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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao

    Atmospheric carbon dioxide, which causes 50% of greenhouse warming, is increasing by 0.5% per year. Reducing and reversing deforestation would slow the increase, but plantations the size of Europe would sequester only 20-30% of the accumulation. Methane's concentration is increasing at a rate of 1% per year, and 70-90% comes from biotic sources. Even if drastic reductions in the world's cattle population, slash and bum agriculture and fuelwood burning could be achieved, CH4 would probably continue to increase. Atmospheric nitrous oxide, with almost exclusively biotic sources, contributes 5% to global warming and is increasing at 0.2-0.3% per year. The causes are poorly understood, but reductions in the use of N fertilizer and careful soil management may be effective.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Land Use Policyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Land Use Policy
    Article . 1990
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Land Use Policyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Land Use Policy
      Article . 1990
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    Authors: Stock, Jonas; Moura, Delminda; Cristina, Sónia;

    Rocky cliffs are widely distributed around the world’s coasts and are subject to natural and anthropogenic pressures. The coastal evolution and erosional processes of the southern Algarve coast in Portugal have been previously studied. However, a detailed analysis of the relationship between lithological characteristics and cliff vulnerability to erosion is lacking. Therefore, in this work we focused on lithological facies variation and structures of the cliffs from Olhos de Água to Albandeira. We combined a variety of data, including those derived from traditional field-based and laboratory analysis, remote sensing (UAV image analysis) and photogrammetry. We identified multiple key forcers concerning cliff vulnerability to erosion: high vertical facies variation, intense karstification, multiple notches and marine caves. Furthermore, our lab analysis revealed differences in CaCO3 content for each lithofacies, resulting in alternating rock strength and leading to the formation of multiple structural notches into the cliff face. A classification of cliff vulnerability was developed based on a combination of these lithological and geomorphological factors. The sector Arrifes - Galé was classified as most vulnerable; Sector Galé - Armação de Pêra Bay was classified as least vulnerable in the study area. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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    Authors: Saleiro, Mário; Rodrigues, J. M. F.; du Buf, J. M. H.;

    The interest in cognitive robotics is still increasing, a major goal being to create a system which can adapt to dynamic environments and which can learn from its own experiences. We present a new cognitive SLAM architecture, but one which is minimalistic in terms of sensors and memory. It employs only one camera with pan and tilt control and three memories, without additional sensors nor any odometry. Short-term memory is an egocentric map which holds information at close range at the actual robot position. Long-term memory is used for mapping the environment and registration of encountered objects. Object memory holds features of learned objects which are used as navigation landmarks and task targets. Saliency maps are used to sequentially focus important areas for object and obstacle detection, but also for selecting directions of movements. Reinforcement learning is used to consolidate or enfeeble environmental information in long-term memory. The system is able to achieve complex tasks by executing sequences of visuomotor actions, decisions being taken by goal-detection and goal-completion tasks. Experimental results show that the system is capable of executing tasks like localizing specific objects while building a map, after which it manages to return to the start position even when new obstacles have appeared.

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    Conference object . 2012
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      Conference object . 2012
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Menezes, Felipe Tiago E Silva;

