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  • Authors: Christine Poncet; Cécile Bresch; Hicham Fatnassi; Ludovic Mailleret; +6 Authors

    Protected cultivation or Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) system has increased tenfold in the last 25 years thanks to tremendous scientific and technical breakthroughs, mainly directed to increasing crop yields and adapting to tough ambient conditions. Currently, greenhouse areas are still spreading and the CEA system is one of the keystones for the agriculture forecasting scenario. However, the environmental acceptability of this very intensive agro-ecosystem is now being questioned. Energy inputs are source of the main economic and environmental weakness, especially for high-tech greenhouses, where IPM is well-established. Pesticides, common in low-cost greenhouses systems, are a major barrier-to IPM. To design and manage more robust CEA systems, both technological and ecological approaches have been chosen. This allowed for increased consideration of IPM issues among global greenhouse engineering innovation and better use of greenhouse system capacities to enhance dedicated IPM high-tech tools and management practices. On the other hand, ecological concepts were used to determine and characterize complex biotic interactions that lead to question the tenant of biological control as soon as IPM is implemented in greenhouses with sub-optimum physical pest control means. More specifically, microclimate at the boundary layer level has been investigated both from a physical and biological point of view in order to determine the best climate preferences of the main pests and beneficials. By the same token, the efficiency of diverse biocontrol plants to provide accurate shelter to natural enemies has been assessed International audience

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Boudjada, Mohammed Y.; Biagi, P.F.; Al-Haddad, E.; Galopeau, Patrick H. M.; +7 Authors

    We analyse the flux density variation associated to low frequency (LF) broadcasting transmitters observed by the ICE electric field experiment onboard DEMETER micro-satellite, observed from 01st Jan. to 09th Dec. 2010. We select five stations localised around the Mediterranean and the Black seas: Tipaza (252 kHz, 02°28’E, 36°33’N, Algeria), Roumoules (216 kHz, 06°08’E, 43°47’N, Monte Carlo), Polatli (180 kHz, 32°25’E, 39°45’N, Turkey), Nadour (171 kHz, 02°55’W, 35°02’N, Morocco) and Brasov (153 kHz, 25°36’E,45°40’, Romania). The detection of the LF transmitter signals by DEMETER micro-satellite is found to depend on the radiated power, the emitted frequency, and the orbit paths with regard to the location of the stations. This leads us to characterise the reception condition of the LF signals and to define time intervals where the detection probability is high. We show that LF signal are regularly recorded, each 12 days, when the satellite is above the broadcasting station. The signal intensity levels are principally significant during the solar activity. Hence we find that the solar and the geomagnetic activities are slightly correlated to the maxima of LF signal as recorded by DEMETER. Also we note a drop of the intensity level several days before the occurrence of earthquakes in/around the Mediterranean and Black seas. International audience

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Physics and Chemistr...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Parts A/B/C
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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    Hyper Article en Ligne; Hal-Diderot
    Other literature type . Conference object . 2014
    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2017
    Data sources: Hal-Diderot
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Petit, Carole; Fournier, Marc; Gunnell, Yanni;

    We investigate the respective roles of climatic parameters and the flexural rigidity of the lithosphere in the erosion history and behavior of two adjacent rift escarpments along the northern coast of the Gulf of Aden, in Oman. At this 25 Myr old passive margin, we define a type 1 scarp, which is high, sharp-crested and has retreated 25-30 km inland from its master fault, and a type 2 scarp, which exhibits a more rounded profile, lower relief, and still coincides with its mapped normal fault trace. Since about 15 Ma, the margin has been seasonally affected by monsoon precipitation but with contrasting effects at the type 1 and type 2 escarpments depending on the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone in the geologic past: during peak monsoon conditions, both scarps experienced heavy rainfall and runoff, whereas during monsoon-starved conditions (such as today), the type 2 scarp experienced a foggy, moist climate while the type 1 scarp remained much drier. In order to assess the relative effects of climate and flexural parameters on the present-day morphology of the Dhofar margin, we present onedimensional numerical models of erosion and flexure along two profiles representative of the type 1 and type 2 scarps. Unlike most surface process models previously published, where present-day topography is the only criterion by which to evaluate the quality of model outputs, model behavior here is additionally constrained by independent estimates of denudation provided by geological cross sections, well-defined fault traces, and other stratigraphic markers. The best fitting models indicate that the type 1 escarpment formed under relatively arid climatic conditions and was affected by significant erosion, recession and flexural uplift due to a low (7 km) effective elastic thickness. In contrast, the morphology of the type 2 fault scarp was smoothed by a more humid climate, but a high effective elastic thickness ( 15 km) prevented it from uplifting or receding. In addition, we show that the sedimentary load acting at the foot of the escarpments exerts significant influence on their morphological evolution, though this parameter is often neglected in other scarp evolution models. International audience

