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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Singh, Minerva; Evans, Damian; Chevance, Jean-Baptiste; Tan, Boun Suy; +4 Authors

    This study develops a modelling framework by utilizing multi-sensor imagery for classifying different forest and land use types in the Phnom Kulen National Park (PKNP) in Cambodia. Three remote sensing datasets (Landsat optical data, ALOS L-band data and LiDAR derived Canopy Height Model (CHM)) were used in conjunction with three different machine learning (ML) regression techniques (Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forests (RF) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)). These ML methods were implemented on (a) Landsat spectral data, (b) Landsat spectral band & ALOS backscatter data, and (c) Landsat spectral band, ALOS backscatter data, & LiDAR CHM data. The Landsat-ALOS combination produced more accurate classification results (95% overall accuracy with SVM) compared to Landsat-only bands for all ML models. Inclusion of LiDAR CHM (which is a proxy for vertical canopy heights) improved the overall accuracy to 98%. The research establishes that majority of PKNP is dominated by cashew plantations and the nearly intact forests are concentrated in the more inaccessible parts of the park. The findings demonstrate how different RS datasets can be used in conjunction with different ML models to map forests that had undergone varying levels of degradation and plantations. International audience

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ HAL Descartes; Mémoi...arrow_drop_down
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    Other literature type . Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2019
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    Article . 2019
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ HAL Descartes; Mémoi...arrow_drop_down
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      Other literature type . Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: David J. Bertioli; Josh Clevenger; Ignácio José de Godoy; H. T. Stalker; +24 Authors

    The narrow genetics of most crops is a fundamental vulnerability to food security. This makes wild crop relatives a strategic resource of genetic diversity that can be used for crop improvement and adaptation to new agricultural challenges. Here, we uncover the contribution of one wild species accession, Arachis cardenasii GKP 10017, to the peanut crop (Arachis hypogaea) that was initiated by complex hybridizations in the 1960s and propagated by international seed exchange. However, until this study, the global scale of the dispersal of genetic contributions from this wild accession had been obscured by the multiple germplasm transfers, breeding cycles, and unrecorded genetic mixing between lineages that had occurred over the years. By genetic analysis and pedigree research, we identified A. cardenasii–enhanced, disease-resistant cultivars in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. These cultivars provide widespread improved food security and environmental and economic benefits. This study emphasizes the importance of wild species and collaborative networks of international expertise for crop improvement. However, it also highlights the consequences of the implementation of a patchwork of restrictive national laws and sea changes in attitudes regarding germplasm that followed in the wake of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Today, the botanical collections and multiple seed exchanges which enable benefits such as those revealed by this study are drastically reduced. The research reported here underscores the vital importance of ready access to germplasm in ensuring long-term world food security.

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    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agritroparrow_drop_down
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      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Malbéteau, Yoann; Merlin, Olivier; Balsamo, G.; Er-Raki, S.; +3 Authors

    High spatial and temporal resolution surface soil moisture is required for most hydrological and agricultural applications. The recently developed Disaggregation based on Physical and Theoretical Scale Change (DisPATCh) algorithm provides 1-km-resolution surface soil moisture by downscaling the 40-km Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) soil moisture using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. However, the temporal resolution of DisPATCh data is constrained by the temporal resolution of SMOS (a global coverage every 3 days) and further limited by gaps in MODIS images due to cloud cover. This paper proposes an approach to overcome these limitations based on the assimilation of the 1-km-resolution DisPATCh data into a simple dynamic soil model forced by (inaccurate) precipitation data. The performance of the approach was assessed using ground measurements of surface soil moisture in the Yanco area in Australia and the Tensift-Haouz region in Morocco during 2014. It was found that the analyzed daily 1-km-resolution surface soil moisture compared slightly better to in situ data for all sites than the original disaggregated soil moisture products. Over the entire year, assimilation increased the correlation coefficient between estimated soil moisture and ground measurements from 0.53 to 0.70, whereas the mean unbiased RMSE (ubRMSE) slightly decreased from 0.07 to 0.06 m 3 m 23 compared to the open-loop force-restore model. The proposed assimilation scheme has significant potential for large-scale applications over semiarid areas, since the method is based on data available at the global scale together with a parsimonious land surface model. International audience

