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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Anita Drumond; Raquel Nieto; Luis Gimeno; Tércio Ambrizzi;

    This work examines the main sources of moisture over Central Brazil and La Plata Basin during the year through a new Lagrangian diagnosis method which identifies the humidity contributions to the moisture budget over a region. This methodology computes budgets of evaporation minus precipitation by calculating changes in the specific humidity along back‐trajectories for the previous 10 d. The origin of all air masses residing over each region was tracked during a period of 5 years (2000–2004). These regions were selected because they coincide with two centers of action of a known dipole precipitation variability mode observed in different temporal scales (from intra seasonal up to inter decadal timescales) and are related to the climatic variability of the South American Monsoon System. The results suggested the importance of the tropical south Atlantic as a moisture source for Central Brazil, and of recycling for La Plata basin. It seems that the Tropical South Atlantic plays an important role as a moisture source for Central Brazil and La Plata basin along the year, particularly during the austral summer. The north Atlantic is also an additional source for both regions during the austral summer.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Geophysic...arrow_drop_down
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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Geophysic...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
      Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Juan Luis Guerrero-Rascado; Javier Andrey; Michaël Sicard; Francisco Molero; +10 Authors

    We present a comparison of aerosol properties derived from in situ and remote sensing instruments during DAMOCLES campaign, aimed at investigating the equivalence between the instrumentation and methodologies employed by several Spanish groups to study atmospheric aerosols at a regional background site. The complete set of instruments available during this closure experiment allowed collecting a valuable high-resolution aerosol measurement data set. The data set was augmented with airborne in situ measurements carried out in order to characterize aerosol particles during the midday of 29 June 2006. This work is focused on aerosol measurements using different techniques of high-quality instruments (ground-based remote sensing and aircraft in situ) and their comparisons to characterize the aerosol vertical profiles. Our results indicate that the variability between the detected aerosol layers was negligible in terms of aerosol optical properties and size distributions. Relative differences in aerosol extinction coefficient profiles were less than 20% at 355 and 532 nm and less than 30% at 1064 nm, in the region with high aerosol concentration. Absolute differences in aerosol optical depth (AOD) were below 0.01 at 532 and 1064 nm and less than 0.02 at 355 nm, less than the uncertainties assumed in the AOD obtained from elastic lidar. Columnar values of the lidar ratio revealed some discrepancies with respect to the in situ aircraft measurements, caused fundamentally by the lack of information in the lowest part of the boundary layer. Peer Reviewed

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    Recolector de Ciencia Abierta, RECOLECTA
    Other literature type . Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Recolector de Cienci...arrow_drop_down
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      Recolector de Ciencia Abierta, RECOLECTA
      Other literature type . Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Pedro Silva; Fernando O. Marques; Bernard Henry; Pedro Madureira; +3 Authors

    International audience; Knowledge on forced magma injection and magma flow in dykes is crucial for the understanding of how magmas migrate through the crust to the Earth's surface. Because many questions still persist, we used the long, thick, and deep-seated Foum Zguid dyke (Morocco) to investigate dyke emplacement and internal flow by means of magnetic methods, structural analysis, petrography, and scanning electron microscopy. We also investigated how the host rocks accommodated the intrusion. Regarding internal flow: 1. Important variations of the rock magnetic properties and magnetic fabric occur with distance from dyke wall; 2. anisotropy of anhysteretic remanent magnetization reveals that anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) results mainly from the superposition of subfabrics with distinct coercivities and that the imbrication between magnetic foliation and dyke plane is more reliable to deduce flow than the orientation of the AMS maximum principal axis; and 3. a dominant upward flow near the margins can be inferred. The magnetic fabric closest to the dyke wall likely records magma flow best due to fast cooling, whereas in the core the magnetic properties have been affected by high-temperature exsolution and metasomatic effects due to slow cooling. Regarding dyke emplacement, this study shows that the thick forceful intrusion induced deformation by homogeneous flattening and/or folding of the host sedimentary strata. Dewatering related to heat, as recorded by thick quartz veins bordering the dyke in some localities, may have also helped accommodating dyke intrusion. The spatial arrangement of quartz veins and their geometrical relationship with the dyke indicate a preintrusive to synintrusive sinistral component of strike slip.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ LAReferencia - Red F...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Val Martin, Maria; Honrath, Richard; Owen, R. Chris; Pfister, Gabriele; +2 Authors

