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    Authors: Alzate-Marin, Ana Lilia; Ferreira-Ramos, Ronai; Guidugli, Marcela; Martinez, Carlos Alberto; +1 Authors

    Background The neotropical tree species Aspidosperma polyneuron and Cariniana estrellensis, known as peroba-rosa and jequitiba-branco respectively, are characteristic of late secondary semideciduous Atlantic forest in submontane formation. Their wood is widely used for carpentry and construction. Increasing logging, intensive agriculture and urban expansion placed A. polyneuron in the Red List of Threatened Species [http://www.iucnredlist.org/ apps/redlist/details/32023/0] while C. estrellensis is considered an endangered species. So, in situ conservation of these forest species is critical while ex situ collections as gene banks is an important complementary approach. Our study assessed and compared the genetic diversity of A. polyneuron and C. estrellensis in two stands aiming to provide subsidies for the ex situ conservation of these important genetic resources.

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    BMC Proceedings
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Bisdorff, B; Scholhölter, J; Claußen, K; Pulz, M; +2 Authors

    SUMMARYPrevalence of and risk factors associated with MRSA-ST398 carriage in 1872 (response 70%) farmers and neighbouring residents in a pig- and poultry-dense area in Germany were investigated using a cross-sectional study and self-sampling nasal swabs. In the population, 1% without occupational livestock contact and 24% with occupational livestock contact tested positive for MRSA-ST398. The group without occupational livestock contact was 3·8 times [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·5–9·3] more likely to be colonized if a household member had livestock contact and 3·2 times (95% CI 1·4–7·4) more likely if they regularly made private farm visits (e.g. to buy eggs or milk). In the group with occupational livestock contact, pig contact had an odds ratio of 7·1 (95% CI 2·9–17·2) for MRSA-ST398 acquisition. This is the first study to associate private farm visits with acquisition of MRSA; more research to explore the exact transmission routes is necessary.

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    Epidemiology and Infection
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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      Epidemiology and Infection
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    Authors: Rodrigues-Corrêa Kelly; Sausen Tanise; Rocha Fernando S; Fett-Neto Arthur;

    concentration due to the system’s ability to fix car-bon in forest biomass and soil [3]. Several studies havebeen performed to estimate carbon sequestration intemperate, tropical, and mediterranean forests ecosys-tems [4,5]. However, there are no reports related to car-bon balance in pine forests used for oleoresin tappinggrown under subtropical climate. The main goal of thisresearch is to estimate the effect of resin tapping on Csequestration by Pinus elliottii forests.Material and methods

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    BMC Proceedings
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      BMC Proceedings
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    Authors: Cullingham Catherine; Dang Sophie; Davis Corey; Cooke Barry; +2 Authors

    Background Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia) is found in western North America, extending from the Yukon into British Columbia and Washington, and along the Rocky Mountains and eastern slopes to Colorado [1]. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) is a closely related species found east of the Rockies, mainly in Canada’s boreal forest from the Northwest Territories to Quebec [1]. Lodgepole and jack pine ranges overlap in northern Alberta and the Northwest Territories, where these species hybridize (Fig. 1). In the absence of reliable molecular markers, morphological characteristics are commonly used to distinguish lodgepole pine, jack pine and hybrids. However, hybrids and pure species can be difficult to visually distinguish, particularly at the presumed periphery of the hybrid zone, which is poorly described. Mountain pine beetle (MPB; Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) is indigenous to western North America. In the current MPB outbreak, more than 14 million hectares of mainly lodgepole pine forests have sustained MPB-caused mortality in British Columbia alone [2]. Following MPB long range dispersal into northwestern Alberta in 2006, MPB has continued its apparently unprecedented eastward spread into the lodgepole x jack pine hybrid zone of Alberta (Fig. 1). To better define this hybrid zone, we developed microsatellite and SNP markers that distinguish the pure species from hybrids. We then used the microsatellite markers to test the hypothesis that the MPB epidemic has spread into jack pine.