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ HAL - UPEC / UPEM; H...arrow_drop_down
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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2007 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
      Article . 2007 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Michael Peterson; Tracy E. L. Light; Xuan-Min Shao;

    AbstractThe optical and VHF instrumentation on the fast on‐orbit recording of transient events (FORTE) satellite is used to document the combined phenomenology evolution of a lightning “megaflash”—Mesoscale lightning that propagates laterally over exceptional distances. We identify a FORTE flash whose maximum extent was 82 km and inferred length over multiple distinct branches exceeded 100 km. This flash lasted 1.2 s and produced 250 optical and 591 radio frequency events. We find that the channel development mapped by FORTE's pixelated lightning imager (LLS) occurred at a typical speed of 2.6 × 105 m s−1 and was accompanied by sustained periods of VHF emission that could individually exceed 100 ms in duration. The impulsive IC events generated by the flash indicate that this development occurred at altitudes between 3 and 8 km. Four +CG strokes were identified in the VHF waveform data that are responsible for two of the three highly radiant LLS groups (two of the +CGs were not as optically bright as the others). These strokes occurred at different locations throughout the flash footprint with the most distant strokes separated by approximately 50 km. These space‐based observations match previous observations of megaflashes as well as ground‐based measurements of negative leader development during “spider” lightning, suggesting that FORTE is sensing the same phenomena.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Geophysic...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Geophysic...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Maria Hakuba; Doris Folini; Arturo Sanchez-Lorenzo; Martin Wild;

    The spatial representativeness of a point measurement of surface solar radiation (SSR) of its larger-scale surrounding, e.g., collocated grid cell, is a potential source of uncertainty in the validation of climate models and satellite products. Here we expand our previous study over Europe to the entire Meteosat disk, covering additional climate zones in Africa, the Middle east, and South America between −70° to 70° East and −70° to 70° North. Using a high-resolution (0.03°) satellite-based SSR data set (2001–2005), we quantify the spatial subgrid variability in grids of 1° and 3° resolution and the spatial representativeness of 887 surface sites with respect to site-centered surroundings of variable size. In the multiannual mean the subgrid variability is the largest in some mountainous and coastal regions but varies seasonally due to changes in the Intertropical Convergence Zone location. The absolute mean representation errors at the surface sites with respect to surroundings of 1° and 3° are on average 1–2% (3 W m−2) and 2–3% (4 W m−2), respectively. The majority of sites are found to be representative within the in situ measurement accuracy. We show that their site-specific representativeness can be reliably approximated by the subgrid variability in a fixed grid (1°). The subgrid variability in turn is only moderately reduced when computed from coarser grid data, typically the only data available in areas not covered by the 0.03° resolved Meteosat disk. Together, this paves the way to a fully global assessment of site-specific spatial representativeness.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD...
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: SNSF P3 Database
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD...
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: HENRI, PIERRE REMI ANTOINE; CALIFANO, FRANCESCO; Briand C; Mangeney A.;

    Recent observation of large amplitude Langmuir waveforms during a Type III event in the solar wind have been interpreted as the signature of the electrostatic decay of beam-driven Langmuir waves. This mechanism is thought to be a first step to explain the generation of solar Type III radio emission. The threshold for this parametric instability in typical solar wind condition is investigated here by means of 1D-1V Vlasov-Poisson simulations. We show that the amplitude of the observed Langmuir beat-like waveforms is of the order of the effective threshold computed from the full kinetic simulations. The expected level of associated ion acoustic density fluctuations have also been computed for comparison with observations. Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics)

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    arXiv.org e-Print Archive
    Other literature type . Preprint . 2013
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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2013
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
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    Authors: Schmidtke, Gerhard; Avakyan, S.V.; Berdermann, J.; Bothmer, V.; +21 Authors

