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  • Authors: Takashi Kanamura;

    This paper investigates interaction between energy and agriculture futures prices shedding lights on the recent upsurge of biofuels. We propose the correlation model of price returns between energy and agriculture taking into account biofuels. The empirical studies on the DJ-AIG commodity indices document that the increase of correlations between energy and grain price returns occurs during high energy price periods, which supports the correlation model. By using petroleum as energy and both soybean and soybean oil as biofuels, we show the sharp rise in the correlations after year 2004, which may correspond to the recent upsurge of biofuels. In addition, we examine the relationship between petroleum and three agricultural sources of bioethanol: sugar, wheat, and corn. It is shown that except corn there exist the increasing correlations of the agriculturals with petroleum. The exception may stem from the different profiles of corn comparing to sugar and wheat such as well-diversified use of corn and low production efficiency of corn as bioethanol. Finally, we offer an illustrative example that the increasing correlation between energy and agriculture is useful for generating profits by applying pairs trading to commodity futures markets.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Megumi Naoi; Ikuo Kume;

    AbstractWhy are citizens in advanced industrialized countries willing to accept high prices for agricultural products? Conventional wisdom suggests that agricultural interests secure government protection because producers are concentrated and better politically organized than diffused consumers. Due to its focus on producer capacity for collective action, however, the literature fails to account for the high levels of mass support for agricultural protectionism in advanced industrialized nations. This article presents new evidence from a survey experiment in Japan conducted during the recent global recession (December 2008) that accounts for this puzzle. Using randomly assigned visual stimuli, the experiment activates respondents' identification with either producer or consumer interests and proceeds to ask attitudinal questions regarding food imports. The results suggest that consumer priming has no reductive or additive effects on the respondents' support for liberalizing food imports. Surprisingly, producer priming increases respondents' opposition to food import, particularly among those who fear future job insecurity. We further disentangle the puzzling finding that consumers think like producers on the issue of food import along two mechanisms: “sympathy” for farmers and “projection” of their own job insecurity. The results lend strong support to the projection hypothesis.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao International Organi...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    International Organization
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao International Organi...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      International Organization
      Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Islam; Hasan Mehraj; Mzk Roni; T. Taufique; +1 Authors

    A taxonomic survey was performed to assess diversity of plant resources at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU) campus, Dhaka, Bangladesh during August 2011 to October 2012. A total of 8536 (including seasonal) species were recorded in SAU. Plants were represented by trees (11.0 %), shrubs (21.6 %), herbs (61.6 %), climbers (4.0 %) and woody grasses (1.8%). The total number of plants belongs to 257 species under 215 genera and 135 families among these 126, 46, 17, 15, 29, 10 and 14 plant species were existed under 112, 34, 12, 12, 27, 7 and 11 genera also under 57, 25, 8, 9, 25, 7 and 4 family in terms of ornamental, fruit, vegetables, spices, medicinal, timber and plantation crop respectively.

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    Authors: Todd Benson; Ermias Engida; James Thurlow;

    The government of Ethiopia is investing significant public resources to increase overall national production of teff, wheat, and maize. To better understand the likely economywide effects of increases of between 12 and 14 percent in the national production of these cereals, a set of production increase scenarios for each crop were run using a computable general equilibrium model of the Ethiopian economy. The analyses were extended to also consider the effects of several international wheat price and wheat import scenarios, a wheat subsidy program, and maize exports. Among the effects considered are changes in economic growth, prices, total household consumption, cereal and calorie consumption levels, and poverty measures.The model estimates that the Ethiopian economy would be 1.4 percent larger if the desired production increases for all three cereals were jointly achieved. However, the cereal production increases do not bring about much change in the structure of the economy of Ethiopia. While the agriculture sector expands by 3.1 percent, there is virtually no increase in the size of the nonagricultural sector as a result of increased cereal production. The impact of these cereal initiatives on the consumption and welfare of various household groups in the country are uniformly positive — higher consumption and reduced poverty. However, different household groups benefit depending on which cereal sees its production levels rise. Teff production increases will provide greatest benefits for urban consumers, particularly poor urban households, while the economic benefits of increases in maize production will principally flow to rural households, both poor maize consumers and maize producers. The benefits of increased wheat production are more evenly shared.