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    BMC Proceedings
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      BMC Proceedings
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    Authors: Vestman Daniel; Larsson Emma; Uddenberg Daniel; Cairney John; +3 Authors

    The aim of this study has been to identify important processes that regulate early stages of embryo development in conifers. Somatic embryogenesis in Picea abies has become a model system for studying embryology in conifers, providing a well-characterized sequence of developmental stages, resembling zygotic embryogeny, which can be synchronized by specific treatments, making it possible to collect a large number of somatic embryos at specific developmental stages. We have used this model to analyze global changes in gene expression during early stages of embryo development by generating an expression profile of 12,536 complementary DNA clones. This has allowed us to identify molecular events regulating putative processes associated with pattern formation during the earliest stages of embryogenesis which have not been identified on the molecular level in conifers before. We recognize notable changes in the expression of genes involved in regulating auxin biosynthesis and auxin response, gibberellin-mediated signaling, signaling between the embryo and the female gametophyte, tissue specification including the formation of boundary regions, and the switch from embryonic to vegetative development. In addition, our results confirm the involvement of previously described processes, including stress, differentiation of a protoderm, and programmed cell death.

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    Tree Genetics & Genomes
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    Authors: Diaz-Sala Carmen; Velez Maria; Carneros Elena; Abarca Dolores; +7 Authors

    Eucalyptus globulus Labill. has been used in Spain for decades as a cellulose source for the paper and textile industry. Since 1997, Sniace group has tested new provenances and families from 29 different Eucalyptus species to explore their capacity for biomass and bioenergy production. Plus trees for growth, wood quality, rooting capacity and tolerance to Mycosphaerella sp have been identified by mass selection, and more than 300 controlled crosses among those trees have been carried out. However, the restrictions caused by the high susceptibility to Mycosphaerella leaf disease and the low rooting capacity of the species Eucalyptus globulus Labill. delay the application of the gains to a commercial scale. The objective of this project is to improve the production of Eucalyptus in the North of Spain focused on the improvement of two traits of economic importance: clonal/rooting capacity and tolerance to Mycosphaerella sp. To achieve this goal three partial objectives have been approached:

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    BMC Proceedings
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    Authors: Long, Charles;

    The classical definition of a genetically engineered or "transgenic" animal would be "those animals modified by recombinant DNA (rDNA) techniques" according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (United States Food and Drug Administration, Guidance #187, 2009). Thus, the introduction or deletion of any gene by using recombinant DNA would fall into this category. Since the first reports of stable germline transmission of integrated DNA in 1982, hundreds of thousands of transgenic animals have been produced, the vast majority of which are mice used in biomedical research. However, there are also thousands of agrarian and aquaculture species that have been produced for a wide variety of purposes from production of human biopharmaceuticals, xenotransplantation and to enhance economically important production traits. We can separate the transgenic animals produced in our laboratory into 3 major classes; production agriculture, biopharmaceutical production in milk and biomedical models of human disease. This brief review will highlight some of those projects in each category.

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    Authors: Oliveira, Elainy Cristina Alves Martins; Valadares, Alana de Almeida; Navarrete, Acacio; Tsai, Siu; +2 Authors

    The Cerrado is the second largest biome in the country by area, located mainly in the central highlands of Brazil. Few details about the effect of managements in Cerrado soils that characterize the specific function of this soil biota in sustainable development of their fertility. Even with the lack of information on species of soil fungi in the Cerrado, there are few studies aimed to contribute to the knowledge related to fungi in this biome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of agriculture tecnificada in fungal community structure of soil, using independent techniques of cultivation, as well as compare the structural similarity of the fungal community present in an agricultural soil and an area of native Cerrado. The 20 soil samples were collected in an area of high land (municipality of Paraiso - TO), at the beginning of planting (dec/2012) and next harvest of soybean (feb/2013). For DNA extraction, we used the Kit Power Soil DNA Extraction™(MoBio Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA). Reactions PCR/ARISA were prepared to a final volume of 25 μL according Sequerra at al. 1997. The ARISA technique was made into a sequencer ABI PRISM 3100 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). To check the electropherograms was used PeakScanner program version 1.0 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The quantification using the NanoDrop ® 2000 Thermo Scientific, showed that extraction was successful and the DNA's were in good quality. In a visual analysis of the electropherograms, we observed a clear difference in the structure of the fungal community in the agricultural environment and the native area. It is possible to note the presence of peaks that appear in the electropherogram of an environment and that are not present in the other, reflecting AFL's unique in environment. In the analysis of the wealth of AFL's, fungal community showed greater wealth in the native environment, this area also showed the highest number of AFL's unique. The ANOSIM analysis showed that, in general, the fungal community is differed from the agricultural and native environment in both samplings. Thus, this environments studied are characterized by an electropherogram, showing the potential of the ARISA technique to discriminate community structure soil fungi. The observed divergences in fungal community structure reflect differences in the environments evaluated, often due to the physico-chemical differences of each soil.