    At the 10th Thermospheric Ionospheric GEospheric Research (TIGER/COSPAR) symposium held in Moscow in 2014 the achievements from the start of TIGER in 1998 were summarized. During that period, great progress was made in measuring, understanding, and modeling the highly variable UV-Soft X-ray (XUV) solar spectral irradiance (SSI), and its effects on the upper atmosphere. However, after more than 50 years of work the radiometric accuracy of SSI observation is still an issue and requires further improvement. Based on the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) data from the SOLAR/SolACES, and SDO/EVE instruments, we present a combined data set for the spectral range from 16.5 to 105.5 nm covering a period of 3.5 years from 2011 through mid of 2014. This data set is used in ionospheric modeling of the global total electron content (TEC), and in validating EUV SSI modeling. For further investigations the period of 3.5 years is being extended to about 12 years by including data from SOHO/SEM and TIMED/SEE instruments. Similarly, UV data are used in modeling activities. After summarizing the results, concepts are proposed for future real-time SSI measurements with in-flight calibration as experienced with the ISS SOLAR payload, for the development of a space weather camera for observing and investigating space weather phenomena in real-time, and for providing data sets for SSI and climate modeling. Other planned topics are the investigation of the relationship between solar EUV/UV and visible/near-infrared emissions, the impact of X-rays on the upper atmosphere, the development of solar EUV/UV indices for different applications, and establishing a shared TIGER data system for EUV/UV SSI data distribution and real-time streaming, also taking into account the achievements of the FP7 SOLID (First European SOLar Irradiance Data Exploitation) project. - For further progress it is imperative that coordinating activities in this special field of solar-terrestrial relations and solar physics is emphasized. International audience

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    Advances in Space Research
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    Advances in Space Research; DLR publication server
    Other literature type . Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Fraunhofer-ePrints
    Article . 2015
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    Authors: Echevin, Vincent; Colas, F.; Chaigneau, Alexis; Penven, Pierrick;

    The influence of the eastern Pacific equatorial circulation on the dynamics of the Northern Humboldt Current System is studied using an eddy‐resolving regional circulation model forced by boundary conditions from three distinct ocean general circulation models. The seasonal variability of the modeled nearshore circulation and the mesoscale activity are contrasted in order to evaluate the role of the density forcing. The seasonal variability of the surface and subsurface alongshore currents strongly depends on the amplitude and timing of the seasonal eastward propagating equatorial waves. The equatorward flow and upwelling intensity are also impacted by nonlinear processes, such as the seasonal generation of nearshore mesoscale eddies, which create alongshore pressure gradients modulating the surface current. Boundary conditions affect differently the intensity and phase of the eddy kinetic energy, as baroclinic instability is triggered by coastal waves during austral summer and fall, whereas it is sustained by the wind‐driven upwelling during austral winter. International audience

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    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2011
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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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      Horizon / Pleins textes
      Other literature type . 2011
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
      Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: J.-C. Lee; Matteo Massironi; Wing-Huen Ip; Lorenza Giacomini; +48 Authors

    In 2015 May, the Southern hemisphere of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko became visible by the OSIRIS cameras on-board the Rosetta spacecraft. The resolution was high enough to carry out a detailed analysis of the surface morphology, which is quite different from the Northern hemisphere. Previous works show that fine particle deposits are the most extensive geological unit in the Northern hemisphere. In contrast, the Southern hemisphere is dominated by outcropping consolidated terrain. In this work, we provide geomorphological maps of the Southern hemisphere with the distinction of both geological units and linear features. The geomorphological maps described in this study allow us to gain a better understanding of the processes shaping the comet nucleus and the distribution of primary structures such as fractures and strata. International audience

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Yunheng Xue; Jun Li; W. Paul Menzel; Eva Borbas; +3 Authors

    AbstractThis study quantifies the characteristics of different satellite sampling errors in the time series of total precipitable water (TPW) derived from Constellation System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) radio occultation, Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS), and High‐resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) during the overlapping time period of January 2007 to December 2013. Gap‐free data from ERA5 reanalysis of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts are used as reference values. All TPW data are first compared with microwave radiometer measurements from Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program. In general, they are consistent, with all their regression coefficients being greater than 0.77. Discrepancies in global TPW time series can be mainly attributed to the inherent sampling errors of these three different satellite remote sensing systems. COSMIC has small sampling errors in higher latitudes. But it has scarce samples in tropical regions, which leads to a large sampling error of 3.00 mm in the estimation of global TPW. Sampling in SSMIS is more uniform with mean errors less than 0.5 mm. But the sampling is only over the ocean. Sampling errors in HIRS are larger in tropics and north subtropical areas due to clear sky biased sampling. Moreover, it is significantly correlated with the variability of TPW, whereas the sampling error in COSMIC is less influenced by TPW. Sampling errors will be reduced and more consistent global TPW time series will be derived by simply combining the multisensor samplings together.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
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  • Authors: Christine Poncet; Cécile Bresch; Hicham Fatnassi; Ludovic Mailleret; +6 Authors

