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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Eugenio Pandolfini; Arrate Cia Bemposta; Marco Sbardella; GIanluca Simonetta; +1 Authors

    Abstract The paper deals with the concept of well-being and its relationship with landscape and agriculture. According to the literature, well-being is a multidimensional and subjective concept, it is related to happiness but it does not depend on mere economic welfare. In fact, the bond between material wealth and well-being is not causal: GDP is not the optimum way of assessing the level of well-being. On the contrary, there is a strict relationship between well-being, agriculture and rural development. The man/farmer, transforming the rural landscape, creates modifications that reverberate first on natural landscape, then on the whole territory, and finally back to the man itself. In this context, the generative communication arises as a model that best interprets the need to represent and promote the circular nature of the relationships between man and land. By doing this, it enhances and protects cultural diversity, social and natural environment of the territory itself. Hence, it strengthens the well-being of those who work and constantly transforms this landscape. The paper closes with the analysis of two case-studies, the “Comunicazione generativa per il Programma di Sviluppo Rurale 2014-2020 della Regione Toscana” project (in english: Generative Communication for the Tuscany Rural Development Programme, RDP, 2014-2020) and the “San Casciano Smart Place” project, both developed by the Communication Strategies Lab. The methodology used for the development of the projects is the generative communication ( Toschi, 2011 ), with its recent specification towards the concept of sustainable communication.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Flore (Florence Rese...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Dima, Dragos Costin;

    Abstract In the past decade Europe and the EU in particular are facing a major deficit on soy protein. In the case of certified non-GM soy protein this deficit is even broader. EU counts for 0.4% of worldwide soybeans acreage. Soybean imports – grain equivalent – represent 95% of the European annual consumption of 38 million tons. The EU accession of the countries from the Danube region and the association treaties signed by other Eastern European countries have created new opportunities to increase the acreage of soybeans, the region being known for very favorable conditions for this crop. Romania, Bulgaria and the Republic of Moldova represent an important reservoir of conventional soy protein from the perspective of soybeans breeding capabilities and growth potential. In all three countries breeding and cropping soybeans have a history of 100 years. Today, Romania, Bulgaria and the Republic of Moldova are following this long time tradition through breeding and registering new soybean varieties well adapted to local cropping conditions. The agriculture research communities from these three countries are continuously challenged to supply local farmers with high yield and new traits genetics, as well as to develop or improve the cropping technologies for soybeans. In the past 7 years the soybeans acreage stagnated or slightly decreased in these Danube region countries. Recently, a growing interest of the farmers in the region to increase the soybeans area can be observed. However, to maintain this trend, farmers should benefit from incentive schemes for soybeans as well as demonstration platforms, training and know-how transfer programs. Romania, Bulgaria and the Republic of Moldova have a soybean cropping potential of 0.8-1 million hectares. This potential may generate a minimum of 2 million tons representing 5% of the EU annual consumption, respectively 30% of non-GM soybean annually used in the EU.

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    Authors: Bălan, Aurelia-Vasilica; Toma, Elena; Dobre, Carina; Soare, Elena;

    Abstract The purpose of the present paper is to identify viable solutions for organising organic producers groups and supply chains at county level. With this purpose in mind, our research aim was to evaluate which is the best networking solution for 40 organic farmers in Calarasi County. This statistical approach was based on multidimensional scaling and hierarchical clustering methods that permitted us to identify three possible clusters in which to group the organic producers. The evaluation results of the agricultural patterns of each cluster demonstrated that only one cluster is viable for establishing a producers’ group. The main characteristics of this cluster are: farmers are in a proximity range of maximum 40 km; at least 75% of farmers have similar farming system types; over 65% of farmers own big farms; the best place for a joint pooling, storing or selling point is the cluster centre (Calarasi). In this way, we consider that a statistical viable solution for clustering and the promotion of networking between farms with similar agricultural patterns can contribute to the creation and establishment of cost-effective supply chains and strong producers’ groups.