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    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Authors: Xiao, Jingfeng; Chevallier, Frederic; Gomez, Cecile; Guanter-Palomar, Luis María; +10 Authors

    [EN] Quantifying ecosystem carbon fluxes and stocks is essential for better understanding the global carbon cycle and improving projections of the carbon-climate feedbacks. Remote sensing has played a vital role in this endeavor during the last five decades by quantifying carbon fluxes and stocks. The availability of satellite observations of the land surface since the 1970s, particularly the early 1980s, has made it feasible to quantify ecosystem carbon fluxes and stocks at regional to global scales. Here we provide a review of the advances in remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle from the early 1970s to present. First, we present an overview of the terrestrial carbon cycle and remote sensing of carbon fluxes and stocks. Remote sensing data acquired in a broad wavelength range (visible, infrared, and microwave) of the electromagnetic spectrum have been used to estimate carbon fluxes and/or stocks. Second, we provide a historical overview of the key milestones in remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Third, we review the platforms/sensors, methods, findings, and challenges in remote sensing of carbon fluxes. The remote sensing data and techniques used to quantify carbon fluxes include vegetation indices, light use efficiency models, terrestrial biosphere models, data-driven (or machine learning) approaches, solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), land surface temperature, and atmospheric inversions. Fourth, we review the platforms/sensors, methods, findings, and challenges in passive optical, microwave, and lidar remote sensing of biomass carbon stocks as well as remote sensing of soil organic carbon. Fifth, we review the progresses in remote sensing of disturbance impacts on the carbon cycle. Sixth, we also discuss the uncertainty and validation of the resulting carbon flux and stock estimates. Finally, we offer a forward-looking perspective and insights for future research and directions in remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Remote sensing is anticipated to play an increasingly important role in carbon cycling studies in the future. This comprehensive and insightful review on 50?years of remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle is timely and valuable and can benefit scientists in various research communities (e.g., carbon cycle, remote sensing, climate change, ecology) and inform ecosystem and carbon management, carbon-climate projections, and climate policymaking. This study was financially supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (the Carbon Cycle Science Program: NNX14AJ18G; the Climate Indicators and Data Products for Future National Climate Assessments: NNX16AG61G; the Science of Terra and Aqua: NNX14A170G) and National Science Foundation (NSF) (MacroSystems Biology: EF-1638688). The lead author (J. Xiao) would like to thank Dr. David Schimel for helpful discussion. We thank Dr. Xufeng Wang for processing the GIMMS3g NDVI and MODIS EVI data and Dr. Yibo Liu for providing BEPS GPP data. We thank Dr. Steve Running and the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive and insightful comments on the manuscript.

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    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2019
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      Other literature type . 2019
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    Authors: Hellbourg, Gregory; Abed-Meraim, Karim; Weber, Rodolphe;

    International audience; Phased array radio telescopes allow for the filtering of Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) in the spatial domain. Spatial filters are advantageous in radio astronomy when the separation between RFI and astronomical sources cannot be made in the time or frequency domains.Consequently, the mitigation of the RFI relies on the quality of its spatial signature vector (SSV) estimation. The latter depends on the array calibration information which is investigated in this work. More precisely, by using the Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB) tool, we evaluate the astronomical source power estimation error variance in presence of RFI for different array calibration scenarios corresponding to perfectly calibrated, direction-independent uncalibrated and direction-dependent uncalibrated array cases. In addition, we consider in this study the case where only the data covariance information is available and investigate the loss of performance due to the missing data with respect to different system parameters.

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    Conference object . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: R. Paini, Dean; R. Williams, Matthew; Dale Roberts, J.;