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    Authors: Nishisaka, Caroline; Grillo, Renato; Sanches, Gabriela; Fraceto, Leonardo; +1 Authors

    One of the main consequences of population growth is that an equivalent food production increase is needed. To meet this basic need of society and ensure growth in food production, it is necessary the use of agrochemicals such as herbicides, preventing competition between crops and weeds for soil nutrients. This growth in use of agrochemicals has historically had undesirable consequences due to their indiscriminate and sometimes reckless use, with health problems for farmers and environmental damage. One of the possible solutions to increase agricultural production without these consequences would be the application of nanotechnology to allow a safer use of pesticides and lessen health and environmental side-effects. However, the use of nanotechnology demands an investigation of possible toxic effects of this technology, mainly in relation to contamination of soil and water. The study we performed aimed to produce nanoparticles containing the herbicide paraquat and to analyze its possible genotoxic effects. The technique used was cytogenetic test of Allium cepa treated with nanoparaquat, conventional paraquat, tripolyphosphate chitosan nanoparticles, which were made in duplicate with and without humic substances. All concentrations were 0,38 mg.mL-1, and negative control was made with ultrapure water and humic substances for comparative purposes. Initial results indicated less chromosome damage in nanoparaquat treated samples compared to conventional paraquat herbicide, indicating that nanoencapsulation is a viable option as an attempt to minimize damage caused by paraquat.

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    Authors: Revathi P; Senthinath T; Vigneswari R;

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasing & the status in rural areas is less known. To find out the AMR pattern of clinical isolates of selected gram negative bacilli (GNB) to 3rd and 4thgeneration cephalosporins (GCPs) at a rural and urban tertiary care hospital.

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    Authors: Alzate-Marin, Ana Lilia; Ferreira-Ramos, Ronai; Guidugli, Marcela; Martinez, Carlos Alberto; +1 Authors

    Background The neotropical tree species Aspidosperma polyneuron and Cariniana estrellensis, known as peroba-rosa and jequitiba-branco respectively, are characteristic of late secondary semideciduous Atlantic forest in submontane formation. Their wood is widely used for carpentry and construction. Increasing logging, intensive agriculture and urban expansion placed A. polyneuron in the Red List of Threatened Species [http://www.iucnredlist.org/ apps/redlist/details/32023/0] while C. estrellensis is considered an endangered species. So, in situ conservation of these forest species is critical while ex situ collections as gene banks is an important complementary approach. Our study assessed and compared the genetic diversity of A. polyneuron and C. estrellensis in two stands aiming to provide subsidies for the ex situ conservation of these important genetic resources.

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    Authors: Bisdorff, B; Scholhölter, J; Claußen, K; Pulz, M; +2 Authors

    SUMMARYPrevalence of and risk factors associated with MRSA-ST398 carriage in 1872 (response 70%) farmers and neighbouring residents in a pig- and poultry-dense area in Germany were investigated using a cross-sectional study and self-sampling nasal swabs. In the population, 1% without occupational livestock contact and 24% with occupational livestock contact tested positive for MRSA-ST398. The group without occupational livestock contact was 3·8 times [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·5–9·3] more likely to be colonized if a household member had livestock contact and 3·2 times (95% CI 1·4–7·4) more likely if they regularly made private farm visits (e.g. to buy eggs or milk). In the group with occupational livestock contact, pig contact had an odds ratio of 7·1 (95% CI 2·9–17·2) for MRSA-ST398 acquisition. This is the first study to associate private farm visits with acquisition of MRSA; more research to explore the exact transmission routes is necessary.