    Protected cultivation or Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) system has increased tenfold in the last 25 years thanks to tremendous scientific and technical breakthroughs, mainly directed to increasing crop yields and adapting to tough ambient conditions. Currently, greenhouse areas are still spreading and the CEA system is one of the keystones for the agriculture forecasting scenario. However, the environmental acceptability of this very intensive agro-ecosystem is now being questioned. Energy inputs are source of the main economic and environmental weakness, especially for high-tech greenhouses, where IPM is well-established. Pesticides, common in low-cost greenhouses systems, are a major barrier-to IPM. To design and manage more robust CEA systems, both technological and ecological approaches have been chosen. This allowed for increased consideration of IPM issues among global greenhouse engineering innovation and better use of greenhouse system capacities to enhance dedicated IPM high-tech tools and management practices. On the other hand, ecological concepts were used to determine and characterize complex biotic interactions that lead to question the tenant of biological control as soon as IPM is implemented in greenhouses with sub-optimum physical pest control means. More specifically, microclimate at the boundary layer level has been investigated both from a physical and biological point of view in order to determine the best climate preferences of the main pests and beneficials. By the same token, the efficiency of diverse biocontrol plants to provide accurate shelter to natural enemies has been assessed International audience

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    Authors: Boudjada, Mohammed Y.; Biagi, P.F.; Al-Haddad, E.; Galopeau, Patrick H. M.; +7 Authors

    We analyse the flux density variation associated to low frequency (LF) broadcasting transmitters observed by the ICE electric field experiment onboard DEMETER micro-satellite, observed from 01st Jan. to 09th Dec. 2010. We select five stations localised around the Mediterranean and the Black seas: Tipaza (252 kHz, 02°28’E, 36°33’N, Algeria), Roumoules (216 kHz, 06°08’E, 43°47’N, Monte Carlo), Polatli (180 kHz, 32°25’E, 39°45’N, Turkey), Nadour (171 kHz, 02°55’W, 35°02’N, Morocco) and Brasov (153 kHz, 25°36’E,45°40’, Romania). The detection of the LF transmitter signals by DEMETER micro-satellite is found to depend on the radiated power, the emitted frequency, and the orbit paths with regard to the location of the stations. This leads us to characterise the reception condition of the LF signals and to define time intervals where the detection probability is high. We show that LF signal are regularly recorded, each 12 days, when the satellite is above the broadcasting station. The signal intensity levels are principally significant during the solar activity. Hence we find that the solar and the geomagnetic activities are slightly correlated to the maxima of LF signal as recorded by DEMETER. Also we note a drop of the intensity level several days before the occurrence of earthquakes in/around the Mediterranean and Black seas. International audience

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Physics and Chemistr...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Parts A/B/C
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Hyper Article en Ligne; Hal-Diderot
    Other literature type . Conference object . 2014
    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2017
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    Authors: Petit, Carole; Fournier, Marc; Gunnell, Yanni;

    We investigate the respective roles of climatic parameters and the flexural rigidity of the lithosphere in the erosion history and behavior of two adjacent rift escarpments along the northern coast of the Gulf of Aden, in Oman. At this 25 Myr old passive margin, we define a type 1 scarp, which is high, sharp-crested and has retreated 25-30 km inland from its master fault, and a type 2 scarp, which exhibits a more rounded profile, lower relief, and still coincides with its mapped normal fault trace. Since about 15 Ma, the margin has been seasonally affected by monsoon precipitation but with contrasting effects at the type 1 and type 2 escarpments depending on the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone in the geologic past: during peak monsoon conditions, both scarps experienced heavy rainfall and runoff, whereas during monsoon-starved conditions (such as today), the type 2 scarp experienced a foggy, moist climate while the type 1 scarp remained much drier. In order to assess the relative effects of climate and flexural parameters on the present-day morphology of the Dhofar margin, we present onedimensional numerical models of erosion and flexure along two profiles representative of the type 1 and type 2 scarps. Unlike most surface process models previously published, where present-day topography is the only criterion by which to evaluate the quality of model outputs, model behavior here is additionally constrained by independent estimates of denudation provided by geological cross sections, well-defined fault traces, and other stratigraphic markers. The best fitting models indicate that the type 1 escarpment formed under relatively arid climatic conditions and was affected by significant erosion, recession and flexural uplift due to a low (7 km) effective elastic thickness. In contrast, the morphology of the type 2 fault scarp was smoothed by a more humid climate, but a high effective elastic thickness ( 15 km) prevented it from uplifting or receding. In addition, we show that the sedimentary load acting at the foot of the escarpments exerts significant influence on their morphological evolution, though this parameter is often neglected in other scarp evolution models. International audience