    É milenar o processo de ocupação na zona do Algarve. As últimas décadas mostraram que as atividades económicas da região têm provocado significativas alterações no uso e ocupação do Solo. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar o sequestro de carbono e a evolução do uso e ocupação do solo, na zona costeira do Algarve, Portugal, através da aplicação de índices de vegetação como NDVI, PRI, CO2flux, comparados com os produtos MODIS GPP e COPERNICUS Corine Land Cover, entre os anos de 1990 e 2020. Os resultados foram expressos através cartografia digital para melhor visualização dos dados. Os resultados do NDVI demonstram que o vigor e biomassa produzidos pela vegetação litorânea tendeu a crescer. Houve uma diminuição das áreas sem vegetação e das áreas de vegetação esparsa, que foram substituídas, principalmente, por uma vegetação de densidade moderada e, em segundo lugar, por uma vegetação de alta densidade. Tais resultados são corroborados pela análise conjunta dos índices , PRI e CO2flux, que, relacionado numa regressão linear com os MODIS GPP, indicou que região de estudo tem uma grande capacidade de estocar de carbono, principalmente na Costa Oeste, onde foi observado a maior densidade de biomassa e consequente maior nível de GPP. Os resultados também indicaram que houve um abandono das áreas rurais, que foram tomadas pela vegetação e pela expansão urbana. Assim como um crescimento de cerca de 69% das áreas destinadas às zonas de lazer, como os campos de Golfe. Os resultados ainda mostraram que as áreas de preservação ambiental da região, os Sítios RAMSAR E REDE NATURA 2000, não sofreram com as alterações do uso e ocupação de suas áreas. The process of occupation in the Algarve area is millenary. The last decades have shown that economic activities in the region have caused significant changes in the use and occupation of the land. The main objective of this study was to correlate carbon sequestration and the evolution of land use and occupation, in the coastal zone of Algarve, Portugal, through the application of vegetation indices such as NDVI, PRI, CO2flux, compared with MODIS GPP and COPERNICUS Corine Land Cover, between the years 1990 and 2020. The results were expressed through digital cartography for better data visualization. The NDVI results demonstrate that the vigor and biomass produced by the coastal vegetation tended to increase. There was a decrease in areas without vegetation and areas with sparse vegetation, which were replaced mainly by the vegetation of moderate density and, secondly, by the vegetation of high density. The joint analysis of the indexes corroborates such results, PRI and CO2flux, which, related in a linear regression with the MODIS GPP, indicated that the study region has a great capacity to store carbon, mainly on the West Coast, where the highest density was observed of biomass and a consequent higher level of GPP. The results also indicated an abandonment of rural areas, which were taken over by vegetation and urban sprawl, as well as a growth of around 69% in areas destined for leisure areas, such as golf courses. The results also showed that the environmental preservation areas in the region, the RAMSAR and REDE NATURA 2000 Sites, did not suffer from changes in the use and occupation of their areas.

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    Authors: Cristina, Sónia; Goela, Priscila; Icely, John; Newton, Alice; +1 Authors

    Optical properties of oceanic waters have provided an important tool for observing large scale fluctuations in oceanic conditions by remote sensing. However, there are still problems with calibrating the algorithms that link remote sensing data with in situ measurements, particularly, in coastal areas where there are adjacency affects from land on the reflectance data observed by the satellite sensor. As part of a contract with the European Space Agency to validate the marine products of the MERIS (Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) sensor on the ENVISAT satellite, this study is taking regular measurements with a Satlantic hyperspectral radiometer ranging from inshore to offshore sites, covering both Case-1 and Case-2 waters off the south west coast of Portugal. Water-leaving reflectances (rw) were estimated from downwelling and upwelling spectral irradiances,and compared with MERIS rw for a period between September and November 2008. The results of the “matchup” analysis showed that there was reasonable agreement between the data sets over the period of study at the offshore site where the land adjacency affect on the satellite data was reduced. The greatest deviation of in situ data from satellite values was at the inshore site and at the lower wavelengths of the visible spectrum, where the rws for the blue band were most affected by atmospheric corrections. This study suggests that calibration algorithms of MERIS products with in situ data from the south west coast of Portugal could be improved by using, for example, ICOL ( Improved Contrast between Ocean and Land) processing.

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    Authors: Cunha, J. B.; Ruano, Antonio; Oliveira, P. B.; Couto, C.;

    The technologies used in greenhouse production systems have developed considerably during the last decade. These improvements have taken place in several areas, such as the development of new building techniques and actuating equipments, modelling of the plant physiological processes and of the greenhouse climate, among many others. Nowadays, due to economic and environmental requirements, there is still a demand to improve the greenhouse climate management and control systems in order to optimise the production process. This paper addresses some of the software tools that are being implemented and tested with this purpose.

