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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Melissa Dell; Benjamin F. Jones; Benjamin A. Olken;

    A rapidly growing body of research applies panel methods to examine how temperature, precipitation, and windstorms influence economic outcomes. These studies focus on changes in weather realizations over time within a given spatial area and demonstrate impacts on agricultural output, industrial output, labor productivity, energy demand, health, conflict, and economic growth, among other outcomes. By harnessing exogenous variation over time within a given spatial unit, these studies help credibly identify (i) the breadth of channels linking weather and the economy, (ii) heterogeneous treatment effects across different types of locations, and (iii) nonlinear effects of weather variables. This paper reviews the new literature with two purposes. First, we summarize recent work, providing a guide to its methodologies, datasets, and findings. Second, we consider applications of the new literature, including insights for the “damage function” within models that seek to assess the potential economic effects of future climate change. (JEL C51, D72, O13, Q51, Q54)

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Economic ...arrow_drop_down
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    Journal of Economic Literature
    Article
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    Journal of Economic Literature
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Economic ...arrow_drop_down
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      Journal of Economic Literature
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      Journal of Economic Literature
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: NIKOLINKA SHAKHRAMANYAN; UWE A. SCHNEIDER; BRUCE A. McCARL;

    Climate change may affect the use of pesticides and their associated environmental and human health impacts. This study employs and modifies a partial equilibrium model of the US agricultural sector to examine the effects of alternative regulations of the pesticide and greenhouse gas emission externality. Simulation results indicate that without pesticide externality regulations and low greenhouse gas emission mitigation strategy, climate change benefits from increased agricultural production in the US are more than offset by increased environmental costs. Although the combined regulation of pesticide and greenhouse gas emission externalities increases farmers' production costs, their net income effects are positive because of price adjustments and associated welfare shifts from consumers to producers. The results also show heterogeneous impacts on preferred pest management intensities across major crops. While pesticide externality regulations lead to substantial increases in total water use, climate policies induce the opposite effect. Climate change may affect the use of pesticides and their associated environmental and human health impacts. This study employs and modifies a partial equilibrium model of the US agricultural sector to examine the effects of alternative regulations of the pesticide and greenhouse gas emission externality. Simulation results indicate that without pesticide externality regulations and low greenhouse gas emission mitigation strategy, climate change benefits from increased agricultural production in the US are more than offset by increased environmental costs. Although the combined regulation of pesticide and greenhouse gas emission externalities increases farmers' production costs, their net income effects are positive because of price adjustments and associated welfare shifts from consumers to producers. The results also show heterogeneous impacts on preferred pest management intensities across major crops. While pesticide externality regulations lead to substantial increases in total water use, climate policies induce the opposite effect.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Forschungsindex und ...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Climate Change Economics
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Forschungsindex und ...arrow_drop_down
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      Climate Change Economics
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Sylvain Dessy; Jacques Ewoudou; Isabelle Ouellet;

    We explain the persistence of low performances in African agriculture by analyzing the determinants of farmers' decisions to modernize their farming practices. Owing to sociocultural factors specific to Sub-Saharan Africa, farmers' decisions on farming practices are strategic complements. We demonstrate that the modernization game these farmers play admits two pure-strategy, Pareto-ranked, symmetric Nash-equilibria. The equilibrium where all farmers choose to modernize their farming methods is preferred to the one where all of them choose to stick to a traditional method. We argue that scarcity and economic opportunities put forward by neo-Boserupian theories of induced-innovation as determinants of the onset of agricultural innovations are, in the context of African countries, only necessary, but not sufficient to generate modernization of farming methods. Deliberate action to enhance adoption of agricultural innovations must therefore take the African's sociocultural context into consideration, or risk failure.

