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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Streifeneder, Thomas; Giuliani, Clare; Hoffmann, Christian;

    Viehwirtschaftliche Nutzung und umweltschonende Bewirtschaftung der Almen stellen eine traditionsreiche Form der Berglandwirtschaft dar. Aufgrund der topographisch bedingten höheren Produktionskosten im Berggebiet und der ökologischen Bedeutung wird die landwirtschaftliche Beweidung und Pflege der Almen und Alpen mit öffentlichen Fördermitteln unterstützt. Innerhalb der zahlreichen Unterstützungsmaßnahmen erweisen sich die Zahlungen im Rahmen der Agrarumweltmaßnahmen und Ausgleichszulagen für benachteiligte Berggebiete als die effektivsten Regelungen für die Fortführung der Almbewirtschaftung. Der Beitrag analysiert die internationalen und regionalen Unterschiede bzw. Gemeinsamkeiten bei Zielsetzung, Vorgehensweise, Definitionen/Vorgaben und finanzieller Ausstattung dieser agrarpolitischen Regelungen für den Erhalt dieser Höhenkulturlandschaft. Da das Beitragssystem nicht alleine die Entwicklung der Almwirtschaft beeinflusst, wird exemplarisch der Zusammenhang zwischen der Entwicklung der Betriebe und dem Tourismusaufkommen sowie regionalökonomischen Bedingungen analysiert. Aus den Ergebnissen und den Erkenntnissen aus Experteninterviews leiten die Autoren Handlungsempfehlungen für eine nachhaltige Politik für Berggebiete ab. Livestock farming and the environmentally friendly management of Alpine pastures represent a traditional form of mountain farming. Grazing and the maintenance of pastures and alps are publically subsidised in recognition of the ecological importance of the activities and because production costs are higher than usual due to the mountainous topography. In the complex of numerous support measures, payments made in the context of agri-environmental measures and compensatory allowances for disadvantaged areas prove to be the most effective arrangements for an ongoing management of Alpine pastures. The paper analyses international and regional differences and similarities in objectives, procedures, definitions/specifications and financial resources of these agricultural policy regulations for the preservation of this mountain landscape. Since the contribution system is not the only influence on the development of alpine farming, the relationship between the development of farms and tourism and regional economic conditions is analysed by way of an example. Based on the results and on findings from expert interviews, the authors deduce recommendations for action for sustainable policies in mountain areas.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ EconStorarrow_drop_down
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    Part of book or chapter of book . 2018
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    Part of book or chapter of book . 2018
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ EconStorarrow_drop_down
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      Part of book or chapter of book . 2018
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      Part of book or chapter of book . 2018
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    What role do firms play in the making of EU trade policy? This article surveys the policy domain and lays out the instruments firms can employ to influence decisions on trade. It underlines that European trade policy is characterized by a high degree of institutional complexity, which firms have to manage in order to be successful. In particular, the European Commission works intensively to solicit business input in order to gain bargaining leverage vis-à-vis third countries and the EU member states. This reverse lobbying creates a two-channel logic of trade policy lobbying in the EU. Corporate actors have a very good chance of working closely with the European Commission if they can propose pan-European trade policy solutions. This can be either trade liberalization or EU-wide regulatory restrictions on trade. Demands for traditional protectionist measures, especially those that reveal national interest divergences, are difficult to defend at the supranational level. Protectionist lobbying therefore goes through the national route, with corporate actors working to block liberalization by affecting the consensus in the Council of Ministers. The chapter illustrates this two-channel logic by studying business–government interactions in agricultural trade, textiles and clothing, financial services, and telecommunication services. Welchen Einfluss haben Unternehmen auf die europäische Handelspolitik? Durch einen Überblick des Politikfelds analysiert der Artikel Instrumente, mit denen Unternehmen in der EU Lobbyismus betreiben können. Vielen Firmen werden allerdings nicht von sich aus aktiv. Im Gegenteil, die Europäische Kommission bemüht sich aktiv um die Zusammenarbeit der Unternehmen, da sie dadurch ihre Verhandlungsposition vis-à-vis Mitgliedsstaaten und Drittstaaten stärken kann. Dieses umgekehrte Lobbying hat Folgen für die Inhalte der Unternehmensforderungen im Bereich Handelspolitik. Wirtschaftliche Akteure können ein gutes Arbeitsverhältnis mit der Europäischen Kommission aufbauen, wenn sie gesamteuropäische Konzepte verfolgen, sei es Handelsliberalisierung oder EU-weite Regulierung. Nationaler Protektionismus kann europäische Entscheidungsfindung blockieren, so dass merkantilistische Anfragen an die nationalen Regierungen gerichtet werden müssen, die diese dann durch den Rat der Minister voranbringen können. Der Artikel illustriert diese zweigleisige Lobbyingstrategien in der Landwirtschaft, dem Textilhandel, dem Finanzdienstleistungssektor und der Telekommunikation. Introduction 1 Trade policy lobbying in the multi-level system 1.1 The integration of trade policy-making 1.2 Instruments and venues for corporate lobbying 1.2.1 Trade policy consultation with private actors 1.2.2 Instruments of commercial defence 1.3 Trade-offs in multi-level trade lobbying 2 Lobbying for protectionism or liberalization 2.1 Resistance to foreign competition: agriculture and textiles 2.1.1 Agriculture 2.1.2 Textiles and clothing 2.2 Developing pan-European policy solutions: trade in services 2.2.1 Financial services 2.2.2 Telecommunications 3 Conclusion References