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    Authors: Hänke, Hendrik; Börjeson, Lowe; Hylander, Kristoffer; Enfors-Kautsky, Elin;

    After the severe droughts in the 1970s and 1980s, and subsequent debates about desertification, analyses of satellite images reveal that the West African Sahel has become greener again. In this paper we report a study on changes in tree cover and tree species composition in three village landscapes in northern Burkina Faso, based on a combination of methods: tree density change detection using aerial photos and satellite images, a tree species inventory including size class distribution analysis, and interviews with local farmers about woody vegetation changes. Our results show a decrease in tree cover in the 1970s followed by an increase since the mid-1980s, a pattern correlating with the temporal trends in rainfall as well as remotely sensed greening in the region. However, both the inventory and interview data shows that the species composition has changed substantially towards a higher dominance of drought-resistant and exotic species. This shift, occurring during a period of increasing annual precipitation, points to the complexity of current landscape changes and questions rain as the sole primary driver of the increase in tree cover. We propose that the observed changes in woody vegetation (densities, species composition and spatial distribution) are mediated by changes in land use, including intensification and promotion of drought tolerant and fast growing species. Our findings, which indicate a rather surprising trajectory of land cover change, highlight the importance of studies that integrate evidence of changes in tree density and species composition to complement our understanding of land use and vegetation change trajectories in the Sahel obtained from satellite images. We conclude that a better understanding of the social-ecological relations and emerging land use trajectories that produce new types of agroforestry parklands in the region is of crucial importance for designing suitable policies for climate change adaptation, biodiversity conservation and the sustainable delivery of ecosystem services that benefit local livelihoods in one of the world's poorest regions. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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    Authors: Krupnik, Timothy J.; Schulthess, Urs; Ahmed, Zia Uddin; McDonald, Andrew J.;

    Changing dietary preferences and population growth in South Asia have resulted in increasing demand for wheat and maize, along side high and sustained demand for rice. In the highly productive northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia, farmers utilize groundwater irrigation to assure that at least two of these crops are sequenced on the same field within the same year. Such double cropping has had a significant and positive influence on regional agricultural productivity. But in the risk-prone and food insecure lower Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains (EIGP), cropping is less intensive. During the dryer winter months, arable land is frequently fallowed or devoted to lower yielding rainfed legumes. Seeing opportunity to boost cereals production, particularly for rice, donors and land use policy makers have consequently reprioritized agricultural development investments in this impoverished region. Tapping groundwater for irrigation and intensified double cropping, however, is unlikely to be economically viable or environmentally sound in the EIGP. Constraints include saline shallow water tables and the prohibitively high installation and energetic extraction costs from deeper freshwater aquifers. The network of largely underutilized rivers and natural canals in the EIGP could conversely be tapped to provide less energetically and economically costly surface water irrigation (SWI). This approach is now championed by the Government of Bangladesh, which has requested USD 500 million from donors to implement land and water use policies to facilitate SWI and double cropping. Precise geospatial assessment of where freshwater flows are most prominent, or where viable fallow or low production intensity cropland is most common, however remains lacking. In response, we used remotely sensed data to identify agricultural land, detect the temporal availability of freshwater in rivers and canals, and assess crop production intensity over a three-year study period in a 33,750 km2 case study area in southwestern Bangladesh. We combined these data with georeferenced and temporally explicitly soil and water salinity information, in addition to relative elevation classifications, in order to examine the extent of winter fallows and low productivity rainfed cropland that could be irrigated by small-scale surface water pumps. Applying observations of irrigated crop sowing dates and yields from 510 wheat, 550 maize, and 553 rice farmers, we also modeled crop intensification production scenarios within the case study area. We conservatively estimate that at least 20,800 and 103,000 ha of fallow and rainfed cropland, respectively, could be brought into intensified double cropping using SWI. Scenario analysis indicates that if 25%–75% of the fallow or low-intensity land were converted to irrigated maize, national aggregate production could increase by 10–14% or 29–42%, respectively. Conversion to wheat would conversely boost national production by 9–10% or 26–31%. Irrigated rice is however unlikely to contribute >3%. In aggregate, these actions could generate between USD 36–108 million of revenue annually among farmers. Intensification therefore has important land use policy and food and income security implications, helping to rationalizei SWI investments. Crop choice, water resource allocation, and water governance will however remain crucial considerations for irrigation planners. Highlights • Arable land area in South Asia is declining while cereal demand is increasing. • Bangladesh emphasizes surface water irrigation (SWI) for sustainable intensification. • Remotely sensed, geospatial, and farmers’ yield data were integrated to target SWI. • 20,800 and 103,000 ha of fallow and rainfed cropland could benefit from SWI. • SWI policy could substantially increase maize and wheat, but not rice production. Graphical abstract

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    Authors: Krug, Lilian; Silvano, Kathleen M.; Barbosa, Ana B.; Domingues, Rita B.; +5 Authors