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    Authors: Richardson, James W.; Lemieux, Catharine M.; Nixon, Clair J.;

    The 1979 Farm Finance Survey revealed that 42 percent of all farmers are over 55 years of age and these farmers control 48 percent of all farm assets. This implies that the ownership of about one-half of all farmland will be transferred in the next three decades.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s00813...
    Article . 1983 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Cambridge Core User Agreement
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      https://doi.org/10.1017/s00813...
      Article . 1983 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: J. E. Legates;

    My perspective in this discussion will be to consider primarily how the services of economists can be more widely utilized within our educational network. In this context opportunities and responsibilities for economists in colleges of agriculture arise as the mission to provide the research, education, and training support for the clientele of our land grant college system is accepted. While developing principles and dispensing knowledge, we must recognize that we are about a larger task of stimulating and training leadership for our professions, for agribusiness, and allied fields which are likely to be users of our servicers. In the classroom I sus-

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao American Journal of ...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    American Journal of Agricultural Economics
    Article . 1975 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao American Journal of ...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      American Journal of Agricultural Economics
      Article . 1975 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Yen, Steven T.; Huang, Chung L.; Yen, Steven T.; Huang, Chung L.;

    This study estimates household demand for finfish in the United States using a limited dependent variable model that accounts for both participation and consumption decisions and also accommodates nonnormal heteroskedastic errors. Results suggest that own-price elasticity is near unitary and income elasticity is small. Price of finfish, shopping frequency, Northeast, Black and other non-Whites, and the life-cycle variable “"young, single, no children”" are they key factors that affect significantly both the probability of participation and the level of finfish consumption. Furthermore, a variable may exert opposite effects on the probability and level of consumption.

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    Article . 1996
    Data sources: DOAJ
    https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.ec...
    Other literature type . 1996
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Agricultu...arrow_drop_down
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      Article . 1996
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      https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.ec...
      Other literature type . 1996
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Santana, Antônio Cordeiro de; Bentes, Elisabeth dos Santos; Homma, Alfredo Kingo Oyama; Oliveira, Francisco de Assis; +1 Authors

    O objetivo foi analisar a influência da barragem de Tucuruí no desempenho da pesca artesanal, desenvolvida a jusante. Partindo-se da hipótese de que o desequilíbrio do rio Tocantins repercutiu de forma intensa sobre a vida das comunidades humanas locais, afetando o desempenho da atividade pesqueira, procurou-se dar resposta para a seguinte questão: qual a influência da barragem de Tucuruí, estado do Pará, sobre o desempenho da pesca artesanal desenvolvida a jusante? Os dados utilizados são de origem primária e secundária. Utilizou-se o modelo de análise fatorial exploratória (AFE), para construir o Índice de Desempenho da Pesca Artesanal (IDPA). Os resultados mostram que 21% dos pescadores têm baixo desempenho e 79%, desempenho intermediário, fato que aponta para a difícil situação enfrentada pelos trabalhadores da pesca ao longo do tempo. The objective was to analyze the influence of the Tucuruí dam in the small-scale fishery performance, developed in its downstream. Assuming that the imbalance of the Tocantins river had so intense impact over the life of local human communities, affecting their fishery activity performance, we tried to give an answer to the following question: what is the influence of the Tucuruí dam, Pará state, on the performance of small-scale fishing developed in its downstream? Data used are from primary and secondary sources. We used the model of exploratory factor analysis (EFA), in order to build the performance index of small-scale fishing (IDPA). The results show that 21% of fishermen have low performance and, 79%, mid-performance, a fact that points to the difficult situation faced by fishery workers over time.

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    Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural
    Article
    License: CC BY
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    Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Article . 2014
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2014
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      Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural
      Article
      License: CC BY
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      Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
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      Article . 2014
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    Authors: Smith, Eldon D.;