    Les abeilles domestiques ou melliferes (Apis mellifera L.) ont ete importees avec succes en Australie en 1822 pour la production de miel et se sont echappees dans l'environnement naturel peu de temps apres, devenant alors sauvages (Paton, 1996). Durant les 30 dernieres annees, il y a eu un grand debat sur l'impact des abeilles melliferes sur la faune indigene (Paton, 1996). Cet article presente les resultats d'une experimentation BACI (impact-avant-apres-controle), avec repetition, sur l'impact des abeilles melliferes sauvages sur le succes reproductif d'une abeille solitaire indigene, une espece non decrite de megachile (Western Australian Museum n° M323/F367, denommee ici Megachile sp. 323). Des abeilles melliferes de ruches ont ete utilisees pour simuler les abeilles melliferes sauvages et le dispositif BACI a evalue l'impact de ces abeilles en comparant les differences entre les sites temoins et les sites traites avant l'introduction avec les differences apres l'introduction (Stewart-Oaten et al., 1986). L'experimentation a ete conduite dans la Reserve Naturelle Apicole du Nord (30°00' S, 115°05' E), situee a environ 250 km au nord de Perth, Australie Occidentale, d'octobre 2000 a mars 2001. Megachile sp. 323 nidifie pendant cette periode lorsque les ressources florales sont faibles. Onze sites d'etude (six temoins et cinq traites) possedant des profils de vegetations semblables et distants d'au moins 1,5 km ont ete retenus. Les abeilles melliferes n'ont eu aucun impact sur aucun des parametres mesurant le succes reproductif de Megachile sp. 323. (Tab. II). La modification detectable pour la masse des mâles et des femelles et pour le nombre de descendants a ete de 30 % maxi-mum (Tab. II). Pour les quatre variables neanmoins l'experimentation n'a pu detecter que des modifications moyennes ou fortes entre les sites temoins et les traites (70-316 %). L'etude a montre que sur une courte periode les abeilles melliferes sauvages n'ont pas d'impact negatif sur l'abeille solitaire indigene Megachile sp. 23, qui est peut-etre mieux adaptee aux temperatures estivales de cette region et ainsi plus a meme de resister a la competition des abeilles melliferes sauvages.

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    Apidologie
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    Apidologie
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    Authors: R. A. Makarevitch; R. A. Makarevitch; F. Honary;

    We present examples and statistical analysis of the events with statistically significant correlation between the cosmic noise absorption (CNA) and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the VHF coherent echo intensity in the area monitored simultaneously by an imaging riometer and two oblique-sounding coherent VHF radars in Northern Scandinavia. By only considering the observations from the narrow riometer beams comparable (in terms of the intersection with the ionosphere) with the VHF radar cells, we identify ~200 one-hour high correlation periods (HCPs) for 2 years near the solar cycle maximum, 2000–2001. The HCP occurrence is maximized in the afternoon (12:00–17:00&nbsp;UT, MLT≅UT+3), with the secondary peak near the midnight (21:00–02:00&nbsp;UT). Relative to the VHF echo occurrence, HCPs occur more frequently from 11:00 to 20:00&nbsp;UT. The diurnal variation of HCP occurrence is similar to that of the 1-h intervals with the lowest mean absorption <i>A</i>&lt;0.25dB. </p><p style="line-height: 20px;"> The HCPs are observed more frequently during the winter months, which, combined with the fact that VHF echoes observed during HCPs exhibit features typical for field-aligned E-region irregularities, makes their association with the polar mesospheric echoes (for which some positive CNA/SNR correlation has been reported in the past) very unlikely. Instead, we attribute the high positive CNA/SNR correlation to the synchronous, to a first approximation, variation of the particle fluxes for two different but close sets of energies. </p><p style="line-height: 20px;"> By considering the dependence of the CNA/SNR correlation coefficients for both VHF radars (<i>C<sub>A1</sub></i> and <i>C<sub>A2</sub></i>) upon the correlation between SNRs for two radars (<i>C<sub>12</sub></i>), we show that both coefficients, <i>C<sub>A1</sub></i> and <i>C<sub>A2</sub></i>, and the agreement between them decrease drastically with a <i>C<sub>12</sub></i> decrease, which we interpreted through the progressively increasing role of the spatial inhomogeneity of the processes leading to the enhanced CNA and SNR. In this situation, a similarity between the radio signal collection areas should become important, and we demonstrate that the HCP occurrence and mean correlation coefficient decrease as the riometer beams and radar cells become less comparable in terms of mutual orientation and closeness between the points of maximum sensitivity. <p> <b>Keywords.</b> Ionosphere (Auroral ionosphere; Particle precipitation; Instruments and techniques)

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    Annales Geophysicae
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    Annales Geophysicae
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      Annales Geophysicae
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Rigolot, Cyrille; de Voil, P.; Douxchamps, S.; Prestwidge, D.; +6 Authors