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    Research . 2006
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    EconStor
    Research . 2006
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    EconStor
    Research . 2006
    Data sources: EconStor
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ MPG.PuRearrow_drop_down
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      Research . 2006
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      Research . 2006
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Schmiede, Rudi; Stoll, Julia; Körnig, Stephan;

    "Our project 'Generic Portals' focuses on the possibilities and problems created by the usage of web-technologies to support web-based Digital Library applications. We observe a divergence of services in the sphere of structured resources and scientific libraries' services. Publications in the form of digital resources have introduced new dynamics into the information exchange in the scientific communities. The changes in the publication process are formed by so-called structured resources, whereas the resource can be seen as an encapsulated object. For the exchange of information we have only to know the interface of the structured resource in detail. W3C has published a working draft which includes a language named Web Service Description Language (WSDL) for describing interfaces of services. A Web service interface is a shared connection between functional components of applications. We consider the requirements for the integration of DL-applications via Web services. We present an adapted process model for supply of DL-oriented Web services. Further we present a component-based approach to relate researchers' activities to so-called DL-oriented Web services. We obtain criteria for the description of DL-oriented Web services based on the researchers' working process. Finally, we present a brief overview what kind of Web technologies might be reused for a prototypical implementation of DL-oriented Web services." (author's abstract)

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    Authors: Danielzyk, Rainer; Priebs, Axel;

    Zentrale Orte, insbesondere Grund- und Mittelzentren, haben in der Raumordnung eine besondere Bedeutung für die Sicherung der Daseinsvorsorge vor allem in (dünn besiedelten) ländlichen Gebieten, aber auch in Stadtregionen. Sie haben allerdings mit erheblichen Herausforderungen zu kämpfen wie etwa inflationärer Ausweisung aus vor allem politischen Gründen, Image-Problemen, fehlender Umsetzung der damit verbundenen Aussagen sowie unklarem Stellenwert der sogenannten Ausstattungskataloge. Die politische Kritik an den Zentralen Orten wird der aktuell großen Aufmerksamkeit für Klein- und Mittelstädte gegenübergestellt, die zunehmend als „Ankerpunkte“ für die Sicherung der Daseinsvorsorge und für die aktive Entwicklung von dünner besiedelten Regionen anerkannt sind. Vor diesem Hintergrund formuliert der Beitrag Empfehlungen, wie die Diskurse zusammengeführt werden können. Vor allem sollte deutlich werden, dass funktionsfähige und attraktive Klein- und Mittelstädte zugleich Kernbestand eines zukunftsfähigen Zentrale-Orte-Konzeptes sind. Central places, in particular local and regional centres, are of particular importance in spatial planning for ensuring services of general interest, especially in (sparsely populated) rural areas, but also in urban areas. However, they face considerable challenges, such as inflationary designation for primarily political reasons, image problems, the lack of implementation of the related statements and the unclear status of the so-called equipment catalogues. The political criticism of the central towns is contrasted with the current high level of attention for small and medium-sized towns, which are increasingly recognised as "anchor points" for the securing of services of general interest and for the active development of sparsely populated regions. Against this background, the article makes recommendations on how to merge the discourses. Above all, it should be made clear that functional and attractive small and medium-sized towns are at the same time the core elements of a sustainable central place system.

