterranean scald fish and sand sole. Overall Zn was detected in higher concentrations in all species followed by Cu, Pb, Hg and Cd. The results obtained from the analyses of the maximum levels of the metals except Hg were found in turbot. The highest Hg (0.021±0.007 µg g -1 wet wt.) was found in sand sole. However, the high amounts of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in turbot were 0.011±0.004, 0.07±0.005,1.32±0.28 and 14±3 µg g -1 wet wt., respectively. The EDIs and EWIs of the metals were estimated taking into account the mean of metal in all fish samples and the mean consumption of fish per day/week for adults. These results are normally significantly lower than the recommended values of FAO/WHO. Estimated HIs of all the considered metals were below the value of 1, therefore the metals in fish samples do not toxic any apparent threat to the population and these fishes are healthy for consumption. Keywords: Scophthalmus maximus , Arnoglossus laterna , Pegusa lascaris , heavy metals, Black Sea

Oil-bearing rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is the most important rose species having a high-value volatile oil, used in the fragrance and cosmetic industries. Epidermal cells of the flower petals are the main essential oil source. During the boiling process of hydrodistillation, the essential oil in the cells diffuses through the cell walls by means of osmosis. The purpose of this research was to find out what happens when seawater or salt water used instead of distilled water for hydrodistillation. Fresh rose flowers collected at full blooming stage in the early hours of morning were distilled with pure water (control) and Mediterranean seawater using Clevenger hydrodistillation apparatus. Constituents of essential oils obtained by hydro distillation were identified with GC-FID/MS apparatus. Essential oil yield were not significantly affected by the distillation practices. However, the hydrodistillation with seawater gave a little higher yield as 0.045% than the hydrodistillation with pure water as 0.042%. A total of 23 essential oil constituents were detected by GC-FID/MS analyses. The main compounds in both rose oils distilled by tap water and seawater were citronellol, geraniol, nerol, and nonadecane. As results, hydrodistillation of oil-bearing rose with seawater provided a statistically insignificant increase in the essential oil yiled from 0.040 to 0.045%, but caused a significant decrease in citronellol rate from 41.49 to 33.56 %, and significant inceraeses in geraniol rate from 17.58 to 27.44 % and nerol rate from 6.45 to 12.21 %. The results obtained from this research should be examined in more detail at industrial scales. Oil-bearingrose (Rosa damascena Mill.)is the most important rose species having a high-value volatile oil, used inthe fragrance and cosmetic industries. Epidermal cells of the flower petals arethe main essential oil source. During the boiling process of hydrodistillation,the essential oil in the cells diffuses through the cell walls by means ofosmosis. The purpose of this research was to find out what happens whenseawater or salt water used instead of distilled water for hydrodistillation.Fresh rose flowers collected at full blooming stage in the early hours ofmorning were distilled with pure water (control) and Mediterranean seawaterusing Clevenger hydrodistillation apparatus. Constituents of essential oilsobtained by hydro distillation were identified with GC-FID/MS apparatus. Essentialoil yield were not significantly affected by the distillation practices.However, the hydrodistillation with seawater gave a little higher yield as0.045% than the hydrodistillation with pure water as 0.042%. A total of 23essential oil constituents were detected by GC-FID/MS analyses. The maincompounds in both rose oils distilled by tap water and seawater werecitronellol, geraniol, nerol, and nonadecane. As results, hydrodistillation ofoil-bearing rose with seawater provided a statistically insignificant increasein the essential oil yiled from 0.040 to 0.045%, but caused a significantdecrease in citronellol rate from 41.49 to 33.56 %, and significant inceraesesin geraniol rate from 17.58 to 27.44 % and nerol rate from 6.45 to 12.21 %. Theresults obtained from this research should be examined in more detail atindustrial scales.