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    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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      SSRN Electronic Journal
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Matthias Helble; Toshiaki Aizawa;

    Urbanization has been progressing quickly in Indonesia and the consequences on health and health inequities are still not well understood. In this paper, we present new empirical evidence on the differences in the utilization of health care services between rural and urban areas as well as for the respective health inequities. Exploiting the rich data set of the Indonesian Family Life Survey, this paper measures the socioeconomic inequality of health care utilization for the case of the diagnosis of hypertension and its medication. In the Indonesian Family Life Survey, about 45% of all respondents over the age of 39 were found to suffer from hypertension (average systolic blood pressure higher than 140). However, more than half of the people with hypertension have never been diagnosed by a health care professional, and only a small fraction of the people suffering from hypertension are taking medicine for it. Our analysis further shows that diagnosis and medication rates are significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas, implying that urban areas offer better access to health care services and medicines. Calculating concentration indices, we find that under-diagnosis of hypertension is more prevalent among the poor and this health inequality is more pronounced in rural areas. For the case of medication, we are unable to detect strong evidence of inequality either in rural or urban areas, as most Indonesians with hypertension do not take medicine irrespective of their socioeconomic status. Finally, decomposition analysis shows that the inequality in education, living standards, sanitary conditions, and the possession of vehicle and home appliances can explain a large fraction of the inequality of diagnosis and medication.

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    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Dirga Kumar Lamichhane; Sabina Shrestha;

    In this paper, seemingly unrelated regression analysis for finding relationship between public spending on agriculture, education, and health and rural poverty is examined by using public expenditure data of Nepal over 24 years. The data were drawn from Asian Development Bank and World Bank sources which cover the period of 1981-2004. The paper derives the conclusion that the public spending on education and agriculture is significant and positively related to total factor productivity (TFP) and hence related to improve the qualities of life, thereby reducing the poverty level. The comparative analysis of expenditure has found that the expenditure on education (elasticity=0.24) has greater impact on poverty than the spending on agriculture (elasticity=0.22) and health expenditure (elasticity=0.001).

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    Authors: Aoyagi, Midori; Suda, Eiko; Shinada, Tomomi;

    There is increasing evidence that climate change has an impact on natural disasters, such as flooding, and on agricultural production, both of which have implications for gender issues. In this paper we briefly review issues related to gender and poverty and examine the relationships between gender and various indices, including the human development index (HDI), the gender inequality index (GII), the multiple poverty index (MPI), and the masculinity score (MAS). Although the HDI, GII, and MPI are strongly related, they are not related to the MAS index. We then look at systems of land ownership and inheritance and have found that, although the constitutions in many countries guarantee gender equality, many laws violate that principle, especially laws dealing with land ownership. In other cases, customary laws have priority over the formal legal system, resulting in gender-biased legal systems. Finally, we discuss an example of job recovery after a disaster and interview three female agricultural workers in Japan. In the recovery process after a natural disaster, women are often expected to take care of family members; this can prevent them from returning to their jobs and place them at greater risk of either losing their jobs or being demoted. The results of the interviews demonstrate the recent empowerment of women in agricultural production and that these women have strong adaptive abilities.

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    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Suresh P. Singh;