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    Authors: Paul Grünke; Aleksandra Kazakova;
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    TATuP – Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      TATuP – Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Gómez Martínez, Emanuel;

    ¿La diversificación productiva ha permitido a las familias campesinas de Los Altos de Chiapas consolidar sus estrategias de reproducción social? Para contestar esta pregunta, en este artículo se caracteriza la agricultura familiar campesina a fin de comprender su nivel de consolidación económica. La metodología investigativa es un estudio de casos a escala regional y local, que incluyó revisión estadística para caracterizar la problemática, levantamiento de una encuesta en dos municipios de la región, observación participativa de las labores de agricultura tradicional en parcelas demostrativas de mejoramiento de maíz nativo, seguimiento a procesos de producción orgánica de hortalizas, miel y café. El resultado es un perfil de la economía agrícola regional que permite analizar las estrategias de diversificación productiva y destacar los procesos de manejo agroecológico de maíz, café y miel. El estudio posibilita discutir la tipología de Agricultura Familiar Campesina (AFC) que propone la FAO para caracterizar el nivel de consolidación de la agricultura familiar campesina. Las conclusiones nos permiten comprender en qué fase de consolidación económica se encuentran las estrategias campesinas. El estudio ofrece pautas para mejorar los procesos de organización de la economía familiar campesina. Has productive diversification allowed the peasant families of Los Altos de Chiapas to consolidate their strategies of social reproduction? To answer this question, this article characterizes peasant family agriculture to understand its level of economic consolidation. The research methodology is a case study on a regional and local scale, including a statistical review to characterize the problem, conducting a survey in two municipalities in the region, participatory observation of traditional agriculture work in demonstration plots of native corn improvement, monitoring of organic production processes of vegetables, honey and coffee. The result is a profile of the regional agricultural economy that allows the analysis of productive diversification strategies, highlighting the processes of agroecological management of corn, coffee and honey. The study allows us to discuss the typology of Peasant Family Agriculture (CFA) proposed by FAO to characterize the level of consolidation of peasant family agriculture. The conclusions allow us to understand in what process of economic consolidation the peasant strategies are found. The study offers guidelines to improve the processes of organization of the peasant family economy. ¿La diversificación productiva ha permitido a las familias campesinas de Los Altos de Chiapas consolidar sus estrategias de reproducción social? Para contestar esta pregunta, en este artículo se caracteriza la agricultura familiar campesina a fin de comprender su nivel de consolidación económica. La metodología investigativa es un estudio de casos a escala regional y local, que incluyó revisión estadística para caracterizar la problemática, levantamiento de una encuesta en dos municipios de la región, observación participativa de las labores de agricultura tradicional en parcelas demostrativas de mejoramiento de maíz nativo, seguimiento a procesos de producción orgánica de hortalizas, miel y café. El resultado es un perfil de la economía agrícola regional que permite analizar las estrategias de diversificación productiva y destacar los procesos de manejo agroecológico de maíz, café y miel. El estudio posibilita discutir la tipología de Agricultura Familiar Campesina (AFC) que propone la FAO para caracterizar el nivel de consolidación de la agricultura familiar campesina. Las conclusiones nos permiten comprender en qué fase de consolidación económica se encuentran las estrategias campesinas. El estudio ofrece pautas para mejorar los procesos de organización de la economía familiar campesina.

