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  • Rural Digital Europe
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  • Rāhburdhā-yi tusi̒ah-i rūstāyī

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Farahnaz shahryaran; Sedighe Nabieian; Hossein Mehrani Bashar Abadi;

    Agriculture sector is the most important part of the economy that has been considered by economists because of is having lots of production factors, include labor force. So, considering employment potential of this sector has particular importance among policy makers. In this study, using panel data, the impact of exports on employment in in the agricultural sub-sectors of Iran, including agriculture and horticulture, livestock, fisheries and forestry, during 1992-2010 has been studied. Results show that export growth has a significant positive effect on employment in all sub sectors except livestock sub-sector and its coefficient in horticulture, livestock, fisheries and forestry, is 0.04, 0.001, 0.03 and 0.04, respectively. Also the rates of fixed effects that indicate employment potential of agricultural sub-sectors is equal to 2.72 for agriculture and horticulture, 2/40 for livestock, -2.39 for fisheries and -2.73 for forestry sub-sector. According to the findings, support and supervision and administration of public and private investment to promote exports, would be important and effective to increase employment in agriculture and its sub-sectors.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Rāhburdhā-yi tusi̒ah...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Article . 2014
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Rāhburdhā-yi tusi̒ah...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Article . 2014
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    Authors: Hamid Sepehrdoust; Saber Zamani Shabkhaneh;

    The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of information and communication technology development on economic development and income distribution of rural communities and to answer this question that whether the development of information and communication technologies in rural areas could improve income distribution condition in these communities or not. To this end, data on 30 province of country during 2000-2009 and panel data method has used. Results approves Kuznet's inverted U theory with respect to the economic growth and income distribution and shows that information and communication technology development has improved the income distribution and economic justice in country's rural communities. The negative and significant coefficient (-0.15), of number of computer users among rural households, show that the development of information and communication technologies in rural areas of the country play as a factor for improving income distribution in these communities. The model estimation also showed a significant and positive effect of urbanization and unemployment on the dependent variable. This means that with rising unemployment, the condition of income distribution has worsened in rural communities during the period of study.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Rāhburdhā-yi tusi̒ah...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Rāhburdhā-yi tusi̒ah...arrow_drop_down
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      Article . 2014
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    Authors: Farahnaz Rostami; Vahid Aliabadi; A. Hamid Papzan;

    The main purpose of this study is to investigate effects of rural ICT office services on developing rural social capital. It’s a descriptive-conductive study using simple random sampling. The population society are peasants of Godin village in Kangavar county of Kermanshah province. The sample size using Morgan and Krejcie table was determined 350 but the rate of return was 254 questionnaires. Results showed there was significant difference a bout level of social capital between user and non-user ICT's services. Access to ICT services in rural offices, including access to the Internet can lead to better acceptance of differences and these people were more involved in community and have more participatory in community. Based on these results it is proposed to develop the necessary infrastructure and encourage peasants in using this technology for the development of social capital and to success in rural development programs.

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    Article . 2014
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DOAJarrow_drop_down
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      Article . 2014
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: mohammad Ghorbani; komeil mahjori karmozdi;

    Management will make a decision on the future market when economic interrelationships are considered as biological relationships. This paper presents a Differential Generalized Inverse demand system to explore the market of foods containing animal protein and the relationships between different strains of food market existing in the market are discussed in detail. Statistics needed to support the company's affairs and the livestock Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture from 1974 to 2011 was used. Inverse demand system estimated generalized differential (GIDS) and test compound coefficients show that the best model for studying the demand for food containing protein villages in the country is the IAIDS model. The results showed that compensation cross elasticity indices estimated in the inverse demand substitution indicates IAIDS milk and eggs as well as meat and poultry. Quantitative Elasticity indices following theoretical foundations based on compensation were negative. This means increase in the price of any commodity its consumption drops. Meat and milk are essential products for rural consumers. The results of using the Allen elasticity of substitution also show that poultry is the best substitute for milk and vice versa. Also, poultry is the best substitute for red meat and red meat is the best substitute for eggs.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Rāhburdhā-yi tusi̒ah...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Article . 2016
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Rāhburdhā-yi tusi̒ah...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Article . 2016
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    Authors: Iman Haghiyan; Golam Ali Heshmati; hossein Barani; jamshid Ghorbani; +1 Authors