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    Authors: Golban, Artur;

    Abstract The competitiveness of enterprises has a special place in the studies of the scientists from all over the world, being a very popular concept and measured by various indicators. In the modern scientific literature exists more than 100 methods of enterprises competitiveness evaluation. The term of competitiveness of enterprises cannot be separated from the competitiveness of the products, services created within the enterprises. In this scientific research was analysed the competitiveness of the enterprises from the horticultural sector of the Republic of Moldova using the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) indicator, which reflects how efficiently an enterprise uses all the means of production (total inputs) to produce outputs. The basic purpose of this scientific research is to reveal the importance and the advantages of the TFP approach in competitiveness determination of the enterprises from the horticultural sector of the Republic of Moldova; to analyse how different factors are influencing the competitiveness of enterprises and to propose recommendations in order to increase the competitiveness of the agricultural enterprises from the horticultural sector of the Republic of Moldova.

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    Authors: Alaa Subr; J. Sawa; Stanisław Parafiniuk;

    AbstractUsing agrochemicals becomes essential practice of modern farming but in the same time it puts risk to human, animal health and the environment. The initial actions to create balance between this negative impact and the necessity to use the pesticides concerning the environment, people's living conditions and the economic, those factors are defined as the sustainable development. In this paper the algorithm to gain the sustainability of pesticide application was set to highlight some places (during some logistic steps of pesticide application) where the sprayer operator has to make subjective decisions about the correct procedure; these decisions are subjected to the “practical deviations”. The paper presents also some results of investigation on using nozzles with different physical wear. The results of laboratory test showed that damaged nozzles produced flow rate higher than the allowed limits of nozzles inspection regulations. Also, the decision to use damaged nozzles with lower pressure to compensate the increase of flow rate, results in bigger drop sizes comparing with the new nozzles, which may affect in turn the biological efficacy and put risk of pesticide non target contamination. The decision, which is made by sprayer operator, is an example of “practical deviations” during pesticide application process.

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    Authors: Rao, Kolli N;

    Abstract Agriculture sector is subject to a great many uncertainties. Yet, more people in developing countries like India earn their livelihood from this sector than from all other economic sectors combined. Agriculture, particularly prone to systemic and co-variant risk, doesn’t easily lend itself to insurance. Lack of historical yield data, small sized farm holdings, low value crops and the relatively high cost of insurance, have further made it more difficult to design, a workable crop insurance scheme (Rao K N). Despite these constraints, India debated the feasibility of crop insurance schemes, since late nineteen forties, and could settle for ‘yield index’ based crop insurance on a country-wide basis since 1985. The yield index based crop insurance in India, presently under the name National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) is the flagship crop insurance programme, annually insuring about 25 million farmers with an area of over 35 million hectares (AIC's provisional figures as of 31st March 2010), and available for almost all seasonal and annual crops for which there exists historical yield data of 10 years at sub-district level. NAIS despite well suited for Indian conditions, suffers from some key problems. These include basis risk (insurance unit being too large), delay in receiving yield estimates leading to delay in settlement of indemnities, non-coverage of pre-sowing & post-harvest losses, huge infrastructure and manpower required to estimate yields (irrespective of yield loss), etc. Keeping in mind the challenges with yield index insurance, India started piloting ‘rainfall (weather) index’ based insurance since 2003. The government from 2007 started providing subsidies in premium, and is being tested as a substitute for NAIS. At present Agriculture Insurance Company of India (AIC), an entity created at the behest of the Government in 2003 and the largest market player in India, has insured 1.98 million farmers during 2009-10 (April to March) covering more than 2.68 million hectares of cropped area for a sum insured of approx. US $ 870 million for a premium income of US $ 80 million (AIC's Provisional figures as of 31st March 2010). India started experimenting the Biomass Index for crops like wheat, mustard, chickpea since 2005. The index has so far met limited success, but could play important role in near future, as remote sensing technology experiencing quantum jump in terms of all-weather satellites, high resolution data and higher frequency of fly-overs. Index based insurance is here to stay, and is the way forward in many developing nations. Best results could be obtained by careful deign of index and use of a combination of indices (multiple triggers) to capture the key production risks in agriculture.