    Smallholder crop–livestock farming systems have an important role to play for food security in Sub-Saharan Africa, but they have to cope with the effects of climate variability and change. In this study, we test the impacts of different interventions in two contrasting mixed farms in Northern Burkina Faso against the background of plausible current and future climate scenarios. For this purpose, we developed a dynamic farm-household modeling framework around existing tools: crop and animal production models APSIM and LivSim, the household model IAT and the climate generator Marksim. The two farms (a small and a larger) were selected and parameterized based on information collected in a household survey. Tested interventions included different crop fertilization and animal supplementation levels, mulching with crop residues and an alternative livestock feeding strategy. Baseline (2013) and a 2050 projection based on IPCC RCP 8.5 describe two climate scenarios (90 years) for comparison. The maximum level of inputs increases farm energy production by + 90% and + 76% compared to the baseline for the small and the larger farm, respectively. Input levels maximizing net incomes are moderate, though higher than those currently used in both farms. The inter-annual distributions of net income show that the use of external inputs increases both upside and downside risks, i.e. the probability of getting both very high and very low results. This is because the interventions are more effective at increasing the highest yields in good years than at preventing the low production levels of some years. The 2050 climate scenario has a negative impact on energy production and potential income, especially for the scenarios with high input levels. Downside risks could partly explain why farmers do not currently use optimal input levels, and the results suggest that these constraints could intensify with climate change.

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    Agricultural Systems
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Maria Luz Cayuela; Eduardo Aguilera; Alberto Sanz-Cobena; Dean C. Adams; +12 Authors

    Many recent reviews and meta-analyses of N 2 O emissions do not include data from Mediterranean studies. In this paper we present a meta-analysis of the N 2 O emissions from Mediterranean cropping systems, and propose a more robust and reliable regional emission factor (EF) for N 2 O, distinguishing the effects of water management, crop type, and fertilizer management. The average overall EF for Mediterranean agriculture (EF Med) was 0.5%, which is substantially lower than the IPCC default value of 1%. Soil properties had no significant effect on EFs for N 2 O. Increasing the N fertilizer rate led to higher EFs; when N was applied at rates greater than 400 kg N ha À1 , the EF did not significantly differ from the 1% default value (EF: 0.82%). Liquid slurries led to emissions that did not significantly differ from 1%; the other fertilizer types were lower but did not significantly differ from each other. Rain-fed crops in Mediterranean regions have lower EFs (EF: 0.27%) than irrigated crops (EF: 0.63%). Drip irrigation systems (EF: 0.51%) had 44% lower EF than sprinkler irrigation methods (EF: 0.91%). Extensive crops, such as winter cereals (wheat, oat and barley), had lower EFs (EF: 0.26%) than intensive crops such as maize (EF: 0.83%). For flooded rice, anaerobic conditions likely led to complete denitrification and low EFs (EF: 0.19%). Our results indicate that N 2 O emissions from Mediterranean agriculture are overestimated in current national greenhouse gas inventories and that, with the new EF determined from this study, the effect of mitigation strategies such as drip irrigation or the use of nitrification inhibitors, even if highlysignificant, may be smaller in absolute terms. International audience

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    Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
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    Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
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      Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Donna L. Fitzgerald; Stefan Peters; Gregory R. Guerin; Andrew McGrath; +1 Authors

    A disjunct population of red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha) trees in South Australia is experiencing increasing amounts of dieback. Because the population is considered vulnerable to extinction, we investigated spatiotemporal vegetation changes, quantified the extent of dieback, and determined how topography influences dieback using aerial and satellite imagery. Classification of vegetation health status using hyperspectral aerial imagery indicated that 37% (accuracy = 0.87 Kappa) of the population was unhealthy and potentially experiencing dieback. When correlating this classification with a digital terrain model (DTM), the aspect and amount of solar radiation had the strongest relationship with the presence of unhealthy vegetation. PlanetScope satellite-derived, and spectral index-based analysis indicated that 7% of the red stringybark population experienced negative vegetation health changes during a five-year period (2017–2022), with positive vegetation health changes (9.5%) noted on pole-facing slopes. Therefore, our integrated remote sensing approach documented the extent and spatiotemporal dynamics of dieback, suggesting it could be applied in other studies. Topographical aspects exposed to high-solar radiation were particularly vulnerable to dieback, and pole-facing aspects demonstrated some recovery between droughts. The influence of topography and maps of vegetation health can be used to guide future management and restoration of the population. International audience