    The region off southwestern Iberia (NE Atlantic) encompasses a wide variety of oceanographic regimes, including differently (geographic) oriented coastal areas impacted by upwelling, riverine inputs and submarine groundwater discharge, submarine canyons and seamounts, and open ocean waters, thereby potentially promoting zone-specific phytoplankton dynamics. Overall, this heterogeneous region is classified as being very sensitive to climate change, and climate-driven alterations (e.g., sea surface warming, changes in upwelling patterns and intensity) have been recently reported for the area. The present study aims to understand the contribution of upwelling to seasonal and interannual variability of coastal phytoplankton, using a remote sensing-based approach. Phytoplankton variability was evaluated using satellite-derived chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass, and primary productivity (PP). Chl-a were obtained from merged SeaWiFS (Seaviewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor), MeRIS (Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) and MODIS-Aqua (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensors at Globcolour portal. PP data at 9.25 km resolution were derived from Eppley’s Vertically Generalized Production Model, based on SeaWiFS and MODIS-Aqua and available at the Ocean Productivity site. Upwelling intensity was estimated using the difference in sea surface temperature (SST) between off and nearshore zones. Advanced Very-High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 4 km SST were obtained from Pathfinder database. Other phytoplankton environmental drivers, such as local (e.g., river flow) and global (e.g., North Atlantic Oscillation - NAO) climate variables, were also analysed. The study area was divided into subareas differently impacted by upwelling and riverine flow, and satellitederived data was averaged for each zone. Seasonal and interannual variability covering a 14-year time series (1998- 2011) for each variable/region were explored. Chl-a at offshelf locations was significantly lower than coastal areas, and exhibited a fairly stable unimodal annual cycle, with maximum during March. Coastal locations displayed more variable annual patterns, with spring and summer Chl-a maxima, reflecting the impact of upwelling events and freshwater inputs. In respect to interannual variability, NAO index and coastal Chl-a were negative and significantly correlated, with 1-month lag. Chl-a interannual trends were also correlated to local climate variables, namely riverine flow for the easternmost coastal zone. The correlation between upwelling intensity and phytoplankton off SW Iberia is region-dependent being less strong within regions dominated by riverine influence.

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    Authors: Espina Sandoval, Edwin Josué;

    The world consumption of plastics in agriculture amounts yearly to approximately 7.4 million tons and forecasts expect it to increase to 9.5 million tons in 2030, but this data is still limited. Conventional and selective polymers such as PE, PVC, EVA and nets are used to optimize crop production efficiency in the Mediterranean coast. The major drawback starts when the material has reached its useful time and is abandoned and dumped near dry river bed channels where it accumulates as it waits for runoff to wash them towards the sea. Since there is a lot of data missing on the amounts, composition and environmental fate, this research aims to fill the above mentioned substantial gap by performing a research on the Agriculture Plastic Waste life cycle and current management. Once the main issues were identified, a proposal for monitoring sources and fluxes was studied using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) imagery combined with GIS systems as a tool for plastic litter detection, and fluxes on hotspots as they represent a key source of plastic litter accumulation before it reaches the marine systems if actions are to be taken. For the latter, imagery data acquired by UAVs and combined with in situ surveillance to detect mismanaged macroplastics location due to illegal dumping on dry riverbeds in Castell de Ferro, a town located in the tropical coast of Granada in Spain which is as famous for its tourism as for the plastic greenhouses. The study area, was considered suitable for these purposes because it involves a dry riverbed constantly impacted by APW dumped or abandoned by farmers nearby. The image data acquired was then processed and validated with in situ identification of the macroplastics. As a result, the GIS tool was considered to deliver the necessary data for accurate plastic litter assessment and detection. This study was able to detect agriculture macro-plastics showing success performance over 95%. As for the management measures, producers must design and manufacture reusable and recyclable agriculture plastics. To further the process, economic and financial incentives on RDI programs on APW need to be developed in order to avoid or reduce to the extent hazardous substances use on plastic manufacture. I would like to express my gratitude to the Erasmus Mundus Masters global scholarship programme, funded by the UN for letting me be part of this incredible leaders’ network. My sincere thanks to the WACOMA organization team for all the hard work coordinating this master's programme.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao