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    Epidemiology and Infection
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      Epidemiology and Infection
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    Authors: Rodrigues-Corrêa Kelly; Sausen Tanise; Rocha Fernando S; Fett-Neto Arthur;

    concentration due to the system’s ability to fix car-bon in forest biomass and soil [3]. Several studies havebeen performed to estimate carbon sequestration intemperate, tropical, and mediterranean forests ecosys-tems [4,5]. However, there are no reports related to car-bon balance in pine forests used for oleoresin tappinggrown under subtropical climate. The main goal of thisresearch is to estimate the effect of resin tapping on Csequestration by Pinus elliottii forests.Material and methods

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    Authors: Cullingham Catherine; Dang Sophie; Davis Corey; Cooke Barry; +2 Authors

    Background Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia) is found in western North America, extending from the Yukon into British Columbia and Washington, and along the Rocky Mountains and eastern slopes to Colorado [1]. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) is a closely related species found east of the Rockies, mainly in Canada’s boreal forest from the Northwest Territories to Quebec [1]. Lodgepole and jack pine ranges overlap in northern Alberta and the Northwest Territories, where these species hybridize (Fig. 1). In the absence of reliable molecular markers, morphological characteristics are commonly used to distinguish lodgepole pine, jack pine and hybrids. However, hybrids and pure species can be difficult to visually distinguish, particularly at the presumed periphery of the hybrid zone, which is poorly described. Mountain pine beetle (MPB; Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) is indigenous to western North America. In the current MPB outbreak, more than 14 million hectares of mainly lodgepole pine forests have sustained MPB-caused mortality in British Columbia alone [2]. Following MPB long range dispersal into northwestern Alberta in 2006, MPB has continued its apparently unprecedented eastward spread into the lodgepole x jack pine hybrid zone of Alberta (Fig. 1). To better define this hybrid zone, we developed microsatellite and SNP markers that distinguish the pure species from hybrids. We then used the microsatellite markers to test the hypothesis that the MPB epidemic has spread into jack pine.

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      BMC Proceedings
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    Authors: Vestman Daniel; Larsson Emma; Uddenberg Daniel; Cairney John; +3 Authors

    The aim of this study has been to identify important processes that regulate early stages of embryo development in conifers. Somatic embryogenesis in Picea abies has become a model system for studying embryology in conifers, providing a well-characterized sequence of developmental stages, resembling zygotic embryogeny, which can be synchronized by specific treatments, making it possible to collect a large number of somatic embryos at specific developmental stages. We have used this model to analyze global changes in gene expression during early stages of embryo development by generating an expression profile of 12,536 complementary DNA clones. This has allowed us to identify molecular events regulating putative processes associated with pattern formation during the earliest stages of embryogenesis which have not been identified on the molecular level in conifers before. We recognize notable changes in the expression of genes involved in regulating auxin biosynthesis and auxin response, gibberellin-mediated signaling, signaling between the embryo and the female gametophyte, tissue specification including the formation of boundary regions, and the switch from embryonic to vegetative development. In addition, our results confirm the involvement of previously described processes, including stress, differentiation of a protoderm, and programmed cell death.

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    Tree Genetics & Genomes
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Diaz-Sala Carmen; Velez Maria; Carneros Elena; Abarca Dolores; +7 Authors

    Eucalyptus globulus Labill. has been used in Spain for decades as a cellulose source for the paper and textile industry. Since 1997, Sniace group has tested new provenances and families from 29 different Eucalyptus species to explore their capacity for biomass and bioenergy production. Plus trees for growth, wood quality, rooting capacity and tolerance to Mycosphaerella sp have been identified by mass selection, and more than 300 controlled crosses among those trees have been carried out. However, the restrictions caused by the high susceptibility to Mycosphaerella leaf disease and the low rooting capacity of the species Eucalyptus globulus Labill. delay the application of the gains to a commercial scale. The objective of this project is to improve the production of Eucalyptus in the North of Spain focused on the improvement of two traits of economic importance: clonal/rooting capacity and tolerance to Mycosphaerella sp. To achieve this goal three partial objectives have been approached:

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    BMC Proceedings
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Long, Charles;

    The classical definition of a genetically engineered or "transgenic" animal would be "those animals modified by recombinant DNA (rDNA) techniques" according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (United States Food and Drug Administration, Guidance #187, 2009). Thus, the introduction or deletion of any gene by using recombinant DNA would fall into this category. Since the first reports of stable germline transmission of integrated DNA in 1982, hundreds of thousands of transgenic animals have been produced, the vast majority of which are mice used in biomedical research. However, there are also thousands of agrarian and aquaculture species that have been produced for a wide variety of purposes from production of human biopharmaceuticals, xenotransplantation and to enhance economically important production traits. We can separate the transgenic animals produced in our laboratory into 3 major classes; production agriculture, biopharmaceutical production in milk and biomedical models of human disease. This brief review will highlight some of those projects in each category.