    The ability of rural and nomadic communities of Iran to survive has long been dependent upon rangelands. Climatic, ethnic and tribal diversity has led to traditional rangeland-based husbandry systems that have their own calendar and animal husbandry methods in different regions of Iran. In this study surveying husbandry regime and financial balance of traditional rangeland-based husbandry systems were carried out in Baladeh-Nour (part of Central Alborz rangelands). After the initial assessment, three herders who were representative cases were identified within certain rangelands (Davilat, Chell & Baladeh). Monitoring their activities of animal husbandry and financial balance analysis was carried out in a period of one year. Field survey was done from April 2012 to April 2013. The researcher was involved in rangeland areas at intervals of 15 days and all of the details of livestock and husbandry activities were recorded. The results showed that in this area traditional husbandry system has 5 different work seasons in each year. For financial balance of traditional husbandry systems, all of the costs and revenues were calculated during the year. The results showed that considering the financial value of the lambs, there was a daily net profit of 707460 Rials in Davilat, 696400 Rials in Chell and 814220 Rials in Baladeh had daily net profit. Eventually, it was important in this research to learn more about traditional husbandry in rural communities to increase the efficiency of livestock husbandry, to maintain active labor in rural communities and to prevent rural migration to cities.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DOAJarrow_drop_down
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    Article . 2017
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Article . 2017
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mohammad Mahdi Mozaffari;

    In this study Stochastic Data Envelopment Analysis method was used in order to estimate the economic efficiency of agricultural cooperatives in the Buinzahra city. Moreover, the Analytical Hierarchy Process method and Entropy criteria were used in order to prioritizate the agricultural cooperatives problems of this city in management and marketing system. The required dates were related to the years 2012-2013 during which data were collected by interviewing and completing questionnaires for 43 members of the cooperatives. The Random Sampling method and the Cochran formula were used to determine the sample size and from the Cronbach's Alpha method was used in order to evaluate the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. The results showed that the random efficiency average of agricultural cooperatives in Buinzahra city is at the low level (79 Percent) and animal husbandry units have the lowest level of the efficiency. Also the results showed that inappropriate policies in the pricing and price volatility of agricultural products, the low level of services of packaging, processing, marketing and distribution of the products and the lack of long-term comprehensive planning by managers have the first, second and third ranks in the inefficiency of the management process and the marketing system of cooperatives in the study area respectively. Finally, the site locating studies before the establishment of cooperatives, providing funding and loans with low interest rates to animal husbandry units, transferring the experiences and expertise of successful cooperatives to inefficient cooperatives and strengthening and supporting the marketing system in order to resolve the problems facing the agricultural cooperatives of city Buinzahra were proposed based on the results obtained.

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    Article . 2016
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      Article . 2016
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    Authors: Mahnaz mohammadzadeh; Hussein Shaban fami; naser motiee; mohamadreza sanjabi;

    During recent years, animal organic productions have been of interest to producers, policy makers and consumers around the world. The aim of the present study is identification of organic milk production difficulties in the Ardabil province by using the cross – correlation method. The population under study included 200 livestock experts and consultancy company staff of this province and the effective sample size used was 120 that was obtained by Cochran statistics. The sampling and selection technique used for choosing the sample society was the stratified random sampling technique. The main tool of data collection was a questionnaire whose validity was not only confirmed by experts but its Cronbach alpha coefficient was 95%. The results showed that the 9 main difficulties were inefficiencies of institutional infrastructure, research infrastructure, market infrastructure, development and implementation of guidelines, cultural and psychological inadequacy of infrastructure, existence of production risk, and ineffectiveness of the services offered to producers, inadequacy of knowledge and information ranchers and inefficiency of management of animal units. These items covered 69.75% of the total variation related to the difficulties of organic milk production in this province.

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    Article . 2017
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      Article . 2017
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    Authors: fatemeh kazemiyeh; hasan sadighi; Mohammad Chizari;

    Rural non-farm economy is seriously considered for using the full capacity of rural economy in developing countries. Rural tourism is a part of the tourism industry; it can play an important role in rural development, diversification of the national economy and national development through the potential identification. The main purpose of this study was investigation and evaluation of rural tourism attractions. In order to prevent from generalization as well as to achieve exact and applicable results, villages with tourist attractions in East Azarbaijan has been chosen as the area of study. The Analytic Hierarchy Process is used to prioritize the rural areas. This technique is based on a comparison of test and reviews the various options to managers and planners. The population of the study was experts who have knowledge and experience in the field of rural tourism. The findings of this study indicated that studied villages are three levels of development priorities, the levels can be considered as a basis for planning and decision-making of managers in East Azarbaijan Province.