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    Authors: Cîmpeanu, Sorin Mihai; Fîntîneru, Gina; Beciu, Silviu;
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    Authors: Abbasi, Nader; Bahramloo, Reza; Movahedan, Mohammad;

    Abstract Development of modern irrigation and drainage networks is one of the effective strategies to preventing water losses and optimal usage of water resources in agricultural section. So far, about 1.8 million ha of the total 8.5 million ha irrigated lands are irrigated using modern irrigation networks in Iran. Many new irrigation networks are also under construction. In the other hand, recent studies have shown that the most of the existing networks which have been constructed with huge costs suffer from various social and technical. The nature and type of these problems are different depending on the stages of construction and operation in different networks. In this research, an attempt has been made to determine the main problems of the networks, and remediation measures for rehabilitation and optimal modification of the networks. For this purpose, the methodology and principals of strategic planning was used. To do this, the pattern of strategic planning, including organizing of main and sub main committees with participating of stakeholders, review of literatures, field studies and visits, holding on workshops was applied. Based on arguments made in the workshops and main committee, the whole problems of the irrigation and drainage networks were followed in four principal subjects including drainage and environment, structural and construction, managing aspects and construction materials. The existing problems in the networks were drawn in the form of problem trees for each subject separately. Then in the basis of problem trees, target trees were developed to optimize and modification of irrigation and drainage networks. Based on the target trees, and considering previous studies and experiences, distinctive executive and research strategies were proposed considering various basic criteria. Finally temporal priorities (short, middle and long term) were determined to performance of the suggested executive and research strategies.

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    Authors: Nadolnyak, Denis; Hartarska, Valentina;

    Abstract In this paper, we investigate the possibility that agricultural loan portfolios of banks serving agricultural producers in the southeastern U.S. are affected by inter-annual climate fluctuations. The main finding is that La Nina years are associated with on average three times lower charge-offs and more and larger loans, in banks focusing on agricultural lending in this region. The results suggest that ENSO impact on the agricultural lending is relatively small perhaps because farmers utilize well existing insurance mechanisms and take advantage of government disaster relief payments.

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    Authors: Alsayed, Abdallah; Mahadi, Muhammad Razif;

    Abstract Precision farming emphasis on the efficient use of resources for optimizing the output. In the production of paddy, measurement of water level and the rate of rising are important factors. Sensing techniques suffer from some restrictions which restrict obtaining high accuracy and high resolution measurements such as noise of electrical sensor, sensing clear response, potential error, and environmental effects. This paper presents a non-contact method to measure position in linear motion. Moreover, this work is going to be background and concept for water level measuring system.

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    Authors: Eugenio Pandolfini; Arrate Cia Bemposta; Marco Sbardella; GIanluca Simonetta; +1 Authors

    Abstract The paper deals with the concept of well-being and its relationship with landscape and agriculture. According to the literature, well-being is a multidimensional and subjective concept, it is related to happiness but it does not depend on mere economic welfare. In fact, the bond between material wealth and well-being is not causal: GDP is not the optimum way of assessing the level of well-being. On the contrary, there is a strict relationship between well-being, agriculture and rural development. The man/farmer, transforming the rural landscape, creates modifications that reverberate first on natural landscape, then on the whole territory, and finally back to the man itself. In this context, the generative communication arises as a model that best interprets the need to represent and promote the circular nature of the relationships between man and land. By doing this, it enhances and protects cultural diversity, social and natural environment of the territory itself. Hence, it strengthens the well-being of those who work and constantly transforms this landscape. The paper closes with the analysis of two case-studies, the “Comunicazione generativa per il Programma di Sviluppo Rurale 2014-2020 della Regione Toscana” project (in english: Generative Communication for the Tuscany Rural Development Programme, RDP, 2014-2020) and the “San Casciano Smart Place” project, both developed by the Communication Strategies Lab. The methodology used for the development of the projects is the generative communication ( Toschi, 2011 ), with its recent specification towards the concept of sustainable communication.

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    Authors: Dima, Dragos Costin;