    Providing a sustained flow of improved physical, Malayan Rubber Research Institute, which was origin- biological and social technology applicable to the ally established by the British. country or region is essential in the strategy of agri- cultural development. Building research institutions, ' If the conclusions of Welsch and Sprague are which have the capacity to supply this flow, has accepted, some important questions are unanswered. accounted for a large proportion of Land Grant Why have the massive infusions of advisory talent, University overseas technical assistance effort. Several foreign training, and technical equipment invested in papers and broad spectrum studies have attempted to the building of research institutions in Asia produced review the experience to date with a view to inducing so little? Why has it not been possible for the new more productive effort (5, 6, 10 . We shall (a) identi- and expanded institutions to productively "go it fy the main issues relating to required features of alone" and perform creditably after a periodof over a effective research institutions, (b) examine the his- dozen years of continuous technical assistance, train- tory of American reasearch institutions for insight ing and capital infusion? into the bases of effectiveness, (c) inventory institu- tion-building attempts in Asian situations with regard The success of the foundation financed Inter- to presence of these bases of effectiveness and (d) national Rice Research Institute and similar institu- evaluate and interpret alternative policies of foreign tions provides the temptation to treat them as assistance to build effective research programs in agri- models, and to treat as explanations of the limited culture. Primary attention is focused upon one success. of other research institutions any departures organizational aspect which appears to be both limita- from the general model provided by these institu- tional and neglected - the engineering of dependable tions. Welsch and Sprague, understandably, imply responsiveness of the institutions to the problems of that part of the explanation is to be found in the their respective regions.

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    Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics
    Article . 1970 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics
      Article . 1970 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Sumeet Gulati; James Vercammen;

    In this paper, we present the economic determinants of the optimal length of a carbon offset contract. We find that because of a declining capacity of the soil to sequester carbon, the optimal length of the carbon contract is finite (the marginal benefit of remaining in the contract is declining over time, whereas marginal opportunity cost is rising). We also explore the effect of varying key parameter values on the optimal length in the contract. If the contract requires the farmer to sequester at a higher rate, the farmer chooses the contract for a shorter length of time, and this may decrease rather than increase social welfare. If society places a higher value on carbon accumulation, the contract is chosen for a longer length of time. Finally, if both the farmer and society have a higher discount rate, the model provides a somewhat surprising result. The overall time in the contract, and benefits from carbon accumulation are higher when the common discount rate is higher. Dans le present article, nous presentons les determinants economiques de la duree optimale d'un contrat de contrepartie de la fixation du carbone. Nous avons trouve qu'en raison de la diminution de la capacite du sol a sequestrer le CO2, la duree optimale du contrat de contrepartie du carbone est limitee (l'avantage marginal de la poursuite du contrat diminue avec le temps, tandis que le cout de renonciation marginal augmente). Nous avons egalement examine les repercussions de la variation des valeurs des parametres cles sur la duree optimale du contrat. Si le contrat exige que le producteur augmente le taux de sequestration du CO2, le producteur peut choisir de diminuer la duree du contrat, ce qui peut contribuer a diminuer le bien-etre collectif plutot qu'a l'augmenter. Si la societe accorde une grande valeur a l'accumulation du carbone, la duree du contrat est plus longue. Finalement, si le producteur et la societe disposent d'un taux d'escompte eleve, le modele donne des resultats quelque peu etonnants. La duree totale du contrat et les avantages lies a l'accumulation de carbone sont plus eleves lorsque le taux d'escompte courant est eleve.

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    Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d agroeconomie
    Article . 2005 . Peer-reviewed
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      Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d agroeconomie
      Article . 2005 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Jeroen Arends;

    After the publication of the IPCC reports on climate change, the Dutch Meteorological Institute of the Netherlands (KNMI) conducted a study on the consequences of climate change for the Netherlands. Four different scenarios regarding the rise in temperature and their consequences have been developed. Other institutes have elaborated more on these scenarios, making predictions on the effects of climate change on nature and agriculture for the Netherlands. Overall conclusions are that climate change will have dramatic consequences for nature, agriculture and Dutch society in general, being so exposed to rising sea levels. Depending on the scenario, consequences have various gradients of impacts and effects. In general, it is estimated that winters will be softer and wetter, and that summers will be hotter and drier with intermittent torrential rains that can have dire consequences for agriculture and nature. Growing seasons will start earlier and will last longer which could lead to mismatches in species interaction. Species of various kind will suffer the effects of climate change and will disappear from the Netherlands altogether, either through extinction or by moving away north. Other warmth loving species from the south of the Netherlands will move upwards towards the country leading to possible threats to indigenous species.