    Food inflation in India, measured by movement of wholesale and consumer prices indices, has been consistently increasing for last several months, rather for several years, with a few exceptions. Such exceptions (short term negative movement in food prices) are not common, and in addition the decline is seemingly because of seasonality factor and or a very high base in the preceding year. What is, however, important here is that such short term development does not necessarily imply that prices have fallen in real terms in all state or regional markets throughout the country, in four different zones: east, west, north and south. The paper makes an attempt to understand functioning of food markets in four different zones covering six major food items, consumption of which is not seasonal and these are staples in nature. These include cereals (rice and wheat), vegetables (potato, onion and chickpeas), and sugar. To understand zone wise price behaviour, one major market from each of the four zones in India has been selected. These include Patna (in the east); Mumbai (in the west); Delhi (in the north); and Chennai (in the south). The period selected for the study is 2006 to 2011. In addition, the paper also attempts to establish interrelationship between food prices and implementation of the model APMC by different states, especially the four states which are the focus of the paper. Linking the adoption of the model APMC by the four states (markets of which have been analysed in this paper) and the price behaviour of agricultural produce establish the fact that price behaviour has no relation with the adoption to the model APMC Act. Rather, one can also say that, the relationship, if at all, is negative, implying that higher the level of reform implementation, higher the volatility in the market. By this interpretation, Mumbai market which has fully adopted the model APMC is the most volatile. This is despite the fact that in some produce, it accounts for a significant share in India’s total production, and show relatively low vulnerability ratio. In comparison, Patna market, which repealed APMC in 2006, appears to be the least volatile. The findings of the paper need to be probed further to establish credible evidence of its relationship with retail price movement.

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  • Authors: Mohammad Shahedul Islam; Mohammad Shamsur Rahman;

    There is no doubt that the biggest challenge Bangladesh has to face in this millennium is to find successful solutions of the problem of poverty, by improving the human development conditions, especially in rural areas. It is believed that Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) can play a vital role in achieving this objective. ICT is gaining much attention in present times for its ability towards human development and poverty alleviation. In this paper, the prospect of rural human development opportunities in Bangladesh has been explored from the viewpoint of Community Informatics (CI) model.

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    Authors: Lee, Suejin; Lim, Jae-Young; Lee, Hyun-Hoon; Park, Cyn-Young;

    High food prices can be an immediate threat to household food security, undermining population health, retarding human development, and lowering labor productivity for the economy in the long term. We employ a panel dataset covering 63 developing countries from 2001 to 2010 to make a comprehensive assessment of the effects of food price inflation and volatility on population health measured by infant mortality rate, child mortality rate, and the prevalence of undernourishment. We find that rising food prices have a significant and adverse effect on all three health indicators in developing countries. Furthermore, the impact of food prices is severer in the least developing countries although the effect is moderated in countries with a greater share of agriculture in gross domestic product.

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  • Authors: Takashi Kanamura;

    This paper investigates interaction between energy and agriculture futures prices shedding lights on the recent upsurge of biofuels. We propose the correlation model of price returns between energy and agriculture taking into account biofuels. The empirical studies on the DJ-AIG commodity indices document that the increase of correlations between energy and grain price returns occurs during high energy price periods, which supports the correlation model. By using petroleum as energy and both soybean and soybean oil as biofuels, we show the sharp rise in the correlations after year 2004, which may correspond to the recent upsurge of biofuels. In addition, we examine the relationship between petroleum and three agricultural sources of bioethanol: sugar, wheat, and corn. It is shown that except corn there exist the increasing correlations of the agriculturals with petroleum. The exception may stem from the different profiles of corn comparing to sugar and wheat such as well-diversified use of corn and low production efficiency of corn as bioethanol. Finally, we offer an illustrative example that the increasing correlation between energy and agriculture is useful for generating profits by applying pairs trading to commodity futures markets.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Megumi Naoi; Ikuo Kume;

    AbstractWhy are citizens in advanced industrialized countries willing to accept high prices for agricultural products? Conventional wisdom suggests that agricultural interests secure government protection because producers are concentrated and better politically organized than diffused consumers. Due to its focus on producer capacity for collective action, however, the literature fails to account for the high levels of mass support for agricultural protectionism in advanced industrialized nations. This article presents new evidence from a survey experiment in Japan conducted during the recent global recession (December 2008) that accounts for this puzzle. Using randomly assigned visual stimuli, the experiment activates respondents' identification with either producer or consumer interests and proceeds to ask attitudinal questions regarding food imports. The results suggest that consumer priming has no reductive or additive effects on the respondents' support for liberalizing food imports. Surprisingly, producer priming increases respondents' opposition to food import, particularly among those who fear future job insecurity. We further disentangle the puzzling finding that consumers think like producers on the issue of food import along two mechanisms: “sympathy” for farmers and “projection” of their own job insecurity. The results lend strong support to the projection hypothesis.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao International Organi...arrow_drop_down
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    International Organization
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Islam; Hasan Mehraj; Mzk Roni; T. Taufique; +1 Authors