    Abstract In the past decade Europe and the EU in particular are facing a major deficit on soy protein. In the case of certified non-GM soy protein this deficit is even broader. EU counts for 0.4% of worldwide soybeans acreage. Soybean imports – grain equivalent – represent 95% of the European annual consumption of 38 million tons. The EU accession of the countries from the Danube region and the association treaties signed by other Eastern European countries have created new opportunities to increase the acreage of soybeans, the region being known for very favorable conditions for this crop. Romania, Bulgaria and the Republic of Moldova represent an important reservoir of conventional soy protein from the perspective of soybeans breeding capabilities and growth potential. In all three countries breeding and cropping soybeans have a history of 100 years. Today, Romania, Bulgaria and the Republic of Moldova are following this long time tradition through breeding and registering new soybean varieties well adapted to local cropping conditions. The agriculture research communities from these three countries are continuously challenged to supply local farmers with high yield and new traits genetics, as well as to develop or improve the cropping technologies for soybeans. In the past 7 years the soybeans acreage stagnated or slightly decreased in these Danube region countries. Recently, a growing interest of the farmers in the region to increase the soybeans area can be observed. However, to maintain this trend, farmers should benefit from incentive schemes for soybeans as well as demonstration platforms, training and know-how transfer programs. Romania, Bulgaria and the Republic of Moldova have a soybean cropping potential of 0.8-1 million hectares. This potential may generate a minimum of 2 million tons representing 5% of the EU annual consumption, respectively 30% of non-GM soybean annually used in the EU.

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    Authors: Bălan, Aurelia-Vasilica; Toma, Elena; Dobre, Carina; Soare, Elena;

    Abstract The purpose of the present paper is to identify viable solutions for organising organic producers groups and supply chains at county level. With this purpose in mind, our research aim was to evaluate which is the best networking solution for 40 organic farmers in Calarasi County. This statistical approach was based on multidimensional scaling and hierarchical clustering methods that permitted us to identify three possible clusters in which to group the organic producers. The evaluation results of the agricultural patterns of each cluster demonstrated that only one cluster is viable for establishing a producers’ group. The main characteristics of this cluster are: farmers are in a proximity range of maximum 40 km; at least 75% of farmers have similar farming system types; over 65% of farmers own big farms; the best place for a joint pooling, storing or selling point is the cluster centre (Calarasi). In this way, we consider that a statistical viable solution for clustering and the promotion of networking between farms with similar agricultural patterns can contribute to the creation and establishment of cost-effective supply chains and strong producers’ groups.

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    Authors: Golban, Artur;

    Abstract The competitiveness of enterprises has a special place in the studies of the scientists from all over the world, being a very popular concept and measured by various indicators. In the modern scientific literature exists more than 100 methods of enterprises competitiveness evaluation. The term of competitiveness of enterprises cannot be separated from the competitiveness of the products, services created within the enterprises. In this scientific research was analysed the competitiveness of the enterprises from the horticultural sector of the Republic of Moldova using the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) indicator, which reflects how efficiently an enterprise uses all the means of production (total inputs) to produce outputs. The basic purpose of this scientific research is to reveal the importance and the advantages of the TFP approach in competitiveness determination of the enterprises from the horticultural sector of the Republic of Moldova; to analyse how different factors are influencing the competitiveness of enterprises and to propose recommendations in order to increase the competitiveness of the agricultural enterprises from the horticultural sector of the Republic of Moldova.

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    Authors: Alaa Subr; J. Sawa; Stanisław Parafiniuk;

    AbstractUsing agrochemicals becomes essential practice of modern farming but in the same time it puts risk to human, animal health and the environment. The initial actions to create balance between this negative impact and the necessity to use the pesticides concerning the environment, people's living conditions and the economic, those factors are defined as the sustainable development. In this paper the algorithm to gain the sustainability of pesticide application was set to highlight some places (during some logistic steps of pesticide application) where the sprayer operator has to make subjective decisions about the correct procedure; these decisions are subjected to the “practical deviations”. The paper presents also some results of investigation on using nozzles with different physical wear. The results of laboratory test showed that damaged nozzles produced flow rate higher than the allowed limits of nozzles inspection regulations. Also, the decision to use damaged nozzles with lower pressure to compensate the increase of flow rate, results in bigger drop sizes comparing with the new nozzles, which may affect in turn the biological efficacy and put risk of pesticide non target contamination. The decision, which is made by sprayer operator, is an example of “practical deviations” during pesticide application process.