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    Authors: Melissa Dell; Benjamin F. Jones; Benjamin A. Olken;

    A rapidly growing body of research applies panel methods to examine how temperature, precipitation, and windstorms influence economic outcomes. These studies focus on changes in weather realizations over time within a given spatial area and demonstrate impacts on agricultural output, industrial output, labor productivity, energy demand, health, conflict, and economic growth, among other outcomes. By harnessing exogenous variation over time within a given spatial unit, these studies help credibly identify (i) the breadth of channels linking weather and the economy, (ii) heterogeneous treatment effects across different types of locations, and (iii) nonlinear effects of weather variables. This paper reviews the new literature with two purposes. First, we summarize recent work, providing a guide to its methodologies, datasets, and findings. Second, we consider applications of the new literature, including insights for the “damage function” within models that seek to assess the potential economic effects of future climate change. (JEL C51, D72, O13, Q51, Q54)

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    Journal of Economic Literature
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    Journal of Economic Literature
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      Journal of Economic Literature
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      Journal of Economic Literature
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    Authors: NIKOLINKA SHAKHRAMANYAN; UWE A. SCHNEIDER; BRUCE A. McCARL;

    Climate change may affect the use of pesticides and their associated environmental and human health impacts. This study employs and modifies a partial equilibrium model of the US agricultural sector to examine the effects of alternative regulations of the pesticide and greenhouse gas emission externality. Simulation results indicate that without pesticide externality regulations and low greenhouse gas emission mitigation strategy, climate change benefits from increased agricultural production in the US are more than offset by increased environmental costs. Although the combined regulation of pesticide and greenhouse gas emission externalities increases farmers' production costs, their net income effects are positive because of price adjustments and associated welfare shifts from consumers to producers. The results also show heterogeneous impacts on preferred pest management intensities across major crops. While pesticide externality regulations lead to substantial increases in total water use, climate policies induce the opposite effect. Climate change may affect the use of pesticides and their associated environmental and human health impacts. This study employs and modifies a partial equilibrium model of the US agricultural sector to examine the effects of alternative regulations of the pesticide and greenhouse gas emission externality. Simulation results indicate that without pesticide externality regulations and low greenhouse gas emission mitigation strategy, climate change benefits from increased agricultural production in the US are more than offset by increased environmental costs. Although the combined regulation of pesticide and greenhouse gas emission externalities increases farmers' production costs, their net income effects are positive because of price adjustments and associated welfare shifts from consumers to producers. The results also show heterogeneous impacts on preferred pest management intensities across major crops. While pesticide externality regulations lead to substantial increases in total water use, climate policies induce the opposite effect.

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    Climate Change Economics
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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      Climate Change Economics
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  • Authors: Sylvain Dessy; Jacques Ewoudou; Isabelle Ouellet;

    We explain the persistence of low performances in African agriculture by analyzing the determinants of farmers' decisions to modernize their farming practices. Owing to sociocultural factors specific to Sub-Saharan Africa, farmers' decisions on farming practices are strategic complements. We demonstrate that the modernization game these farmers play admits two pure-strategy, Pareto-ranked, symmetric Nash-equilibria. The equilibrium where all farmers choose to modernize their farming methods is preferred to the one where all of them choose to stick to a traditional method. We argue that scarcity and economic opportunities put forward by neo-Boserupian theories of induced-innovation as determinants of the onset of agricultural innovations are, in the context of African countries, only necessary, but not sufficient to generate modernization of farming methods. Deliberate action to enhance adoption of agricultural innovations must therefore take the African's sociocultural context into consideration, or risk failure.

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    Authors: Richardson, James W.; Lemieux, Catharine M.; Nixon, Clair J.;

    The 1979 Farm Finance Survey revealed that 42 percent of all farmers are over 55 years of age and these farmers control 48 percent of all farm assets. This implies that the ownership of about one-half of all farmland will be transferred in the next three decades.