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    Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2023
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      Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Singh, Minerva; Evans, Damian; Chevance, Jean-Baptiste; Tan, Boun Suy; +4 Authors

    This study develops a modelling framework by utilizing multi-sensor imagery for classifying different forest and land use types in the Phnom Kulen National Park (PKNP) in Cambodia. Three remote sensing datasets (Landsat optical data, ALOS L-band data and LiDAR derived Canopy Height Model (CHM)) were used in conjunction with three different machine learning (ML) regression techniques (Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forests (RF) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)). These ML methods were implemented on (a) Landsat spectral data, (b) Landsat spectral band & ALOS backscatter data, and (c) Landsat spectral band, ALOS backscatter data, & LiDAR CHM data. The Landsat-ALOS combination produced more accurate classification results (95% overall accuracy with SVM) compared to Landsat-only bands for all ML models. Inclusion of LiDAR CHM (which is a proxy for vertical canopy heights) improved the overall accuracy to 98%. The research establishes that majority of PKNP is dominated by cashew plantations and the nearly intact forests are concentrated in the more inaccessible parts of the park. The findings demonstrate how different RS datasets can be used in conjunction with different ML models to map forests that had undergone varying levels of degradation and plantations. International audience

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    Other literature type . Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2019
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    Article . 2019
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      Other literature type . Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: David J. Bertioli; Josh Clevenger; Ignácio José de Godoy; H. T. Stalker; +24 Authors

    The narrow genetics of most crops is a fundamental vulnerability to food security. This makes wild crop relatives a strategic resource of genetic diversity that can be used for crop improvement and adaptation to new agricultural challenges. Here, we uncover the contribution of one wild species accession, Arachis cardenasii GKP 10017, to the peanut crop (Arachis hypogaea) that was initiated by complex hybridizations in the 1960s and propagated by international seed exchange. However, until this study, the global scale of the dispersal of genetic contributions from this wild accession had been obscured by the multiple germplasm transfers, breeding cycles, and unrecorded genetic mixing between lineages that had occurred over the years. By genetic analysis and pedigree research, we identified A. cardenasii–enhanced, disease-resistant cultivars in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. These cultivars provide widespread improved food security and environmental and economic benefits. This study emphasizes the importance of wild species and collaborative networks of international expertise for crop improvement. However, it also highlights the consequences of the implementation of a patchwork of restrictive national laws and sea changes in attitudes regarding germplasm that followed in the wake of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Today, the botanical collections and multiple seed exchanges which enable benefits such as those revealed by this study are drastically reduced. The research reported here underscores the vital importance of ready access to germplasm in ensuring long-term world food security.

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    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Malbéteau, Yoann; Merlin, Olivier; Balsamo, G.; Er-Raki, S.; +3 Authors

    High spatial and temporal resolution surface soil moisture is required for most hydrological and agricultural applications. The recently developed Disaggregation based on Physical and Theoretical Scale Change (DisPATCh) algorithm provides 1-km-resolution surface soil moisture by downscaling the 40-km Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) soil moisture using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. However, the temporal resolution of DisPATCh data is constrained by the temporal resolution of SMOS (a global coverage every 3 days) and further limited by gaps in MODIS images due to cloud cover. This paper proposes an approach to overcome these limitations based on the assimilation of the 1-km-resolution DisPATCh data into a simple dynamic soil model forced by (inaccurate) precipitation data. The performance of the approach was assessed using ground measurements of surface soil moisture in the Yanco area in Australia and the Tensift-Haouz region in Morocco during 2014. It was found that the analyzed daily 1-km-resolution surface soil moisture compared slightly better to in situ data for all sites than the original disaggregated soil moisture products. Over the entire year, assimilation increased the correlation coefficient between estimated soil moisture and ground measurements from 0.53 to 0.70, whereas the mean unbiased RMSE (ubRMSE) slightly decreased from 0.07 to 0.06 m 3 m 23 compared to the open-loop force-restore model. The proposed assimilation scheme has significant potential for large-scale applications over semiarid areas, since the method is based on data available at the global scale together with a parsimonious land surface model. International audience

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    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Authors: Xiao, Jingfeng; Chevallier, Frederic; Gomez, Cecile; Guanter-Palomar, Luis María; +10 Authors