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    BMC Proceedings
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    Authors: Oliveira, Elainy Cristina Alves Martins; Valadares, Alana de Almeida; Navarrete, Acacio; Tsai, Siu; +2 Authors

    The Cerrado is the second largest biome in the country by area, located mainly in the central highlands of Brazil. Few details about the effect of managements in Cerrado soils that characterize the specific function of this soil biota in sustainable development of their fertility. Even with the lack of information on species of soil fungi in the Cerrado, there are few studies aimed to contribute to the knowledge related to fungi in this biome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of agriculture tecnificada in fungal community structure of soil, using independent techniques of cultivation, as well as compare the structural similarity of the fungal community present in an agricultural soil and an area of native Cerrado. The 20 soil samples were collected in an area of high land (municipality of Paraiso - TO), at the beginning of planting (dec/2012) and next harvest of soybean (feb/2013). For DNA extraction, we used the Kit Power Soil DNA Extraction™(MoBio Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA). Reactions PCR/ARISA were prepared to a final volume of 25 μL according Sequerra at al. 1997. The ARISA technique was made into a sequencer ABI PRISM 3100 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). To check the electropherograms was used PeakScanner program version 1.0 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The quantification using the NanoDrop ® 2000 Thermo Scientific, showed that extraction was successful and the DNA's were in good quality. In a visual analysis of the electropherograms, we observed a clear difference in the structure of the fungal community in the agricultural environment and the native area. It is possible to note the presence of peaks that appear in the electropherogram of an environment and that are not present in the other, reflecting AFL's unique in environment. In the analysis of the wealth of AFL's, fungal community showed greater wealth in the native environment, this area also showed the highest number of AFL's unique. The ANOSIM analysis showed that, in general, the fungal community is differed from the agricultural and native environment in both samplings. Thus, this environments studied are characterized by an electropherogram, showing the potential of the ARISA technique to discriminate community structure soil fungi. The observed divergences in fungal community structure reflect differences in the environments evaluated, often due to the physico-chemical differences of each soil.

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    Authors: Nishisaka, Caroline; Grillo, Renato; Sanches, Gabriela; Fraceto, Leonardo; +1 Authors

    One of the main consequences of population growth is that an equivalent food production increase is needed. To meet this basic need of society and ensure growth in food production, it is necessary the use of agrochemicals such as herbicides, preventing competition between crops and weeds for soil nutrients. This growth in use of agrochemicals has historically had undesirable consequences due to their indiscriminate and sometimes reckless use, with health problems for farmers and environmental damage. One of the possible solutions to increase agricultural production without these consequences would be the application of nanotechnology to allow a safer use of pesticides and lessen health and environmental side-effects. However, the use of nanotechnology demands an investigation of possible toxic effects of this technology, mainly in relation to contamination of soil and water. The study we performed aimed to produce nanoparticles containing the herbicide paraquat and to analyze its possible genotoxic effects. The technique used was cytogenetic test of Allium cepa treated with nanoparaquat, conventional paraquat, tripolyphosphate chitosan nanoparticles, which were made in duplicate with and without humic substances. All concentrations were 0,38 mg.mL-1, and negative control was made with ultrapure water and humic substances for comparative purposes. Initial results indicated less chromosome damage in nanoparaquat treated samples compared to conventional paraquat herbicide, indicating that nanoencapsulation is a viable option as an attempt to minimize damage caused by paraquat.

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    Authors: Revathi P; Senthinath T; Vigneswari R;

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasing & the status in rural areas is less known. To find out the AMR pattern of clinical isolates of selected gram negative bacilli (GNB) to 3rd and 4thgeneration cephalosporins (GCPs) at a rural and urban tertiary care hospital.

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