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    https://doi.org/10.1017/s00813...
    Article . 1983 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.1017/s00813...
      Article . 1983 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: J. E. Legates;

    My perspective in this discussion will be to consider primarily how the services of economists can be more widely utilized within our educational network. In this context opportunities and responsibilities for economists in colleges of agriculture arise as the mission to provide the research, education, and training support for the clientele of our land grant college system is accepted. While developing principles and dispensing knowledge, we must recognize that we are about a larger task of stimulating and training leadership for our professions, for agribusiness, and allied fields which are likely to be users of our servicers. In the classroom I sus-

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    American Journal of Agricultural Economics
    Article . 1975 . Peer-reviewed
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      American Journal of Agricultural Economics
      Article . 1975 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Yen, Steven T.; Huang, Chung L.; Yen, Steven T.; Huang, Chung L.;

    This study estimates household demand for finfish in the United States using a limited dependent variable model that accounts for both participation and consumption decisions and also accommodates nonnormal heteroskedastic errors. Results suggest that own-price elasticity is near unitary and income elasticity is small. Price of finfish, shopping frequency, Northeast, Black and other non-Whites, and the life-cycle variable “"young, single, no children”" are they key factors that affect significantly both the probability of participation and the level of finfish consumption. Furthermore, a variable may exert opposite effects on the probability and level of consumption.

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    DOAJ
    Article . 1996
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    https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.ec...
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      Article . 1996
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      https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.ec...
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    Authors: Santana, Antônio Cordeiro de; Bentes, Elisabeth dos Santos; Homma, Alfredo Kingo Oyama; Oliveira, Francisco de Assis; +1 Authors

    O objetivo foi analisar a influência da barragem de Tucuruí no desempenho da pesca artesanal, desenvolvida a jusante. Partindo-se da hipótese de que o desequilíbrio do rio Tocantins repercutiu de forma intensa sobre a vida das comunidades humanas locais, afetando o desempenho da atividade pesqueira, procurou-se dar resposta para a seguinte questão: qual a influência da barragem de Tucuruí, estado do Pará, sobre o desempenho da pesca artesanal desenvolvida a jusante? Os dados utilizados são de origem primária e secundária. Utilizou-se o modelo de análise fatorial exploratória (AFE), para construir o Índice de Desempenho da Pesca Artesanal (IDPA). Os resultados mostram que 21% dos pescadores têm baixo desempenho e 79%, desempenho intermediário, fato que aponta para a difícil situação enfrentada pelos trabalhadores da pesca ao longo do tempo. The objective was to analyze the influence of the Tucuruí dam in the small-scale fishery performance, developed in its downstream. Assuming that the imbalance of the Tocantins river had so intense impact over the life of local human communities, affecting their fishery activity performance, we tried to give an answer to the following question: what is the influence of the Tucuruí dam, Pará state, on the performance of small-scale fishing developed in its downstream? Data used are from primary and secondary sources. We used the model of exploratory factor analysis (EFA), in order to build the performance index of small-scale fishing (IDPA). The results show that 21% of fishermen have low performance and, 79%, mid-performance, a fact that points to the difficult situation faced by fishery workers over time.

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    Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural
    Article
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    Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2014
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    Article . 2014
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      Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural
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      Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2014
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      Article . 2014
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    Authors: Smith, Eldon D.;