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    Authors: Kröhnert, Steffen; Klingholz, Reiner; Sievers, Florian; Großer, Thilo; +1 Authors

    "Zwei Jahrzehnte lang war vor allem Ostdeutschland ein Experimentierfeld des Stadtumbaus, haben doch viele Städte mehr als ein Viertel ihre Einwohner verloren. Und auch in alten Industriestädten des Westens wie Gelsenkirchen oder Bremerhaven suchten Stadtplaner Antworten auf die starke Schrumpfung der Stadtbevölkerung. Doch für schrumpfende Dörfer im ländlichen Raum gibt es solche Antworten bisher kaum. Dort verschlechtert sich die infrastrukturelle Versorgung aufgrund zu weniger Nutzer. Junge Leute ziehen weg, Schulen werden geschlossen, wo nur wenig oder keine Kinder leben, und das Leben auf dem Dorf erlahmt. Die alten Ortskerne verfallen und Immobilien verlieren massiv an Wert. Freiwilliges Engagement der Bürger kann unter diesen Umständen über Zukunftsfähigkeit oder Niedergang eines Ortes entscheiden. Das Berlin-Institut für Bevölkerung und Entwicklung hat im Rahmen der im März 2011 bereits zum dritten Mal vorgelegten Regionalstudie 'Die demografische Lage der Nation' die Situation von Engagierten in sechs deutsche Landkreisen und Städten untersucht, die vom demografischen Wandel besonders betroffen sind. Wie sich zeigt, braucht bürgerschaftliches Engagement dort bessere Rahmenbedingungen. Die bürgerschaftlichen 'Macher' sind nach jahrelanger Abwanderung gut Qualifizierter oft rar. Engagierte hängen wegen der kommunalen Finanznot am Tropf von häufig wechselnden und stets befristeten staatlichen Förderprogrammen. Kommunalverwaltungen und Wohlfahrtsverbände sehen engagierte Bürger mitunter als Konkurrenten um Macht und Arbeitsplätze. Privaten Stiftungen wiederum sind Projekte im schrumpfenden ländlichen Raum oft zu wenig spektakulär, um sich dort verstärkt zu engagieren." (Autorenreferat)

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    Authors: Schmähl, Winfried;

    In diesem Beitrag werden exemplarisch Fragen aufgeworfen zu einem in der sozialpolitischen Diskussion relativ wenig beachteten Themenfeld, nämlich sozialpolitisch relevanten Faktoren für die Situation im Alter vor allem in dünn besiedelten und strukturschwachen ländlichen Regionen. Der Blick wird dabei insbesondere auf soziale Sicherung im Krankheits- und Pflegefall gerichtet. Zunächst wird als Analyserahmen ein weitgespannter Ressourcenansatz skizziert, der - über das hier erörterte Thema hinaus - Ansatzpunkte für eine disziplinenübergreifende Erörterung von Lebensbedingungen im Alter liefern kann. Sodann wird auf einige spezifisch die ländlichen Räume betreffende sozialpolitische Rahmenbedingungen hingewiesen, zu denen nicht nur typisch sozialpolitische Politikfelder gehören, sondern beispielsweise auch Regional-, Verkehrs- und vor allem Agrarpolitik. Anschließend werden einige allgemeine Fragen der Ausrichtung von Sozialpolitik aufgeworfen, und zwar im Hinblick auf die konzeptionelle Ausrichtung von Kranken- und Pflegeversicherung und mögliche Entwicklungstendenzen für die Einkommenslage in der Altersphase. This paper deals with questions referring to a topic that gets relatively small attention in discussions on social security, namely factors relevant for the living conditions in old age especially in thinly populated and structurally weak rural regions. In particular, social security in the case of illness and need of care is discussed. First, as an analytical frame, a broad concept of ressources is outlined, which may give starting-points for an interdisciplinary discussion of living conditions in old age. Thereafter, some sociopolitical conditions referring specifically to rural regions are mentioned, which not only include aspects usually labelled as social policy, but e.g. also regional, traffic and agricultural policy. In the following, some general questions of social policy are raised with regard to the conceptions of health and long-term care insurance and some possible developments for the income in oldage.