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    Authors: Rao, Kolli N;

    Abstract Agriculture sector is subject to a great many uncertainties. Yet, more people in developing countries like India earn their livelihood from this sector than from all other economic sectors combined. Agriculture, particularly prone to systemic and co-variant risk, doesn’t easily lend itself to insurance. Lack of historical yield data, small sized farm holdings, low value crops and the relatively high cost of insurance, have further made it more difficult to design, a workable crop insurance scheme (Rao K N). Despite these constraints, India debated the feasibility of crop insurance schemes, since late nineteen forties, and could settle for ‘yield index’ based crop insurance on a country-wide basis since 1985. The yield index based crop insurance in India, presently under the name National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) is the flagship crop insurance programme, annually insuring about 25 million farmers with an area of over 35 million hectares (AIC's provisional figures as of 31st March 2010), and available for almost all seasonal and annual crops for which there exists historical yield data of 10 years at sub-district level. NAIS despite well suited for Indian conditions, suffers from some key problems. These include basis risk (insurance unit being too large), delay in receiving yield estimates leading to delay in settlement of indemnities, non-coverage of pre-sowing & post-harvest losses, huge infrastructure and manpower required to estimate yields (irrespective of yield loss), etc. Keeping in mind the challenges with yield index insurance, India started piloting ‘rainfall (weather) index’ based insurance since 2003. The government from 2007 started providing subsidies in premium, and is being tested as a substitute for NAIS. At present Agriculture Insurance Company of India (AIC), an entity created at the behest of the Government in 2003 and the largest market player in India, has insured 1.98 million farmers during 2009-10 (April to March) covering more than 2.68 million hectares of cropped area for a sum insured of approx. US $ 870 million for a premium income of US $ 80 million (AIC's Provisional figures as of 31st March 2010). India started experimenting the Biomass Index for crops like wheat, mustard, chickpea since 2005. The index has so far met limited success, but could play important role in near future, as remote sensing technology experiencing quantum jump in terms of all-weather satellites, high resolution data and higher frequency of fly-overs. Index based insurance is here to stay, and is the way forward in many developing nations. Best results could be obtained by careful deign of index and use of a combination of indices (multiple triggers) to capture the key production risks in agriculture.

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    Authors: Cîmpeanu, Sorin Mihai; Fîntîneru, Gina; Beciu, Silviu;
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    Authors: Abbasi, Nader; Bahramloo, Reza; Movahedan, Mohammad;

    Abstract Development of modern irrigation and drainage networks is one of the effective strategies to preventing water losses and optimal usage of water resources in agricultural section. So far, about 1.8 million ha of the total 8.5 million ha irrigated lands are irrigated using modern irrigation networks in Iran. Many new irrigation networks are also under construction. In the other hand, recent studies have shown that the most of the existing networks which have been constructed with huge costs suffer from various social and technical. The nature and type of these problems are different depending on the stages of construction and operation in different networks. In this research, an attempt has been made to determine the main problems of the networks, and remediation measures for rehabilitation and optimal modification of the networks. For this purpose, the methodology and principals of strategic planning was used. To do this, the pattern of strategic planning, including organizing of main and sub main committees with participating of stakeholders, review of literatures, field studies and visits, holding on workshops was applied. Based on arguments made in the workshops and main committee, the whole problems of the irrigation and drainage networks were followed in four principal subjects including drainage and environment, structural and construction, managing aspects and construction materials. The existing problems in the networks were drawn in the form of problem trees for each subject separately. Then in the basis of problem trees, target trees were developed to optimize and modification of irrigation and drainage networks. Based on the target trees, and considering previous studies and experiences, distinctive executive and research strategies were proposed considering various basic criteria. Finally temporal priorities (short, middle and long term) were determined to performance of the suggested executive and research strategies.

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    Authors: Nadolnyak, Denis; Hartarska, Valentina;

    Abstract In this paper, we investigate the possibility that agricultural loan portfolios of banks serving agricultural producers in the southeastern U.S. are affected by inter-annual climate fluctuations. The main finding is that La Nina years are associated with on average three times lower charge-offs and more and larger loans, in banks focusing on agricultural lending in this region. The results suggest that ENSO impact on the agricultural lending is relatively small perhaps because farmers utilize well existing insurance mechanisms and take advantage of government disaster relief payments.

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    Authors: Alsayed, Abdallah; Mahadi, Muhammad Razif;

    Abstract Precision farming emphasis on the efficient use of resources for optimizing the output. In the production of paddy, measurement of water level and the rate of rising are important factors. Sensing techniques suffer from some restrictions which restrict obtaining high accuracy and high resolution measurements such as noise of electrical sensor, sensing clear response, potential error, and environmental effects. This paper presents a non-contact method to measure position in linear motion. Moreover, this work is going to be background and concept for water level measuring system.

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