    [EN] Quantifying ecosystem carbon fluxes and stocks is essential for better understanding the global carbon cycle and improving projections of the carbon-climate feedbacks. Remote sensing has played a vital role in this endeavor during the last five decades by quantifying carbon fluxes and stocks. The availability of satellite observations of the land surface since the 1970s, particularly the early 1980s, has made it feasible to quantify ecosystem carbon fluxes and stocks at regional to global scales. Here we provide a review of the advances in remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle from the early 1970s to present. First, we present an overview of the terrestrial carbon cycle and remote sensing of carbon fluxes and stocks. Remote sensing data acquired in a broad wavelength range (visible, infrared, and microwave) of the electromagnetic spectrum have been used to estimate carbon fluxes and/or stocks. Second, we provide a historical overview of the key milestones in remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Third, we review the platforms/sensors, methods, findings, and challenges in remote sensing of carbon fluxes. The remote sensing data and techniques used to quantify carbon fluxes include vegetation indices, light use efficiency models, terrestrial biosphere models, data-driven (or machine learning) approaches, solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), land surface temperature, and atmospheric inversions. Fourth, we review the platforms/sensors, methods, findings, and challenges in passive optical, microwave, and lidar remote sensing of biomass carbon stocks as well as remote sensing of soil organic carbon. Fifth, we review the progresses in remote sensing of disturbance impacts on the carbon cycle. Sixth, we also discuss the uncertainty and validation of the resulting carbon flux and stock estimates. Finally, we offer a forward-looking perspective and insights for future research and directions in remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Remote sensing is anticipated to play an increasingly important role in carbon cycling studies in the future. This comprehensive and insightful review on 50?years of remote sensing of the terrestrial carbon cycle is timely and valuable and can benefit scientists in various research communities (e.g., carbon cycle, remote sensing, climate change, ecology) and inform ecosystem and carbon management, carbon-climate projections, and climate policymaking. This study was financially supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (the Carbon Cycle Science Program: NNX14AJ18G; the Climate Indicators and Data Products for Future National Climate Assessments: NNX16AG61G; the Science of Terra and Aqua: NNX14A170G) and National Science Foundation (NSF) (MacroSystems Biology: EF-1638688). The lead author (J. Xiao) would like to thank Dr. David Schimel for helpful discussion. We thank Dr. Xufeng Wang for processing the GIMMS3g NDVI and MODIS EVI data and Dr. Yibo Liu for providing BEPS GPP data. We thank Dr. Steve Running and the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive and insightful comments on the manuscript.

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    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2019
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      Other literature type . 2019
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    Authors: Hellbourg, Gregory; Abed-Meraim, Karim; Weber, Rodolphe;

    International audience; Phased array radio telescopes allow for the filtering of Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) in the spatial domain. Spatial filters are advantageous in radio astronomy when the separation between RFI and astronomical sources cannot be made in the time or frequency domains.Consequently, the mitigation of the RFI relies on the quality of its spatial signature vector (SSV) estimation. The latter depends on the array calibration information which is investigated in this work. More precisely, by using the Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB) tool, we evaluate the astronomical source power estimation error variance in presence of RFI for different array calibration scenarios corresponding to perfectly calibrated, direction-independent uncalibrated and direction-dependent uncalibrated array cases. In addition, we consider in this study the case where only the data covariance information is available and investigate the loss of performance due to the missing data with respect to different system parameters.

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    Authors: R. Paini, Dean; R. Williams, Matthew; Dale Roberts, J.;