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    EconStor
    Research . 1999
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    Research . 1999
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      Research . 1999
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      Research . 1999
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    Authors: Sasse, Elke; Walter, Mathis;
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    Authors: Streifeneder, Thomas; Giuliani, Clare; Hoffmann, Christian;

    Viehwirtschaftliche Nutzung und umweltschonende Bewirtschaftung der Almen stellen eine traditionsreiche Form der Berglandwirtschaft dar. Aufgrund der topographisch bedingten höheren Produktionskosten im Berggebiet und der ökologischen Bedeutung wird die landwirtschaftliche Beweidung und Pflege der Almen und Alpen mit öffentlichen Fördermitteln unterstützt. Innerhalb der zahlreichen Unterstützungsmaßnahmen erweisen sich die Zahlungen im Rahmen der Agrarumweltmaßnahmen und Ausgleichszulagen für benachteiligte Berggebiete als die effektivsten Regelungen für die Fortführung der Almbewirtschaftung. Der Beitrag analysiert die internationalen und regionalen Unterschiede bzw. Gemeinsamkeiten bei Zielsetzung, Vorgehensweise, Definitionen/Vorgaben und finanzieller Ausstattung dieser agrarpolitischen Regelungen für den Erhalt dieser Höhenkulturlandschaft. Da das Beitragssystem nicht alleine die Entwicklung der Almwirtschaft beeinflusst, wird exemplarisch der Zusammenhang zwischen der Entwicklung der Betriebe und dem Tourismusaufkommen sowie regionalökonomischen Bedingungen analysiert. Aus den Ergebnissen und den Erkenntnissen aus Experteninterviews leiten die Autoren Handlungsempfehlungen für eine nachhaltige Politik für Berggebiete ab. Livestock farming and the environmentally friendly management of Alpine pastures represent a traditional form of mountain farming. Grazing and the maintenance of pastures and alps are publically subsidised in recognition of the ecological importance of the activities and because production costs are higher than usual due to the mountainous topography. In the complex of numerous support measures, payments made in the context of agri-environmental measures and compensatory allowances for disadvantaged areas prove to be the most effective arrangements for an ongoing management of Alpine pastures. The paper analyses international and regional differences and similarities in objectives, procedures, definitions/specifications and financial resources of these agricultural policy regulations for the preservation of this mountain landscape. Since the contribution system is not the only influence on the development of alpine farming, the relationship between the development of farms and tourism and regional economic conditions is analysed by way of an example. Based on the results and on findings from expert interviews, the authors deduce recommendations for action for sustainable policies in mountain areas.