    A taxonomic survey was performed to assess diversity of plant resources at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU) campus, Dhaka, Bangladesh during August 2011 to October 2012. A total of 8536 (including seasonal) species were recorded in SAU. Plants were represented by trees (11.0 %), shrubs (21.6 %), herbs (61.6 %), climbers (4.0 %) and woody grasses (1.8%). The total number of plants belongs to 257 species under 215 genera and 135 families among these 126, 46, 17, 15, 29, 10 and 14 plant species were existed under 112, 34, 12, 12, 27, 7 and 11 genera also under 57, 25, 8, 9, 25, 7 and 4 family in terms of ornamental, fruit, vegetables, spices, medicinal, timber and plantation crop respectively.

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    Authors: Todd Benson; Ermias Engida; James Thurlow;

    The government of Ethiopia is investing significant public resources to increase overall national production of teff, wheat, and maize. To better understand the likely economywide effects of increases of between 12 and 14 percent in the national production of these cereals, a set of production increase scenarios for each crop were run using a computable general equilibrium model of the Ethiopian economy. The analyses were extended to also consider the effects of several international wheat price and wheat import scenarios, a wheat subsidy program, and maize exports. Among the effects considered are changes in economic growth, prices, total household consumption, cereal and calorie consumption levels, and poverty measures.The model estimates that the Ethiopian economy would be 1.4 percent larger if the desired production increases for all three cereals were jointly achieved. However, the cereal production increases do not bring about much change in the structure of the economy of Ethiopia. While the agriculture sector expands by 3.1 percent, there is virtually no increase in the size of the nonagricultural sector as a result of increased cereal production. The impact of these cereal initiatives on the consumption and welfare of various household groups in the country are uniformly positive — higher consumption and reduced poverty. However, different household groups benefit depending on which cereal sees its production levels rise. Teff production increases will provide greatest benefits for urban consumers, particularly poor urban households, while the economic benefits of increases in maize production will principally flow to rural households, both poor maize consumers and maize producers. The benefits of increased wheat production are more evenly shared.

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    Authors: Matthias Helble; Toshiaki Aizawa;

    Urbanization has been progressing quickly in Indonesia and the consequences on health and health inequities are still not well understood. In this paper, we present new empirical evidence on the differences in the utilization of health care services between rural and urban areas as well as for the respective health inequities. Exploiting the rich data set of the Indonesian Family Life Survey, this paper measures the socioeconomic inequality of health care utilization for the case of the diagnosis of hypertension and its medication. In the Indonesian Family Life Survey, about 45% of all respondents over the age of 39 were found to suffer from hypertension (average systolic blood pressure higher than 140). However, more than half of the people with hypertension have never been diagnosed by a health care professional, and only a small fraction of the people suffering from hypertension are taking medicine for it. Our analysis further shows that diagnosis and medication rates are significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas, implying that urban areas offer better access to health care services and medicines. Calculating concentration indices, we find that under-diagnosis of hypertension is more prevalent among the poor and this health inequality is more pronounced in rural areas. For the case of medication, we are unable to detect strong evidence of inequality either in rural or urban areas, as most Indonesians with hypertension do not take medicine irrespective of their socioeconomic status. Finally, decomposition analysis shows that the inequality in education, living standards, sanitary conditions, and the possession of vehicle and home appliances can explain a large fraction of the inequality of diagnosis and medication.

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  • Authors: Dirga Kumar Lamichhane; Sabina Shrestha;

    In this paper, seemingly unrelated regression analysis for finding relationship between public spending on agriculture, education, and health and rural poverty is examined by using public expenditure data of Nepal over 24 years. The data were drawn from Asian Development Bank and World Bank sources which cover the period of 1981-2004. The paper derives the conclusion that the public spending on education and agriculture is significant and positively related to total factor productivity (TFP) and hence related to improve the qualities of life, thereby reducing the poverty level. The comparative analysis of expenditure has found that the expenditure on education (elasticity=0.24) has greater impact on poverty than the spending on agriculture (elasticity=0.22) and health expenditure (elasticity=0.001).