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    Article . 2016
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      Article . 2016
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    Authors: Fatemeh Rahimi; Masoud Yazdanpanah; Masoumeh Forouzani; Saeed Mohammadzadeh; +1 Authors

    The goal of this study is to investigate farmers’ intentions and behavior regarding water conservation in the Aleshtar County based on social capital. The statistical population in this study consisted of 6000 farmers living in the Aleshtar county A sample of 360 farmers were selected from this population based on Krejcie and Morgan’s Table. Sampling was done by using the stratified random sampling method. Regression analysis of social factors indicated that trust in public institutions, external communication and value of life are the most important factors to predict the intention for agricultural water conservation. The results revealed that these variables on the whole could predict 40 % of the variations in intentions for agricultural water conservation. Furthermore, tolerance of variation and external communications were significantly useful to predict farmers’ water conservation behavior as well. Totally, if these variables are used, we can predict 41% of variations in farmers’ water conservational behavior. Finally, based on the research results, suggestions for better use of water by farmers have been provided.

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    Article . 2016
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      Article . 2016
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    Authors: Sayyed Ali Asghar Davarpanah; Mehdi Nooripoor; Zeinab Sharifi;

    The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of processing industries on reducing agricultural products’ wastes. A causal- comparative research method was used for this purpose. According to experts’ opinions, two villages (with & without processing industries) were selected. Sample size was determined as 330 ones using Krejcie and Morgan table and stratified sampling with proportional allocation. A research-made questionnaire was used to collect datawhich itsvalidity was confirmed by experts’ view and its reliability measured by calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The result of the research showed that agricultural products’ wastes in village with processing industries are less than it in village without processing industries. Other results showed that post-harvest wastes have reduced two percent because of processing industries. Furthermore, storing and preserving wastes have reduced 6. 67 percent due to processing industries. Moreover, agricultural food processing wastes have diminished 11. 67 percent. Finally, these industries cut down 23 percent of transiting and distributing agricultural wastes. According to the results of this study, the most effect of processing industries on reducing agricultural products’ wastes was in transiting and distributing stage and the least effect was in post-harvest stage.

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    Article . 2015
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      Article . 2015
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    Authors: Farahnaz shahryaran; Sedighe Nabieian; Hossein Mehrani Bashar Abadi;

    Agriculture sector is the most important part of the economy that has been considered by economists because of is having lots of production factors, include labor force. So, considering employment potential of this sector has particular importance among policy makers. In this study, using panel data, the impact of exports on employment in in the agricultural sub-sectors of Iran, including agriculture and horticulture, livestock, fisheries and forestry, during 1992-2010 has been studied. Results show that export growth has a significant positive effect on employment in all sub sectors except livestock sub-sector and its coefficient in horticulture, livestock, fisheries and forestry, is 0.04, 0.001, 0.03 and 0.04, respectively. Also the rates of fixed effects that indicate employment potential of agricultural sub-sectors is equal to 2.72 for agriculture and horticulture, 2/40 for livestock, -2.39 for fisheries and -2.73 for forestry sub-sector. According to the findings, support and supervision and administration of public and private investment to promote exports, would be important and effective to increase employment in agriculture and its sub-sectors.

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    Article . 2014
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      Article . 2014
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    Authors: Hamid Sepehrdoust; Saber Zamani Shabkhaneh;

    The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of information and communication technology development on economic development and income distribution of rural communities and to answer this question that whether the development of information and communication technologies in rural areas could improve income distribution condition in these communities or not. To this end, data on 30 province of country during 2000-2009 and panel data method has used. Results approves Kuznet's inverted U theory with respect to the economic growth and income distribution and shows that information and communication technology development has improved the income distribution and economic justice in country's rural communities. The negative and significant coefficient (-0.15), of number of computer users among rural households, show that the development of information and communication technologies in rural areas of the country play as a factor for improving income distribution in these communities. The model estimation also showed a significant and positive effect of urbanization and unemployment on the dependent variable. This means that with rising unemployment, the condition of income distribution has worsened in rural communities during the period of study.