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    Part of book or chapter of book . 2018
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    What role do firms play in the making of EU trade policy? This article surveys the policy domain and lays out the instruments firms can employ to influence decisions on trade. It underlines that European trade policy is characterized by a high degree of institutional complexity, which firms have to manage in order to be successful. In particular, the European Commission works intensively to solicit business input in order to gain bargaining leverage vis-à-vis third countries and the EU member states. This reverse lobbying creates a two-channel logic of trade policy lobbying in the EU. Corporate actors have a very good chance of working closely with the European Commission if they can propose pan-European trade policy solutions. This can be either trade liberalization or EU-wide regulatory restrictions on trade. Demands for traditional protectionist measures, especially those that reveal national interest divergences, are difficult to defend at the supranational level. Protectionist lobbying therefore goes through the national route, with corporate actors working to block liberalization by affecting the consensus in the Council of Ministers. The chapter illustrates this two-channel logic by studying business–government interactions in agricultural trade, textiles and clothing, financial services, and telecommunication services. Welchen Einfluss haben Unternehmen auf die europäische Handelspolitik? Durch einen Überblick des Politikfelds analysiert der Artikel Instrumente, mit denen Unternehmen in der EU Lobbyismus betreiben können. Vielen Firmen werden allerdings nicht von sich aus aktiv. Im Gegenteil, die Europäische Kommission bemüht sich aktiv um die Zusammenarbeit der Unternehmen, da sie dadurch ihre Verhandlungsposition vis-à-vis Mitgliedsstaaten und Drittstaaten stärken kann. Dieses umgekehrte Lobbying hat Folgen für die Inhalte der Unternehmensforderungen im Bereich Handelspolitik. Wirtschaftliche Akteure können ein gutes Arbeitsverhältnis mit der Europäischen Kommission aufbauen, wenn sie gesamteuropäische Konzepte verfolgen, sei es Handelsliberalisierung oder EU-weite Regulierung. Nationaler Protektionismus kann europäische Entscheidungsfindung blockieren, so dass merkantilistische Anfragen an die nationalen Regierungen gerichtet werden müssen, die diese dann durch den Rat der Minister voranbringen können. Der Artikel illustriert diese zweigleisige Lobbyingstrategien in der Landwirtschaft, dem Textilhandel, dem Finanzdienstleistungssektor und der Telekommunikation. Introduction 1 Trade policy lobbying in the multi-level system 1.1 The integration of trade policy-making 1.2 Instruments and venues for corporate lobbying 1.2.1 Trade policy consultation with private actors 1.2.2 Instruments of commercial defence 1.3 Trade-offs in multi-level trade lobbying 2 Lobbying for protectionism or liberalization 2.1 Resistance to foreign competition: agriculture and textiles 2.1.1 Agriculture 2.1.2 Textiles and clothing 2.2 Developing pan-European policy solutions: trade in services 2.2.1 Financial services 2.2.2 Telecommunications 3 Conclusion References

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    Authors: Schmiede, Rudi; Stoll, Julia; Körnig, Stephan;

    "Our project 'Generic Portals' focuses on the possibilities and problems created by the usage of web-technologies to support web-based Digital Library applications. We observe a divergence of services in the sphere of structured resources and scientific libraries' services. Publications in the form of digital resources have introduced new dynamics into the information exchange in the scientific communities. The changes in the publication process are formed by so-called structured resources, whereas the resource can be seen as an encapsulated object. For the exchange of information we have only to know the interface of the structured resource in detail. W3C has published a working draft which includes a language named Web Service Description Language (WSDL) for describing interfaces of services. A Web service interface is a shared connection between functional components of applications. We consider the requirements for the integration of DL-applications via Web services. We present an adapted process model for supply of DL-oriented Web services. Further we present a component-based approach to relate researchers' activities to so-called DL-oriented Web services. We obtain criteria for the description of DL-oriented Web services based on the researchers' working process. Finally, we present a brief overview what kind of Web technologies might be reused for a prototypical implementation of DL-oriented Web services." (author's abstract)

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    Authors: Danielzyk, Rainer; Priebs, Axel;

    Zentrale Orte, insbesondere Grund- und Mittelzentren, haben in der Raumordnung eine besondere Bedeutung für die Sicherung der Daseinsvorsorge vor allem in (dünn besiedelten) ländlichen Gebieten, aber auch in Stadtregionen. Sie haben allerdings mit erheblichen Herausforderungen zu kämpfen wie etwa inflationärer Ausweisung aus vor allem politischen Gründen, Image-Problemen, fehlender Umsetzung der damit verbundenen Aussagen sowie unklarem Stellenwert der sogenannten Ausstattungskataloge. Die politische Kritik an den Zentralen Orten wird der aktuell großen Aufmerksamkeit für Klein- und Mittelstädte gegenübergestellt, die zunehmend als „Ankerpunkte“ für die Sicherung der Daseinsvorsorge und für die aktive Entwicklung von dünner besiedelten Regionen anerkannt sind. Vor diesem Hintergrund formuliert der Beitrag Empfehlungen, wie die Diskurse zusammengeführt werden können. Vor allem sollte deutlich werden, dass funktionsfähige und attraktive Klein- und Mittelstädte zugleich Kernbestand eines zukunftsfähigen Zentrale-Orte-Konzeptes sind. Central places, in particular local and regional centres, are of particular importance in spatial planning for ensuring services of general interest, especially in (sparsely populated) rural areas, but also in urban areas. However, they face considerable challenges, such as inflationary designation for primarily political reasons, image problems, the lack of implementation of the related statements and the unclear status of the so-called equipment catalogues. The political criticism of the central towns is contrasted with the current high level of attention for small and medium-sized towns, which are increasingly recognised as "anchor points" for the securing of services of general interest and for the active development of sparsely populated regions. Against this background, the article makes recommendations on how to merge the discourses. Above all, it should be made clear that functional and attractive small and medium-sized towns are at the same time the core elements of a sustainable central place system.

