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Human activities drive environmental changes at scales that could potentially cause ecosystem collapses in the marine environment. We combined information on marine biodiversity with spatial assessments of the impacts of climate change to identify the key areas to prioritize for the conservation of global marine biodiversity. This process identified six marine regions of exceptional biodiversity based on global distributions of 1729 species of fish, 124 marine mammals, and 330 seabirds. Overall, these hot spots of marine biodiversity coincide with areas most severely affected by global warming. In particular, these marine biodiversity hot spots have undergone local to regional increasing water temperatures, slowing current circulation, and decreasing primary productivity. Furthermore, when we overlapped these hot spots with available industrial fishery data, albeit coarser than our estimates of climate impacts, they suggest a worrying coincidence whereby the world’s richest areas for marine biodiversity are also those areas mostly affected by both climate change and industrial fishing. In light of these findings, we offer an adaptable framework for determining local to regional areas of special concern for the conservation of marine biodiversity. This has exposed the need for finer-scaled fishery data to assist in the management of global fisheries if the accumulative, but potentially preventable, effect of fishing on climate change impacts is to be minimized within areas prioritized for marine biodiversity conservation. We thank the continued support of the Phillip Island Nature Parks, Penguin Ecosystem Research Centre. Grants were received from the Penguin Foundation, the Australian Research Council, and the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 641762 to the ECOPOTENTIAL project. We acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI). Peer reviewed

Animal telemetry is a powerful tool for observing marine animals and the physical environments that they inhabit, from coastal and continental shelf ecosystems to polar seas and open oceans. Satellite-linked biologgers and networks of acoustic receivers allow animals to be reliably monitored over scales of tens of meters to thousands of kilometers, giving insight into their habitat use, home range size, the phenology of migratory patterns and the biotic and abiotic factors that drive their distributions. Furthermore, physical environmental variables can be collected using animals as autonomous sampling platforms, increasing spatial and temporal coverage of global oceanographic observation systems. The use of animal telemetry, therefore, has the capacity to provide measures from a suite of essential ocean variables (EOVs) for improved monitoring of Earth's oceans. Here we outline the design features of animal telemetry systems, describe current applications and their benefits and challenges, and discuss future directions. We describe new analytical techniques that improve our ability to not only quantify animal movements but to also provide a powerful framework for comparative studies across taxa. We discuss the application of animal telemetry and its capacity to collect biotic and abiotic data, how the data collected can be incorporated into ocean observing systems, and the role these data can play in improved ocean management. International audience

An improved knowledge of iron biogeochemistry is needed to better understand key controls on the functioning of high-nitrate low-chlorophyll (HNLC) oceanic regions. Iron budgets for HNLC waters have been constructed using data from disparate sources ranging from laboratory algal cultures to ocean physics. In summer 2003 we conducted FeCycle, a 10-day mesoscale tracer release in HNLC waters SE of New Zealand, and measured concurrently all sources (with the exception of aerosol deposition) to, sinks of iron from, and rates of iron recycling within, the surface mixed layer. A pelagic iron budget (timescale of days) indicated that oceanic supply terms (lateral advection and vertical diffusion) were relatively small compared to the main sink (downward particulate export). Remote sensing and terrestrial monitoring reveal 13 dust or wildfire events in Australia, prior to and during FeCycle, one of which may have deposited iron at the study location. However, iron deposition rates cannot be derived from such observations, illustrating the difficulties in closing iron budgets without quantification of episodic atmospheric supply. Despite the threefold uncertainties reported for rates of aerosol deposition (Duce et al., 1991), published atmospheric iron supply for the New Zealand region is ∼50-fold (i.e., 7-to 150-fold) greater than the oceanic iron supply measured in our budget, and thus was comparable (i.e., a third to threefold) to our estimates of downward export of particulate iron. During FeCycle, the fluxes due to short term (hours) biological iron uptake and regeneration were indicative of rapid recycling and were tenfold greater than for new iron (i.e. estimated atmospheric and measured oceanic supply), giving an >fe> ratio (uptake of new iron/ uptake of new + regenerated iron) of 0.17 (i.e., a range of 0.06 to 0.51 due to uncertainties on aerosol iron supply), and an >Fe> ratio (biogenic Fe export/uptake of new + regenerated iron) of 0.09 (i.e., 0.03 to 0.24). Copyright 2005 by the American Geophysical Union. This research was funded in part by the New Zealand PGSF Ocean Ecosystems project Boyd, P.W. et al. Peer Reviewed