    Les abeilles domestiques ou melliferes (Apis mellifera L.) ont ete importees avec succes en Australie en 1822 pour la production de miel et se sont echappees dans l'environnement naturel peu de temps apres, devenant alors sauvages (Paton, 1996). Durant les 30 dernieres annees, il y a eu un grand debat sur l'impact des abeilles melliferes sur la faune indigene (Paton, 1996). Cet article presente les resultats d'une experimentation BACI (impact-avant-apres-controle), avec repetition, sur l'impact des abeilles melliferes sauvages sur le succes reproductif d'une abeille solitaire indigene, une espece non decrite de megachile (Western Australian Museum n° M323/F367, denommee ici Megachile sp. 323). Des abeilles melliferes de ruches ont ete utilisees pour simuler les abeilles melliferes sauvages et le dispositif BACI a evalue l'impact de ces abeilles en comparant les differences entre les sites temoins et les sites traites avant l'introduction avec les differences apres l'introduction (Stewart-Oaten et al., 1986). L'experimentation a ete conduite dans la Reserve Naturelle Apicole du Nord (30°00' S, 115°05' E), situee a environ 250 km au nord de Perth, Australie Occidentale, d'octobre 2000 a mars 2001. Megachile sp. 323 nidifie pendant cette periode lorsque les ressources florales sont faibles. Onze sites d'etude (six temoins et cinq traites) possedant des profils de vegetations semblables et distants d'au moins 1,5 km ont ete retenus. Les abeilles melliferes n'ont eu aucun impact sur aucun des parametres mesurant le succes reproductif de Megachile sp. 323. (Tab. II). La modification detectable pour la masse des mâles et des femelles et pour le nombre de descendants a ete de 30 % maxi-mum (Tab. II). Pour les quatre variables neanmoins l'experimentation n'a pu detecter que des modifications moyennes ou fortes entre les sites temoins et les traites (70-316 %). L'etude a montre que sur une courte periode les abeilles melliferes sauvages n'ont pas d'impact negatif sur l'abeille solitaire indigene Megachile sp. 23, qui est peut-etre mieux adaptee aux temperatures estivales de cette region et ainsi plus a meme de resister a la competition des abeilles melliferes sauvages.

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    Authors: R. A. Makarevitch; R. A. Makarevitch; F. Honary;

    We present examples and statistical analysis of the events with statistically significant correlation between the cosmic noise absorption (CNA) and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the VHF coherent echo intensity in the area monitored simultaneously by an imaging riometer and two oblique-sounding coherent VHF radars in Northern Scandinavia. By only considering the observations from the narrow riometer beams comparable (in terms of the intersection with the ionosphere) with the VHF radar cells, we identify ~200 one-hour high correlation periods (HCPs) for 2 years near the solar cycle maximum, 2000–2001. The HCP occurrence is maximized in the afternoon (12:00–17:00&nbsp;UT, MLT≅UT+3), with the secondary peak near the midnight (21:00–02:00&nbsp;UT). Relative to the VHF echo occurrence, HCPs occur more frequently from 11:00 to 20:00&nbsp;UT. The diurnal variation of HCP occurrence is similar to that of the 1-h intervals with the lowest mean absorption <i>A</i>&lt;0.25dB. </p><p style="line-height: 20px;"> The HCPs are observed more frequently during the winter months, which, combined with the fact that VHF echoes observed during HCPs exhibit features typical for field-aligned E-region irregularities, makes their association with the polar mesospheric echoes (for which some positive CNA/SNR correlation has been reported in the past) very unlikely. Instead, we attribute the high positive CNA/SNR correlation to the synchronous, to a first approximation, variation of the particle fluxes for two different but close sets of energies. </p><p style="line-height: 20px;"> By considering the dependence of the CNA/SNR correlation coefficients for both VHF radars (<i>C<sub>A1</sub></i> and <i>C<sub>A2</sub></i>) upon the correlation between SNRs for two radars (<i>C<sub>12</sub></i>), we show that both coefficients, <i>C<sub>A1</sub></i> and <i>C<sub>A2</sub></i>, and the agreement between them decrease drastically with a <i>C<sub>12</sub></i> decrease, which we interpreted through the progressively increasing role of the spatial inhomogeneity of the processes leading to the enhanced CNA and SNR. In this situation, a similarity between the radio signal collection areas should become important, and we demonstrate that the HCP occurrence and mean correlation coefficient decrease as the riometer beams and radar cells become less comparable in terms of mutual orientation and closeness between the points of maximum sensitivity. <p> <b>Keywords.</b> Ionosphere (Auroral ionosphere; Particle precipitation; Instruments and techniques)

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    Annales Geophysicae
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    Annales Geophysicae
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      Annales Geophysicae
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    Authors: Rigolot, Cyrille; de Voil, P.; Douxchamps, S.; Prestwidge, D.; +6 Authors