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    Authors: Paul Grünke; Aleksandra Kazakova;
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    TATuP – Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      TATuP – Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Gómez Martínez, Emanuel;

    ¿La diversificación productiva ha permitido a las familias campesinas de Los Altos de Chiapas consolidar sus estrategias de reproducción social? Para contestar esta pregunta, en este artículo se caracteriza la agricultura familiar campesina a fin de comprender su nivel de consolidación económica. La metodología investigativa es un estudio de casos a escala regional y local, que incluyó revisión estadística para caracterizar la problemática, levantamiento de una encuesta en dos municipios de la región, observación participativa de las labores de agricultura tradicional en parcelas demostrativas de mejoramiento de maíz nativo, seguimiento a procesos de producción orgánica de hortalizas, miel y café. El resultado es un perfil de la economía agrícola regional que permite analizar las estrategias de diversificación productiva y destacar los procesos de manejo agroecológico de maíz, café y miel. El estudio posibilita discutir la tipología de Agricultura Familiar Campesina (AFC) que propone la FAO para caracterizar el nivel de consolidación de la agricultura familiar campesina. Las conclusiones nos permiten comprender en qué fase de consolidación económica se encuentran las estrategias campesinas. El estudio ofrece pautas para mejorar los procesos de organización de la economía familiar campesina. Has productive diversification allowed the peasant families of Los Altos de Chiapas to consolidate their strategies of social reproduction? To answer this question, this article characterizes peasant family agriculture to understand its level of economic consolidation. The research methodology is a case study on a regional and local scale, including a statistical review to characterize the problem, conducting a survey in two municipalities in the region, participatory observation of traditional agriculture work in demonstration plots of native corn improvement, monitoring of organic production processes of vegetables, honey and coffee. The result is a profile of the regional agricultural economy that allows the analysis of productive diversification strategies, highlighting the processes of agroecological management of corn, coffee and honey. The study allows us to discuss the typology of Peasant Family Agriculture (CFA) proposed by FAO to characterize the level of consolidation of peasant family agriculture. The conclusions allow us to understand in what process of economic consolidation the peasant strategies are found. The study offers guidelines to improve the processes of organization of the peasant family economy. ¿La diversificación productiva ha permitido a las familias campesinas de Los Altos de Chiapas consolidar sus estrategias de reproducción social? Para contestar esta pregunta, en este artículo se caracteriza la agricultura familiar campesina a fin de comprender su nivel de consolidación económica. La metodología investigativa es un estudio de casos a escala regional y local, que incluyó revisión estadística para caracterizar la problemática, levantamiento de una encuesta en dos municipios de la región, observación participativa de las labores de agricultura tradicional en parcelas demostrativas de mejoramiento de maíz nativo, seguimiento a procesos de producción orgánica de hortalizas, miel y café. El resultado es un perfil de la economía agrícola regional que permite analizar las estrategias de diversificación productiva y destacar los procesos de manejo agroecológico de maíz, café y miel. El estudio posibilita discutir la tipología de Agricultura Familiar Campesina (AFC) que propone la FAO para caracterizar el nivel de consolidación de la agricultura familiar campesina. Las conclusiones nos permiten comprender en qué fase de consolidación económica se encuentran las estrategias campesinas. El estudio ofrece pautas para mejorar los procesos de organización de la economía familiar campesina.