    Atmospheric carbon dioxide, which causes 50% of greenhouse warming, is increasing by 0.5% per year. Reducing and reversing deforestation would slow the increase, but plantations the size of Europe would sequester only 20-30% of the accumulation. Methane's concentration is increasing at a rate of 1% per year, and 70-90% comes from biotic sources. Even if drastic reductions in the world's cattle population, slash and bum agriculture and fuelwood burning could be achieved, CH4 would probably continue to increase. Atmospheric nitrous oxide, with almost exclusively biotic sources, contributes 5% to global warming and is increasing at 0.2-0.3% per year. The causes are poorly understood, but reductions in the use of N fertilizer and careful soil management may be effective.

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    Land Use Policy
    Article . 1990
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      Land Use Policy
      Article . 1990
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    Authors: Stock, Jonas; Moura, Delminda; Cristina, Sónia;

    Rocky cliffs are widely distributed around the world’s coasts and are subject to natural and anthropogenic pressures. The coastal evolution and erosional processes of the southern Algarve coast in Portugal have been previously studied. However, a detailed analysis of the relationship between lithological characteristics and cliff vulnerability to erosion is lacking. Therefore, in this work we focused on lithological facies variation and structures of the cliffs from Olhos de Água to Albandeira. We combined a variety of data, including those derived from traditional field-based and laboratory analysis, remote sensing (UAV image analysis) and photogrammetry. We identified multiple key forcers concerning cliff vulnerability to erosion: high vertical facies variation, intense karstification, multiple notches and marine caves. Furthermore, our lab analysis revealed differences in CaCO3 content for each lithofacies, resulting in alternating rock strength and leading to the formation of multiple structural notches into the cliff face. A classification of cliff vulnerability was developed based on a combination of these lithological and geomorphological factors. The sector Arrifes - Galé was classified as most vulnerable; Sector Galé - Armação de Pêra Bay was classified as least vulnerable in the study area. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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    Authors: Saleiro, Mário; Rodrigues, J. M. F.; du Buf, J. M. H.;

    The interest in cognitive robotics is still increasing, a major goal being to create a system which can adapt to dynamic environments and which can learn from its own experiences. We present a new cognitive SLAM architecture, but one which is minimalistic in terms of sensors and memory. It employs only one camera with pan and tilt control and three memories, without additional sensors nor any odometry. Short-term memory is an egocentric map which holds information at close range at the actual robot position. Long-term memory is used for mapping the environment and registration of encountered objects. Object memory holds features of learned objects which are used as navigation landmarks and task targets. Saliency maps are used to sequentially focus important areas for object and obstacle detection, but also for selecting directions of movements. Reinforcement learning is used to consolidate or enfeeble environmental information in long-term memory. The system is able to achieve complex tasks by executing sequences of visuomotor actions, decisions being taken by goal-detection and goal-completion tasks. Experimental results show that the system is capable of executing tasks like localizing specific objects while building a map, after which it manages to return to the start position even when new obstacles have appeared.

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    Authors: Menezes, Felipe Tiago E Silva;