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2007 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
      Article . 2007 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Michael Peterson; Tracy E. L. Light; Xuan-Min Shao;

    AbstractThe optical and VHF instrumentation on the fast on‐orbit recording of transient events (FORTE) satellite is used to document the combined phenomenology evolution of a lightning “megaflash”—Mesoscale lightning that propagates laterally over exceptional distances. We identify a FORTE flash whose maximum extent was 82 km and inferred length over multiple distinct branches exceeded 100 km. This flash lasted 1.2 s and produced 250 optical and 591 radio frequency events. We find that the channel development mapped by FORTE's pixelated lightning imager (LLS) occurred at a typical speed of 2.6 × 105 m s−1 and was accompanied by sustained periods of VHF emission that could individually exceed 100 ms in duration. The impulsive IC events generated by the flash indicate that this development occurred at altitudes between 3 and 8 km. Four +CG strokes were identified in the VHF waveform data that are responsible for two of the three highly radiant LLS groups (two of the +CGs were not as optically bright as the others). These strokes occurred at different locations throughout the flash footprint with the most distant strokes separated by approximately 50 km. These space‐based observations match previous observations of megaflashes as well as ground‐based measurements of negative leader development during “spider” lightning, suggesting that FORTE is sensing the same phenomena.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
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    Authors: Maria Hakuba; Doris Folini; Arturo Sanchez-Lorenzo; Martin Wild;

    The spatial representativeness of a point measurement of surface solar radiation (SSR) of its larger-scale surrounding, e.g., collocated grid cell, is a potential source of uncertainty in the validation of climate models and satellite products. Here we expand our previous study over Europe to the entire Meteosat disk, covering additional climate zones in Africa, the Middle east, and South America between −70° to 70° East and −70° to 70° North. Using a high-resolution (0.03°) satellite-based SSR data set (2001–2005), we quantify the spatial subgrid variability in grids of 1° and 3° resolution and the spatial representativeness of 887 surface sites with respect to site-centered surroundings of variable size. In the multiannual mean the subgrid variability is the largest in some mountainous and coastal regions but varies seasonally due to changes in the Intertropical Convergence Zone location. The absolute mean representation errors at the surface sites with respect to surroundings of 1° and 3° are on average 1–2% (3 W m−2) and 2–3% (4 W m−2), respectively. The majority of sites are found to be representative within the in situ measurement accuracy. We show that their site-specific representativeness can be reliably approximated by the subgrid variability in a fixed grid (1°). The subgrid variability in turn is only moderately reduced when computed from coarser grid data, typically the only data available in areas not covered by the 0.03° resolved Meteosat disk. Together, this paves the way to a fully global assessment of site-specific spatial representativeness.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD...
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD...
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: HENRI, PIERRE REMI ANTOINE; CALIFANO, FRANCESCO; Briand C; Mangeney A.;

    Recent observation of large amplitude Langmuir waveforms during a Type III event in the solar wind have been interpreted as the signature of the electrostatic decay of beam-driven Langmuir waves. This mechanism is thought to be a first step to explain the generation of solar Type III radio emission. The threshold for this parametric instability in typical solar wind condition is investigated here by means of 1D-1V Vlasov-Poisson simulations. We show that the amplitude of the observed Langmuir beat-like waveforms is of the order of the effective threshold computed from the full kinetic simulations. The expected level of associated ion acoustic density fluctuations have also been computed for comparison with observations. Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics)

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    arXiv.org e-Print Archive
    Other literature type . Preprint . 2013
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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2013
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
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    Authors: Schmidtke, Gerhard; Avakyan, S.V.; Berdermann, J.; Bothmer, V.; +21 Authors