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    Authors: Kröhnert, Steffen; Klingholz, Reiner; Sievers, Florian; Großer, Thilo; +1 Authors

    "Zwei Jahrzehnte lang war vor allem Ostdeutschland ein Experimentierfeld des Stadtumbaus, haben doch viele Städte mehr als ein Viertel ihre Einwohner verloren. Und auch in alten Industriestädten des Westens wie Gelsenkirchen oder Bremerhaven suchten Stadtplaner Antworten auf die starke Schrumpfung der Stadtbevölkerung. Doch für schrumpfende Dörfer im ländlichen Raum gibt es solche Antworten bisher kaum. Dort verschlechtert sich die infrastrukturelle Versorgung aufgrund zu weniger Nutzer. Junge Leute ziehen weg, Schulen werden geschlossen, wo nur wenig oder keine Kinder leben, und das Leben auf dem Dorf erlahmt. Die alten Ortskerne verfallen und Immobilien verlieren massiv an Wert. Freiwilliges Engagement der Bürger kann unter diesen Umständen über Zukunftsfähigkeit oder Niedergang eines Ortes entscheiden. Das Berlin-Institut für Bevölkerung und Entwicklung hat im Rahmen der im März 2011 bereits zum dritten Mal vorgelegten Regionalstudie 'Die demografische Lage der Nation' die Situation von Engagierten in sechs deutsche Landkreisen und Städten untersucht, die vom demografischen Wandel besonders betroffen sind. Wie sich zeigt, braucht bürgerschaftliches Engagement dort bessere Rahmenbedingungen. Die bürgerschaftlichen 'Macher' sind nach jahrelanger Abwanderung gut Qualifizierter oft rar. Engagierte hängen wegen der kommunalen Finanznot am Tropf von häufig wechselnden und stets befristeten staatlichen Förderprogrammen. Kommunalverwaltungen und Wohlfahrtsverbände sehen engagierte Bürger mitunter als Konkurrenten um Macht und Arbeitsplätze. Privaten Stiftungen wiederum sind Projekte im schrumpfenden ländlichen Raum oft zu wenig spektakulär, um sich dort verstärkt zu engagieren." (Autorenreferat)

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    Authors: Schmähl, Winfried;

    In diesem Beitrag werden exemplarisch Fragen aufgeworfen zu einem in der sozialpolitischen Diskussion relativ wenig beachteten Themenfeld, nämlich sozialpolitisch relevanten Faktoren für die Situation im Alter vor allem in dünn besiedelten und strukturschwachen ländlichen Regionen. Der Blick wird dabei insbesondere auf soziale Sicherung im Krankheits- und Pflegefall gerichtet. Zunächst wird als Analyserahmen ein weitgespannter Ressourcenansatz skizziert, der - über das hier erörterte Thema hinaus - Ansatzpunkte für eine disziplinenübergreifende Erörterung von Lebensbedingungen im Alter liefern kann. Sodann wird auf einige spezifisch die ländlichen Räume betreffende sozialpolitische Rahmenbedingungen hingewiesen, zu denen nicht nur typisch sozialpolitische Politikfelder gehören, sondern beispielsweise auch Regional-, Verkehrs- und vor allem Agrarpolitik. Anschließend werden einige allgemeine Fragen der Ausrichtung von Sozialpolitik aufgeworfen, und zwar im Hinblick auf die konzeptionelle Ausrichtung von Kranken- und Pflegeversicherung und mögliche Entwicklungstendenzen für die Einkommenslage in der Altersphase. This paper deals with questions referring to a topic that gets relatively small attention in discussions on social security, namely factors relevant for the living conditions in old age especially in thinly populated and structurally weak rural regions. In particular, social security in the case of illness and need of care is discussed. First, as an analytical frame, a broad concept of ressources is outlined, which may give starting-points for an interdisciplinary discussion of living conditions in old age. Thereafter, some sociopolitical conditions referring specifically to rural regions are mentioned, which not only include aspects usually labelled as social policy, but e.g. also regional, traffic and agricultural policy. In the following, some general questions of social policy are raised with regard to the conceptions of health and long-term care insurance and some possible developments for the income in oldage.

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    Research . 1999
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    Research . 1999
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      Research . 1999
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Research . 1999
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    Authors: Sasse, Elke; Walter, Mathis;
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