    É milenar o processo de ocupação na zona do Algarve. As últimas décadas mostraram que as atividades económicas da região têm provocado significativas alterações no uso e ocupação do Solo. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar o sequestro de carbono e a evolução do uso e ocupação do solo, na zona costeira do Algarve, Portugal, através da aplicação de índices de vegetação como NDVI, PRI, CO2flux, comparados com os produtos MODIS GPP e COPERNICUS Corine Land Cover, entre os anos de 1990 e 2020. Os resultados foram expressos através cartografia digital para melhor visualização dos dados. Os resultados do NDVI demonstram que o vigor e biomassa produzidos pela vegetação litorânea tendeu a crescer. Houve uma diminuição das áreas sem vegetação e das áreas de vegetação esparsa, que foram substituídas, principalmente, por uma vegetação de densidade moderada e, em segundo lugar, por uma vegetação de alta densidade. Tais resultados são corroborados pela análise conjunta dos índices , PRI e CO2flux, que, relacionado numa regressão linear com os MODIS GPP, indicou que região de estudo tem uma grande capacidade de estocar de carbono, principalmente na Costa Oeste, onde foi observado a maior densidade de biomassa e consequente maior nível de GPP. Os resultados também indicaram que houve um abandono das áreas rurais, que foram tomadas pela vegetação e pela expansão urbana. Assim como um crescimento de cerca de 69% das áreas destinadas às zonas de lazer, como os campos de Golfe. Os resultados ainda mostraram que as áreas de preservação ambiental da região, os Sítios RAMSAR E REDE NATURA 2000, não sofreram com as alterações do uso e ocupação de suas áreas. The process of occupation in the Algarve area is millenary. The last decades have shown that economic activities in the region have caused significant changes in the use and occupation of the land. The main objective of this study was to correlate carbon sequestration and the evolution of land use and occupation, in the coastal zone of Algarve, Portugal, through the application of vegetation indices such as NDVI, PRI, CO2flux, compared with MODIS GPP and COPERNICUS Corine Land Cover, between the years 1990 and 2020. The results were expressed through digital cartography for better data visualization. The NDVI results demonstrate that the vigor and biomass produced by the coastal vegetation tended to increase. There was a decrease in areas without vegetation and areas with sparse vegetation, which were replaced mainly by the vegetation of moderate density and, secondly, by the vegetation of high density. The joint analysis of the indexes corroborates such results, PRI and CO2flux, which, related in a linear regression with the MODIS GPP, indicated that the study region has a great capacity to store carbon, mainly on the West Coast, where the highest density was observed of biomass and a consequent higher level of GPP. The results also indicated an abandonment of rural areas, which were taken over by vegetation and urban sprawl, as well as a growth of around 69% in areas destined for leisure areas, such as golf courses. The results also showed that the environmental preservation areas in the region, the RAMSAR and REDE NATURA 2000 Sites, did not suffer from changes in the use and occupation of their areas.

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    Authors: Cristina, Sónia; Goela, Priscila; Icely, John; Newton, Alice; +1 Authors

    Optical properties of oceanic waters have provided an important tool for observing large scale fluctuations in oceanic conditions by remote sensing. However, there are still problems with calibrating the algorithms that link remote sensing data with in situ measurements, particularly, in coastal areas where there are adjacency affects from land on the reflectance data observed by the satellite sensor. As part of a contract with the European Space Agency to validate the marine products of the MERIS (Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) sensor on the ENVISAT satellite, this study is taking regular measurements with a Satlantic hyperspectral radiometer ranging from inshore to offshore sites, covering both Case-1 and Case-2 waters off the south west coast of Portugal. Water-leaving reflectances (rw) were estimated from downwelling and upwelling spectral irradiances,and compared with MERIS rw for a period between September and November 2008. The results of the “matchup” analysis showed that there was reasonable agreement between the data sets over the period of study at the offshore site where the land adjacency affect on the satellite data was reduced. The greatest deviation of in situ data from satellite values was at the inshore site and at the lower wavelengths of the visible spectrum, where the rws for the blue band were most affected by atmospheric corrections. This study suggests that calibration algorithms of MERIS products with in situ data from the south west coast of Portugal could be improved by using, for example, ICOL ( Improved Contrast between Ocean and Land) processing.

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    Authors: Cunha, J. B.; Ruano, Antonio; Oliveira, P. B.; Couto, C.;

    The technologies used in greenhouse production systems have developed considerably during the last decade. These improvements have taken place in several areas, such as the development of new building techniques and actuating equipments, modelling of the plant physiological processes and of the greenhouse climate, among many others. Nowadays, due to economic and environmental requirements, there is still a demand to improve the greenhouse climate management and control systems in order to optimise the production process. This paper addresses some of the software tools that are being implemented and tested with this purpose.

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    Authors: Hänke, Hendrik; Börjeson, Lowe; Hylander, Kristoffer; Enfors-Kautsky, Elin;