    Providing a sustained flow of improved physical, Malayan Rubber Research Institute, which was origin- biological and social technology applicable to the ally established by the British. country or region is essential in the strategy of agri- cultural development. Building research institutions, ' If the conclusions of Welsch and Sprague are which have the capacity to supply this flow, has accepted, some important questions are unanswered. accounted for a large proportion of Land Grant Why have the massive infusions of advisory talent, University overseas technical assistance effort. Several foreign training, and technical equipment invested in papers and broad spectrum studies have attempted to the building of research institutions in Asia produced review the experience to date with a view to inducing so little? Why has it not been possible for the new more productive effort (5, 6, 10 . We shall (a) identi- and expanded institutions to productively "go it fy the main issues relating to required features of alone" and perform creditably after a periodof over a effective research institutions, (b) examine the his- dozen years of continuous technical assistance, train- tory of American reasearch institutions for insight ing and capital infusion? into the bases of effectiveness, (c) inventory institu- tion-building attempts in Asian situations with regard The success of the foundation financed Inter- to presence of these bases of effectiveness and (d) national Rice Research Institute and similar institu- evaluate and interpret alternative policies of foreign tions provides the temptation to treat them as assistance to build effective research programs in agri- models, and to treat as explanations of the limited culture. Primary attention is focused upon one success. of other research institutions any departures organizational aspect which appears to be both limita- from the general model provided by these institu- tional and neglected - the engineering of dependable tions. Welsch and Sprague, understandably, imply responsiveness of the institutions to the problems of that part of the explanation is to be found in the their respective regions.

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    Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics
    Article . 1970 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics
      Article . 1970 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Sumeet Gulati; James Vercammen;

    In this paper, we present the economic determinants of the optimal length of a carbon offset contract. We find that because of a declining capacity of the soil to sequester carbon, the optimal length of the carbon contract is finite (the marginal benefit of remaining in the contract is declining over time, whereas marginal opportunity cost is rising). We also explore the effect of varying key parameter values on the optimal length in the contract. If the contract requires the farmer to sequester at a higher rate, the farmer chooses the contract for a shorter length of time, and this may decrease rather than increase social welfare. If society places a higher value on carbon accumulation, the contract is chosen for a longer length of time. Finally, if both the farmer and society have a higher discount rate, the model provides a somewhat surprising result. The overall time in the contract, and benefits from carbon accumulation are higher when the common discount rate is higher. Dans le present article, nous presentons les determinants economiques de la duree optimale d'un contrat de contrepartie de la fixation du carbone. Nous avons trouve qu'en raison de la diminution de la capacite du sol a sequestrer le CO2, la duree optimale du contrat de contrepartie du carbone est limitee (l'avantage marginal de la poursuite du contrat diminue avec le temps, tandis que le cout de renonciation marginal augmente). Nous avons egalement examine les repercussions de la variation des valeurs des parametres cles sur la duree optimale du contrat. Si le contrat exige que le producteur augmente le taux de sequestration du CO2, le producteur peut choisir de diminuer la duree du contrat, ce qui peut contribuer a diminuer le bien-etre collectif plutot qu'a l'augmenter. Si la societe accorde une grande valeur a l'accumulation du carbone, la duree du contrat est plus longue. Finalement, si le producteur et la societe disposent d'un taux d'escompte eleve, le modele donne des resultats quelque peu etonnants. La duree totale du contrat et les avantages lies a l'accumulation de carbone sont plus eleves lorsque le taux d'escompte courant est eleve.

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    Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d agroeconomie
    Article . 2005 . Peer-reviewed
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      Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d agroeconomie
      Article . 2005 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Jeroen Arends;

    After the publication of the IPCC reports on climate change, the Dutch Meteorological Institute of the Netherlands (KNMI) conducted a study on the consequences of climate change for the Netherlands. Four different scenarios regarding the rise in temperature and their consequences have been developed. Other institutes have elaborated more on these scenarios, making predictions on the effects of climate change on nature and agriculture for the Netherlands. Overall conclusions are that climate change will have dramatic consequences for nature, agriculture and Dutch society in general, being so exposed to rising sea levels. Depending on the scenario, consequences have various gradients of impacts and effects. In general, it is estimated that winters will be softer and wetter, and that summers will be hotter and drier with intermittent torrential rains that can have dire consequences for agriculture and nature. Growing seasons will start earlier and will last longer which could lead to mismatches in species interaction. Species of various kind will suffer the effects of climate change and will disappear from the Netherlands altogether, either through extinction or by moving away north. Other warmth loving species from the south of the Netherlands will move upwards towards the country leading to possible threats to indigenous species.

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    Article . 2012
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DOAJarrow_drop_down
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      Article . 2012
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