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    Authors: Aoyagi, Midori; Suda, Eiko; Shinada, Tomomi;

    There is increasing evidence that climate change has an impact on natural disasters, such as flooding, and on agricultural production, both of which have implications for gender issues. In this paper we briefly review issues related to gender and poverty and examine the relationships between gender and various indices, including the human development index (HDI), the gender inequality index (GII), the multiple poverty index (MPI), and the masculinity score (MAS). Although the HDI, GII, and MPI are strongly related, they are not related to the MAS index. We then look at systems of land ownership and inheritance and have found that, although the constitutions in many countries guarantee gender equality, many laws violate that principle, especially laws dealing with land ownership. In other cases, customary laws have priority over the formal legal system, resulting in gender-biased legal systems. Finally, we discuss an example of job recovery after a disaster and interview three female agricultural workers in Japan. In the recovery process after a natural disaster, women are often expected to take care of family members; this can prevent them from returning to their jobs and place them at greater risk of either losing their jobs or being demoted. The results of the interviews demonstrate the recent empowerment of women in agricultural production and that these women have strong adaptive abilities.

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  • Authors: Suresh P. Singh;

    Food inflation in India, measured by movement of wholesale and consumer prices indices, has been consistently increasing for last several months, rather for several years, with a few exceptions. Such exceptions (short term negative movement in food prices) are not common, and in addition the decline is seemingly because of seasonality factor and or a very high base in the preceding year. What is, however, important here is that such short term development does not necessarily imply that prices have fallen in real terms in all state or regional markets throughout the country, in four different zones: east, west, north and south. The paper makes an attempt to understand functioning of food markets in four different zones covering six major food items, consumption of which is not seasonal and these are staples in nature. These include cereals (rice and wheat), vegetables (potato, onion and chickpeas), and sugar. To understand zone wise price behaviour, one major market from each of the four zones in India has been selected. These include Patna (in the east); Mumbai (in the west); Delhi (in the north); and Chennai (in the south). The period selected for the study is 2006 to 2011. In addition, the paper also attempts to establish interrelationship between food prices and implementation of the model APMC by different states, especially the four states which are the focus of the paper. Linking the adoption of the model APMC by the four states (markets of which have been analysed in this paper) and the price behaviour of agricultural produce establish the fact that price behaviour has no relation with the adoption to the model APMC Act. Rather, one can also say that, the relationship, if at all, is negative, implying that higher the level of reform implementation, higher the volatility in the market. By this interpretation, Mumbai market which has fully adopted the model APMC is the most volatile. This is despite the fact that in some produce, it accounts for a significant share in India’s total production, and show relatively low vulnerability ratio. In comparison, Patna market, which repealed APMC in 2006, appears to be the least volatile. The findings of the paper need to be probed further to establish credible evidence of its relationship with retail price movement.

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  • Authors: Mohammad Shahedul Islam; Mohammad Shamsur Rahman;

    There is no doubt that the biggest challenge Bangladesh has to face in this millennium is to find successful solutions of the problem of poverty, by improving the human development conditions, especially in rural areas. It is believed that Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) can play a vital role in achieving this objective. ICT is gaining much attention in present times for its ability towards human development and poverty alleviation. In this paper, the prospect of rural human development opportunities in Bangladesh has been explored from the viewpoint of Community Informatics (CI) model.

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    Authors: Lee, Suejin; Lim, Jae-Young; Lee, Hyun-Hoon; Park, Cyn-Young;

    High food prices can be an immediate threat to household food security, undermining population health, retarding human development, and lowering labor productivity for the economy in the long term. We employ a panel dataset covering 63 developing countries from 2001 to 2010 to make a comprehensive assessment of the effects of food price inflation and volatility on population health measured by infant mortality rate, child mortality rate, and the prevalence of undernourishment. We find that rising food prices have a significant and adverse effect on all three health indicators in developing countries. Furthermore, the impact of food prices is severer in the least developing countries although the effect is moderated in countries with a greater share of agriculture in gross domestic product.

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