    Smallholder crop–livestock farming systems have an important role to play for food security in Sub-Saharan Africa, but they have to cope with the effects of climate variability and change. In this study, we test the impacts of different interventions in two contrasting mixed farms in Northern Burkina Faso against the background of plausible current and future climate scenarios. For this purpose, we developed a dynamic farm-household modeling framework around existing tools: crop and animal production models APSIM and LivSim, the household model IAT and the climate generator Marksim. The two farms (a small and a larger) were selected and parameterized based on information collected in a household survey. Tested interventions included different crop fertilization and animal supplementation levels, mulching with crop residues and an alternative livestock feeding strategy. Baseline (2013) and a 2050 projection based on IPCC RCP 8.5 describe two climate scenarios (90 years) for comparison. The maximum level of inputs increases farm energy production by + 90% and + 76% compared to the baseline for the small and the larger farm, respectively. Input levels maximizing net incomes are moderate, though higher than those currently used in both farms. The inter-annual distributions of net income show that the use of external inputs increases both upside and downside risks, i.e. the probability of getting both very high and very low results. This is because the interventions are more effective at increasing the highest yields in good years than at preventing the low production levels of some years. The 2050 climate scenario has a negative impact on energy production and potential income, especially for the scenarios with high input levels. Downside risks could partly explain why farmers do not currently use optimal input levels, and the results suggest that these constraints could intensify with climate change.

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    Agricultural Systems
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    Authors: Maria Luz Cayuela; Eduardo Aguilera; Alberto Sanz-Cobena; Dean C. Adams; +12 Authors

    Many recent reviews and meta-analyses of N 2 O emissions do not include data from Mediterranean studies. In this paper we present a meta-analysis of the N 2 O emissions from Mediterranean cropping systems, and propose a more robust and reliable regional emission factor (EF) for N 2 O, distinguishing the effects of water management, crop type, and fertilizer management. The average overall EF for Mediterranean agriculture (EF Med) was 0.5%, which is substantially lower than the IPCC default value of 1%. Soil properties had no significant effect on EFs for N 2 O. Increasing the N fertilizer rate led to higher EFs; when N was applied at rates greater than 400 kg N ha À1 , the EF did not significantly differ from the 1% default value (EF: 0.82%). Liquid slurries led to emissions that did not significantly differ from 1%; the other fertilizer types were lower but did not significantly differ from each other. Rain-fed crops in Mediterranean regions have lower EFs (EF: 0.27%) than irrigated crops (EF: 0.63%). Drip irrigation systems (EF: 0.51%) had 44% lower EF than sprinkler irrigation methods (EF: 0.91%). Extensive crops, such as winter cereals (wheat, oat and barley), had lower EFs (EF: 0.26%) than intensive crops such as maize (EF: 0.83%). For flooded rice, anaerobic conditions likely led to complete denitrification and low EFs (EF: 0.19%). Our results indicate that N 2 O emissions from Mediterranean agriculture are overestimated in current national greenhouse gas inventories and that, with the new EF determined from this study, the effect of mitigation strategies such as drip irrigation or the use of nitrification inhibitors, even if highlysignificant, may be smaller in absolute terms. International audience

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    Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
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    Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
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      Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
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    Authors: Donna L. Fitzgerald; Stefan Peters; Gregory R. Guerin; Andrew McGrath; +1 Authors

    A disjunct population of red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha) trees in South Australia is experiencing increasing amounts of dieback. Because the population is considered vulnerable to extinction, we investigated spatiotemporal vegetation changes, quantified the extent of dieback, and determined how topography influences dieback using aerial and satellite imagery. Classification of vegetation health status using hyperspectral aerial imagery indicated that 37% (accuracy = 0.87 Kappa) of the population was unhealthy and potentially experiencing dieback. When correlating this classification with a digital terrain model (DTM), the aspect and amount of solar radiation had the strongest relationship with the presence of unhealthy vegetation. PlanetScope satellite-derived, and spectral index-based analysis indicated that 7% of the red stringybark population experienced negative vegetation health changes during a five-year period (2017–2022), with positive vegetation health changes (9.5%) noted on pole-facing slopes. Therefore, our integrated remote sensing approach documented the extent and spatiotemporal dynamics of dieback, suggesting it could be applied in other studies. Topographical aspects exposed to high-solar radiation were particularly vulnerable to dieback, and pole-facing aspects demonstrated some recovery between droughts. The influence of topography and maps of vegetation health can be used to guide future management and restoration of the population. International audience

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    Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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