    After the severe droughts in the 1970s and 1980s, and subsequent debates about desertification, analyses of satellite images reveal that the West African Sahel has become greener again. In this paper we report a study on changes in tree cover and tree species composition in three village landscapes in northern Burkina Faso, based on a combination of methods: tree density change detection using aerial photos and satellite images, a tree species inventory including size class distribution analysis, and interviews with local farmers about woody vegetation changes. Our results show a decrease in tree cover in the 1970s followed by an increase since the mid-1980s, a pattern correlating with the temporal trends in rainfall as well as remotely sensed greening in the region. However, both the inventory and interview data shows that the species composition has changed substantially towards a higher dominance of drought-resistant and exotic species. This shift, occurring during a period of increasing annual precipitation, points to the complexity of current landscape changes and questions rain as the sole primary driver of the increase in tree cover. We propose that the observed changes in woody vegetation (densities, species composition and spatial distribution) are mediated by changes in land use, including intensification and promotion of drought tolerant and fast growing species. Our findings, which indicate a rather surprising trajectory of land cover change, highlight the importance of studies that integrate evidence of changes in tree density and species composition to complement our understanding of land use and vegetation change trajectories in the Sahel obtained from satellite images. We conclude that a better understanding of the social-ecological relations and emerging land use trajectories that produce new types of agroforestry parklands in the region is of crucial importance for designing suitable policies for climate change adaptation, biodiversity conservation and the sustainable delivery of ecosystem services that benefit local livelihoods in one of the world's poorest regions. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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    Authors: Krupnik, Timothy J.; Schulthess, Urs; Ahmed, Zia Uddin; McDonald, Andrew J.;

    Changing dietary preferences and population growth in South Asia have resulted in increasing demand for wheat and maize, along side high and sustained demand for rice. In the highly productive northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia, farmers utilize groundwater irrigation to assure that at least two of these crops are sequenced on the same field within the same year. Such double cropping has had a significant and positive influence on regional agricultural productivity. But in the risk-prone and food insecure lower Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains (EIGP), cropping is less intensive. During the dryer winter months, arable land is frequently fallowed or devoted to lower yielding rainfed legumes. Seeing opportunity to boost cereals production, particularly for rice, donors and land use policy makers have consequently reprioritized agricultural development investments in this impoverished region. Tapping groundwater for irrigation and intensified double cropping, however, is unlikely to be economically viable or environmentally sound in the EIGP. Constraints include saline shallow water tables and the prohibitively high installation and energetic extraction costs from deeper freshwater aquifers. The network of largely underutilized rivers and natural canals in the EIGP could conversely be tapped to provide less energetically and economically costly surface water irrigation (SWI). This approach is now championed by the Government of Bangladesh, which has requested USD 500 million from donors to implement land and water use policies to facilitate SWI and double cropping. Precise geospatial assessment of where freshwater flows are most prominent, or where viable fallow or low production intensity cropland is most common, however remains lacking. In response, we used remotely sensed data to identify agricultural land, detect the temporal availability of freshwater in rivers and canals, and assess crop production intensity over a three-year study period in a 33,750 km2 case study area in southwestern Bangladesh. We combined these data with georeferenced and temporally explicitly soil and water salinity information, in addition to relative elevation classifications, in order to examine the extent of winter fallows and low productivity rainfed cropland that could be irrigated by small-scale surface water pumps. Applying observations of irrigated crop sowing dates and yields from 510 wheat, 550 maize, and 553 rice farmers, we also modeled crop intensification production scenarios within the case study area. We conservatively estimate that at least 20,800 and 103,000 ha of fallow and rainfed cropland, respectively, could be brought into intensified double cropping using SWI. Scenario analysis indicates that if 25%–75% of the fallow or low-intensity land were converted to irrigated maize, national aggregate production could increase by 10–14% or 29–42%, respectively. Conversion to wheat would conversely boost national production by 9–10% or 26–31%. Irrigated rice is however unlikely to contribute >3%. In aggregate, these actions could generate between USD 36–108 million of revenue annually among farmers. Intensification therefore has important land use policy and food and income security implications, helping to rationalizei SWI investments. Crop choice, water resource allocation, and water governance will however remain crucial considerations for irrigation planners. Highlights • Arable land area in South Asia is declining while cereal demand is increasing. • Bangladesh emphasizes surface water irrigation (SWI) for sustainable intensification. • Remotely sensed, geospatial, and farmers’ yield data were integrated to target SWI. • 20,800 and 103,000 ha of fallow and rainfed cropland could benefit from SWI. • SWI policy could substantially increase maize and wheat, but not rice production. Graphical abstract

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    Authors: Krug, Lilian; Silvano, Kathleen M.; Barbosa, Ana B.; Domingues, Rita B.; +5 Authors