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    Article . 2014
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      Article . 2014
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    Authors: Farahnaz Rostami; Vahid Aliabadi; A. Hamid Papzan;

    The main purpose of this study is to investigate effects of rural ICT office services on developing rural social capital. It’s a descriptive-conductive study using simple random sampling. The population society are peasants of Godin village in Kangavar county of Kermanshah province. The sample size using Morgan and Krejcie table was determined 350 but the rate of return was 254 questionnaires. Results showed there was significant difference a bout level of social capital between user and non-user ICT's services. Access to ICT services in rural offices, including access to the Internet can lead to better acceptance of differences and these people were more involved in community and have more participatory in community. Based on these results it is proposed to develop the necessary infrastructure and encourage peasants in using this technology for the development of social capital and to success in rural development programs.

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    Article . 2014
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      Article . 2014
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    Authors: mohammad Ghorbani; komeil mahjori karmozdi;

    Management will make a decision on the future market when economic interrelationships are considered as biological relationships. This paper presents a Differential Generalized Inverse demand system to explore the market of foods containing animal protein and the relationships between different strains of food market existing in the market are discussed in detail. Statistics needed to support the company's affairs and the livestock Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture from 1974 to 2011 was used. Inverse demand system estimated generalized differential (GIDS) and test compound coefficients show that the best model for studying the demand for food containing protein villages in the country is the IAIDS model. The results showed that compensation cross elasticity indices estimated in the inverse demand substitution indicates IAIDS milk and eggs as well as meat and poultry. Quantitative Elasticity indices following theoretical foundations based on compensation were negative. This means increase in the price of any commodity its consumption drops. Meat and milk are essential products for rural consumers. The results of using the Allen elasticity of substitution also show that poultry is the best substitute for milk and vice versa. Also, poultry is the best substitute for red meat and red meat is the best substitute for eggs.

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    Article . 2016
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      Article . 2016
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    Authors: Iman Haghiyan; Golam Ali Heshmati; hossein Barani; jamshid Ghorbani; +1 Authors

    The ability of rural and nomadic communities of Iran to survive has long been dependent upon rangelands. Climatic, ethnic and tribal diversity has led to traditional rangeland-based husbandry systems that have their own calendar and animal husbandry methods in different regions of Iran. In this study surveying husbandry regime and financial balance of traditional rangeland-based husbandry systems were carried out in Baladeh-Nour (part of Central Alborz rangelands). After the initial assessment, three herders who were representative cases were identified within certain rangelands (Davilat, Chell & Baladeh). Monitoring their activities of animal husbandry and financial balance analysis was carried out in a period of one year. Field survey was done from April 2012 to April 2013. The researcher was involved in rangeland areas at intervals of 15 days and all of the details of livestock and husbandry activities were recorded. The results showed that in this area traditional husbandry system has 5 different work seasons in each year. For financial balance of traditional husbandry systems, all of the costs and revenues were calculated during the year. The results showed that considering the financial value of the lambs, there was a daily net profit of 707460 Rials in Davilat, 696400 Rials in Chell and 814220 Rials in Baladeh had daily net profit. Eventually, it was important in this research to learn more about traditional husbandry in rural communities to increase the efficiency of livestock husbandry, to maintain active labor in rural communities and to prevent rural migration to cities.

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    Article . 2017
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    Authors: Mohammad Mahdi Mozaffari;

    In this study Stochastic Data Envelopment Analysis method was used in order to estimate the economic efficiency of agricultural cooperatives in the Buinzahra city. Moreover, the Analytical Hierarchy Process method and Entropy criteria were used in order to prioritizate the agricultural cooperatives problems of this city in management and marketing system. The required dates were related to the years 2012-2013 during which data were collected by interviewing and completing questionnaires for 43 members of the cooperatives. The Random Sampling method and the Cochran formula were used to determine the sample size and from the Cronbach's Alpha method was used in order to evaluate the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. The results showed that the random efficiency average of agricultural cooperatives in Buinzahra city is at the low level (79 Percent) and animal husbandry units have the lowest level of the efficiency. Also the results showed that inappropriate policies in the pricing and price volatility of agricultural products, the low level of services of packaging, processing, marketing and distribution of the products and the lack of long-term comprehensive planning by managers have the first, second and third ranks in the inefficiency of the management process and the marketing system of cooperatives in the study area respectively. Finally, the site locating studies before the establishment of cooperatives, providing funding and loans with low interest rates to animal husbandry units, transferring the experiences and expertise of successful cooperatives to inefficient cooperatives and strengthening and supporting the marketing system in order to resolve the problems facing the agricultural cooperatives of city Buinzahra were proposed based on the results obtained.