The prediction of carbon uptake by forests across fertility gradients requires accurate characterisation of how biochemical limitations to photosynthesis respond to variation in key elements such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Over the last decade, proxies for chlorophyll and photosynthetic activity have been extracted from hyperspectral imagery and used to predict important photosynthetic variables such as the maximal rate of carboxylation (Vcmax) and electron transport (Jmax). However, little research has investigated the generality of these relationships within the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limiting phases, which are characterised by mass based foliage ratios of N:P ≤ 10 for N limitations and N:P > 10 for P limitations. Using measurements obtained from one year old Pinus radiata D. Don grown under a factorial range of N and P treatments this research examined relationships between photosynthetic capacity (Vcmax, Jmax) and measured N, P and chlorophyll (Chla+b). Using functional traits quantified from hyperspectral imagery we then examined the strength and generality of relationships between photosynthetic variables and Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI), Sun-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF) and chlorophyll a + b derived by radiative transfer model inversion. There were significant (P < .001) and strong relationships between photosynthetic variables and both N (R2 = 0.82 for Vcmax; R2 = 0.87 for Jmax) and Chla+b (R2 = 0.85 for Vcmax; R2 = 0.86 for Jmax) within the N limiting phase that were weak (R2 < 0.02) and insignificant within the P limiting phase. Similarly, there were significant (P < .05) positive relationships between P and photosynthetic variables (R2 = 0.50 for Vcmax; R2 = 0.58 for Jmax) within the P limiting phase that were insignificant and weak (R2 < 0.33) within the N limiting phase. Predictions of photosynthetic variables using Chla+b estimated by model inversion were significant (P < .001), positive and strong (R2 = 0.64 for Vcmax; R2 = 0.63 for Jmax) within the N limiting phase but insignificant and weak (R2 < 0.05) within the P limiting phase. In contrast, both SIF and PRI exhibited moderate to strong positive correlations with photosynthetic variables within both the N and P limiting phases. These results suggest that quantified SIF and PRI from hyperspectral images may have greater generality in predicting biochemical limitations to photosynthesis than proxies for N and chlorophyll a + b, particularly under high foliage N content, when P is limiting. The project was partly funded through the Resilient Forests programme, which is funded through Scion SSIF as well as the Forest Grower's Levy Trust. Funding was also received from the National Institute for Forest Products Innovation (Project Number NIF073-1819), which comprised contributions from the Australian Government, Australasian Forestry Companies and South Australian and Tasmanian State Governments.

Fil: Hulme, Philip E.. Lincoln University; Nueva Zelanda Fil: Pauchard, Aníbal. Universidad de Concepción; Chile. Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity; Chile Fil: Pyšek, Petr. The Czech Academy of Sciences; República Checa. Charles University in Prague; República Checa. Stellenbosch University; Sudáfrica Fil: Vilà, Montserrat. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; España Fil: Alba, Christina. The Czech Academy of Sciences; República Checa Fil: Blackburn, Tim M.. University College London; Reino Unido Fil: Bullock, James M.. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology and Biological Records Centre; Reino Unido Fil: Chytrý, Milan. Masaryk University; República Checa Fil: Dawson, Wayne. University of Konstanz; Alemania Fil: Dunn, Alison M.. University of Leeds; Reino Unido Fil: Essl, Franz. Universidad de Viena; Austria Fil: Genovesi, Piero. Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, and Chair International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Invasive Species Specialist Group; Italia Fil: Maskell, Lindsay C.. Lancaster Environment Centre; Reino Unido Fil: Meyerson, Laura A.. University of Rhode Island; Reino Unido Fil: Nuñez, Martin Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Pergl, Jan. The Czech Academy of Sciences; República Checa Fil: Pescott, Oliver L.. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology and Biological Records Centre; Reino Unido Fil: Pocock, Michael J. O.. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology and Biological Records Centre; Reino Unido Fil: Richardson, David M.. Stellenbosch University; Sudáfrica Fil: Roy, Helen E.. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology and Biological Records Centre; Reino Unido Fil: Smart, Simon M.. Lancaster Environment Centre; Reino Unido Fil: Štajerová, Kateřina. The Czech Academy of Sciences; República Checa Fil: Stohlgren, Thomas. Colorado State University; Estados Unidos Fil: Van Kleunen, Mark. University of Konstanz; Alemania Fil: Winter, Marten. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; Alemania

n this commentary, we summarize and build upon discussions that emerged during the workshop "Isotope-based studies of water partitioning and plant–soil interactions in forested and agricultural environments" held in San Casciano in Val di Pesa, Italy, in September 2017. Quantifying and understanding how water cycles through the Earth's critical zone is important to provide society and policymakers with the scientific background to manage water resources sustainably, especially considering the ever-increasing worldwide concern about water scarcity. Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water have proven to be a powerful tool for tracking water fluxes in the critical zone. However, both mechanistic complexities (e.g. mixing and fractionation processes, heterogeneity of natural systems) and methodological issues (e.g. lack of standard protocols to sample specific compartments, such as soil water and xylem water) limit the application of stable water isotopes in critical-zone science. In this commentary, we examine some of the opportunities and critical challenges of isotope-based ecohydrological applications and outline new perspectives focused on interdisciplinary research opportunities for this important tool in water and environmental science. Biogeosciences, 15 (21) ISSN:1726-4170