    The region off southwestern Iberia (NE Atlantic) encompasses a wide variety of oceanographic regimes, including differently (geographic) oriented coastal areas impacted by upwelling, riverine inputs and submarine groundwater discharge, submarine canyons and seamounts, and open ocean waters, thereby potentially promoting zone-specific phytoplankton dynamics. Overall, this heterogeneous region is classified as being very sensitive to climate change, and climate-driven alterations (e.g., sea surface warming, changes in upwelling patterns and intensity) have been recently reported for the area. The present study aims to understand the contribution of upwelling to seasonal and interannual variability of coastal phytoplankton, using a remote sensing-based approach. Phytoplankton variability was evaluated using satellite-derived chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass, and primary productivity (PP). Chl-a were obtained from merged SeaWiFS (Seaviewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor), MeRIS (Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) and MODIS-Aqua (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensors at Globcolour portal. PP data at 9.25 km resolution were derived from Eppley’s Vertically Generalized Production Model, based on SeaWiFS and MODIS-Aqua and available at the Ocean Productivity site. Upwelling intensity was estimated using the difference in sea surface temperature (SST) between off and nearshore zones. Advanced Very-High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 4 km SST were obtained from Pathfinder database. Other phytoplankton environmental drivers, such as local (e.g., river flow) and global (e.g., North Atlantic Oscillation - NAO) climate variables, were also analysed. The study area was divided into subareas differently impacted by upwelling and riverine flow, and satellitederived data was averaged for each zone. Seasonal and interannual variability covering a 14-year time series (1998- 2011) for each variable/region were explored. Chl-a at offshelf locations was significantly lower than coastal areas, and exhibited a fairly stable unimodal annual cycle, with maximum during March. Coastal locations displayed more variable annual patterns, with spring and summer Chl-a maxima, reflecting the impact of upwelling events and freshwater inputs. In respect to interannual variability, NAO index and coastal Chl-a were negative and significantly correlated, with 1-month lag. Chl-a interannual trends were also correlated to local climate variables, namely riverine flow for the easternmost coastal zone. The correlation between upwelling intensity and phytoplankton off SW Iberia is region-dependent being less strong within regions dominated by riverine influence.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sapientia Repositóri...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Espina Sandoval, Edwin Josué;

    The world consumption of plastics in agriculture amounts yearly to approximately 7.4 million tons and forecasts expect it to increase to 9.5 million tons in 2030, but this data is still limited. Conventional and selective polymers such as PE, PVC, EVA and nets are used to optimize crop production efficiency in the Mediterranean coast. The major drawback starts when the material has reached its useful time and is abandoned and dumped near dry river bed channels where it accumulates as it waits for runoff to wash them towards the sea. Since there is a lot of data missing on the amounts, composition and environmental fate, this research aims to fill the above mentioned substantial gap by performing a research on the Agriculture Plastic Waste life cycle and current management. Once the main issues were identified, a proposal for monitoring sources and fluxes was studied using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) imagery combined with GIS systems as a tool for plastic litter detection, and fluxes on hotspots as they represent a key source of plastic litter accumulation before it reaches the marine systems if actions are to be taken. For the latter, imagery data acquired by UAVs and combined with in situ surveillance to detect mismanaged macroplastics location due to illegal dumping on dry riverbeds in Castell de Ferro, a town located in the tropical coast of Granada in Spain which is as famous for its tourism as for the plastic greenhouses. The study area, was considered suitable for these purposes because it involves a dry riverbed constantly impacted by APW dumped or abandoned by farmers nearby. The image data acquired was then processed and validated with in situ identification of the macroplastics. As a result, the GIS tool was considered to deliver the necessary data for accurate plastic litter assessment and detection. This study was able to detect agriculture macro-plastics showing success performance over 95%. As for the management measures, producers must design and manufacture reusable and recyclable agriculture plastics. To further the process, economic and financial incentives on RDI programs on APW need to be developed in order to avoid or reduce to the extent hazardous substances use on plastic manufacture. I would like to express my gratitude to the Erasmus Mundus Masters global scholarship programme, funded by the UN for letting me be part of this incredible leaders’ network. My sincere thanks to the WACOMA organization team for all the hard work coordinating this master's programme.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sapientia Repositóri...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sapientia Repositóri...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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