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    Authors: Mahnaz mohammadzadeh; Hussein Shaban fami; naser motiee; mohamadreza sanjabi;

    During recent years, animal organic productions have been of interest to producers, policy makers and consumers around the world. The aim of the present study is identification of organic milk production difficulties in the Ardabil province by using the cross – correlation method. The population under study included 200 livestock experts and consultancy company staff of this province and the effective sample size used was 120 that was obtained by Cochran statistics. The sampling and selection technique used for choosing the sample society was the stratified random sampling technique. The main tool of data collection was a questionnaire whose validity was not only confirmed by experts but its Cronbach alpha coefficient was 95%. The results showed that the 9 main difficulties were inefficiencies of institutional infrastructure, research infrastructure, market infrastructure, development and implementation of guidelines, cultural and psychological inadequacy of infrastructure, existence of production risk, and ineffectiveness of the services offered to producers, inadequacy of knowledge and information ranchers and inefficiency of management of animal units. These items covered 69.75% of the total variation related to the difficulties of organic milk production in this province.

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    Authors: fatemeh kazemiyeh; hasan sadighi; Mohammad Chizari;

    Rural non-farm economy is seriously considered for using the full capacity of rural economy in developing countries. Rural tourism is a part of the tourism industry; it can play an important role in rural development, diversification of the national economy and national development through the potential identification. The main purpose of this study was investigation and evaluation of rural tourism attractions. In order to prevent from generalization as well as to achieve exact and applicable results, villages with tourist attractions in East Azarbaijan has been chosen as the area of study. The Analytic Hierarchy Process is used to prioritize the rural areas. This technique is based on a comparison of test and reviews the various options to managers and planners. The population of the study was experts who have knowledge and experience in the field of rural tourism. The findings of this study indicated that studied villages are three levels of development priorities, the levels can be considered as a basis for planning and decision-making of managers in East Azarbaijan Province.

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    Article . 2016
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    Authors: Fatemeh Rahimi; Masoud Yazdanpanah; Masoumeh Forouzani; Saeed Mohammadzadeh; +1 Authors

    The goal of this study is to investigate farmers’ intentions and behavior regarding water conservation in the Aleshtar County based on social capital. The statistical population in this study consisted of 6000 farmers living in the Aleshtar county A sample of 360 farmers were selected from this population based on Krejcie and Morgan’s Table. Sampling was done by using the stratified random sampling method. Regression analysis of social factors indicated that trust in public institutions, external communication and value of life are the most important factors to predict the intention for agricultural water conservation. The results revealed that these variables on the whole could predict 40 % of the variations in intentions for agricultural water conservation. Furthermore, tolerance of variation and external communications were significantly useful to predict farmers’ water conservation behavior as well. Totally, if these variables are used, we can predict 41% of variations in farmers’ water conservational behavior. Finally, based on the research results, suggestions for better use of water by farmers have been provided.

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    Authors: Sayyed Ali Asghar Davarpanah; Mehdi Nooripoor; Zeinab Sharifi;

    The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of processing industries on reducing agricultural products’ wastes. A causal- comparative research method was used for this purpose. According to experts’ opinions, two villages (with & without processing industries) were selected. Sample size was determined as 330 ones using Krejcie and Morgan table and stratified sampling with proportional allocation. A research-made questionnaire was used to collect datawhich itsvalidity was confirmed by experts’ view and its reliability measured by calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The result of the research showed that agricultural products’ wastes in village with processing industries are less than it in village without processing industries. Other results showed that post-harvest wastes have reduced two percent because of processing industries. Furthermore, storing and preserving wastes have reduced 6. 67 percent due to processing industries. Moreover, agricultural food processing wastes have diminished 11. 67 percent. Finally, these industries cut down 23 percent of transiting and distributing agricultural wastes. According to the results of this study, the most effect of processing industries on reducing agricultural products’ wastes was in transiting and distributing stage and the least effect was in post-harvest stage.

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    Article . 2015
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