    At the 10th Thermospheric Ionospheric GEospheric Research (TIGER/COSPAR) symposium held in Moscow in 2014 the achievements from the start of TIGER in 1998 were summarized. During that period, great progress was made in measuring, understanding, and modeling the highly variable UV-Soft X-ray (XUV) solar spectral irradiance (SSI), and its effects on the upper atmosphere. However, after more than 50 years of work the radiometric accuracy of SSI observation is still an issue and requires further improvement. Based on the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) data from the SOLAR/SolACES, and SDO/EVE instruments, we present a combined data set for the spectral range from 16.5 to 105.5 nm covering a period of 3.5 years from 2011 through mid of 2014. This data set is used in ionospheric modeling of the global total electron content (TEC), and in validating EUV SSI modeling. For further investigations the period of 3.5 years is being extended to about 12 years by including data from SOHO/SEM and TIMED/SEE instruments. Similarly, UV data are used in modeling activities. After summarizing the results, concepts are proposed for future real-time SSI measurements with in-flight calibration as experienced with the ISS SOLAR payload, for the development of a space weather camera for observing and investigating space weather phenomena in real-time, and for providing data sets for SSI and climate modeling. Other planned topics are the investigation of the relationship between solar EUV/UV and visible/near-infrared emissions, the impact of X-rays on the upper atmosphere, the development of solar EUV/UV indices for different applications, and establishing a shared TIGER data system for EUV/UV SSI data distribution and real-time streaming, also taking into account the achievements of the FP7 SOLID (First European SOLar Irradiance Data Exploitation) project. - For further progress it is imperative that coordinating activities in this special field of solar-terrestrial relations and solar physics is emphasized. International audience

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    Advances in Space Research
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    Advances in Space Research; DLR publication server
    Other literature type . Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Fraunhofer-ePrints
    Article . 2015
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    Authors: Echevin, Vincent; Colas, F.; Chaigneau, Alexis; Penven, Pierrick;

    The influence of the eastern Pacific equatorial circulation on the dynamics of the Northern Humboldt Current System is studied using an eddy‐resolving regional circulation model forced by boundary conditions from three distinct ocean general circulation models. The seasonal variability of the modeled nearshore circulation and the mesoscale activity are contrasted in order to evaluate the role of the density forcing. The seasonal variability of the surface and subsurface alongshore currents strongly depends on the amplitude and timing of the seasonal eastward propagating equatorial waves. The equatorward flow and upwelling intensity are also impacted by nonlinear processes, such as the seasonal generation of nearshore mesoscale eddies, which create alongshore pressure gradients modulating the surface current. Boundary conditions affect differently the intensity and phase of the eddy kinetic energy, as baroclinic instability is triggered by coastal waves during austral summer and fall, whereas it is sustained by the wind‐driven upwelling during austral winter. International audience

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    Other literature type . 2011
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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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      Horizon / Pleins textes
      Other literature type . 2011
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
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    Authors: J.-C. Lee; Matteo Massironi; Wing-Huen Ip; Lorenza Giacomini; +48 Authors

    In 2015 May, the Southern hemisphere of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko became visible by the OSIRIS cameras on-board the Rosetta spacecraft. The resolution was high enough to carry out a detailed analysis of the surface morphology, which is quite different from the Northern hemisphere. Previous works show that fine particle deposits are the most extensive geological unit in the Northern hemisphere. In contrast, the Southern hemisphere is dominated by outcropping consolidated terrain. In this work, we provide geomorphological maps of the Southern hemisphere with the distinction of both geological units and linear features. The geomorphological maps described in this study allow us to gain a better understanding of the processes shaping the comet nucleus and the distribution of primary structures such as fractures and strata. International audience

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    Authors: Yunheng Xue; Jun Li; W. Paul Menzel; Eva Borbas; +3 Authors

    AbstractThis study quantifies the characteristics of different satellite sampling errors in the time series of total precipitable water (TPW) derived from Constellation System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) radio occultation, Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS), and High‐resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) during the overlapping time period of January 2007 to December 2013. Gap‐free data from ERA5 reanalysis of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts are used as reference values. All TPW data are first compared with microwave radiometer measurements from Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program. In general, they are consistent, with all their regression coefficients being greater than 0.77. Discrepancies in global TPW time series can be mainly attributed to the inherent sampling errors of these three different satellite remote sensing systems. COSMIC has small sampling errors in higher latitudes. But it has scarce samples in tropical regions, which leads to a large sampling error of 3.00 mm in the estimation of global TPW. Sampling in SSMIS is more uniform with mean errors less than 0.5 mm. But the sampling is only over the ocean. Sampling errors in HIRS are larger in tropics and north subtropical areas due to clear sky biased sampling. Moreover, it is significantly correlated with the variability of TPW, whereas the sampling error in COSMIC is less influenced by TPW. Sampling errors will be reduced and more consistent global TPW time series will be derived by simply combining the multisensor samplings together.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
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