    Extensive wildfires burned in northern North America during summer 2004, releasing large amounts of trace gases and aerosols into the atmosphere. Emissions from these wildfires frequently impacted the PICO-NARE station, a mountaintop site situated 6–15 days downwind from the fires in the Azores Islands. To assess the impacts of the boreal wildfire emissions on the levels of aerosol black carbon (BC), nitrogen oxides and O3 downwind from North America, we analyzed measurements of CO, BC, total reactive nitrogen oxides (NO y ), NO x (NO + NO2) and O3 made from June to September 2004 in combination with MOZART chemical transport model simulations. Long-range transport of boreal wildfire emissions resulted in large enhancements of CO, BC, NO y and NO x , with levels up to 250 ppbv, 665 ng mˉ³, 1100 pptv and 135 pptv, respectively. Enhancement ratios relative to CO were variable in the plumes sampled, most likely because of variations in wildfire emissions and removal processes during transport. Analyses of ΔBC/ΔCO, ΔNO y /ΔCO and ΔNO x /ΔCO ratios indicate that NO y and BC were on average efficiently exported in these plumes and suggest that decomposition of PAN to NO x was a significant source of NO x . High levels of NO x suggest continuing formation of O3 in these well-aged plumes. O3 levels were also significantly enhanced in the plumes, reaching up to 75 ppbv. Analysis of ΔO3/ΔCO ratios showed distinct behaviors of O3 in the plumes, which varied from significant to lower O3 production. We identify several potential reasons for the complex effects of boreal wildfire emissions on O3 and conclude that this behavior needs to be explored further in the future. These observations demonstrate that boreal wildfire emissions significantly contributed to the NO x and O3 budgets in the central North Atlantic lower free troposphere during summer 2004 and imply large-scale impacts on direct radiative forcing of the atmosphere and on tropospheric NO x and O3. Copyright © 2006 American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Repositório da Unive...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2006 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Repositório da Unive...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
      Article . 2006 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Victoria E. Cachorro; Carlos Toledano; N. Prats; Mar Sorribas; +6 Authors

    We present the analysis of the strongest North African desert dust (DD) intrusion that occurred over the Iberian Peninsula (IP) during the last decade, as registered by modern remote sensing techniques like Sun photometry. This event took place from 22 July to 3 August 2004. The most relevant features of this exceptional event, originated over the Saharan desert, were its great intensity and duration. We focus on the columnar aerosol properties measured by the AERONET‐Cimel photometers at El Arenosillo (southwest) and Palencia (north‐center) stations. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) reached a maximum of 2.7 at El Arenosillo during 22 July and 1.3 at Palencia on 23 July, with the Ånsgtröm exponent values near zero during the AOD peaks. In addition, PM10 concentration levels are also reported at various sites of the IP in order to establish the impact of this intrusion, reaching daily values as high as 200 μg/m3 and peaks near 600 μg/m3 in an hourly basis. The interest of this special event is increased because of the mixing with smoke particles from concurrent forest fires in the IP. Features of the columnar volume particle size distribution and derived microphysical parameters, the single scattering albedo, and a reliable estimation of the radiative forcing under these extreme conditions are also reported. Complementary information, as air mass back trajectories, synoptic charts, images, and AOD maps of satellite sensors (SeaWIFS, MODIS) together with NAAPS prognostic model, is used in the analysis in order to draw a detailed scenario of this dust‐smoke event over the IP.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
      Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Luis, Joaquim; Miranda, J. M.;

    In this paper we present a new magnetic compilation for an area of the North Atlantic located between 35 degrees N and 47 degrees N and up to anomaly 33r. We also present a strategy to pick magnetic isochrones and compute finite rotation poles. This technique is based on a continuous reduction to the pole technique and some basic assumptions regarding the direction of the remanent magnetization vector. A cost function that measures the misfit between interpreted and rotated isochrones and the systematic exploitation of the parameter space is used to compute the best set of finite Eulerian rotations for the chrons 5, 6, 6C, 11-12, 13, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, and 33r. This set of chrons and poles is used to discuss the evolution of the North Atlantic close to Iberia and, in particular, the onset and early development of the Azores Triple Junction area. We show that the relative motion between the Eurasian and the African plates can be coherently described in terms of rigid plate kinematics, respecting both the anomalies shapes and the precise location of the main structural elements of the area: the Pico Fracture Zone, the East Azores Fracture Zone, and the Gloria Fault. We distinguish from the magnetic point of view two different areas of the Azores plateau: the South Azores domain where almost undisturbed NNW magnetic lineations can be found and the Azores domain close to the topographic highs and with no systematic magnetic stripping with the exception of a few recent lineations, probably Matuyama and Brunhes. We present an approximate reconstruction of the plate configuration after chron 18 to conclude that the attachment of Iberia to Eurasia was younger than previously thought (lower Miocene), triggering the formation of the Azores domain, in which stretching took place essentially in the last 20 Ma at an average rate of similar to 3.8 mm/a, and progressively attaching the South Azores domain to the African plate by a northward progression of the triple junction. FCT/FEDER [STRIPAREA POCI/CTE-GIN/59653/2004]

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
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    Authors: Haywood, Jim M.; Pelon, Jacques; Formenti, Paola; Bharmal, N.; +26 Authors

    The African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) is a majorinternational campaign investigating far-reaching aspects of the African monsoon,climate and the hydrological cycle. A special observing period was established for thedry season (SOP0) with a focus on aerosol and radiation measurements. SOP0 tookplace during January and February 2006 and involved several ground-basedmeasurement sites across west Africa. These were augmented by aircraftmeasurements made by the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM)aircraft during the Dust and Biomass-burning Experiment (DABEX), measurementsfrom an ultralight aircraft, and dedicated modeling efforts. We provide an overview ofthese measurement and modeling studies together with an analysis of themeteorological conditions that determined the aerosol transport and link the resultstogether to provide a balanced synthesis. The biomass burning aerosol wassignificantly more absorbing than that measured in other areas and, unlike industrialareas, the ratio of excess carbon monoxide to organic carbon was invariant, which maybe owing to interaction between the organic carbon and mineral dust aerosol. Themineral dust aerosol in situ filter measurements close to Niamey reveals very littleabsorption, while other measurements and remote sensing inversions suggestsignificantly more absorption. The influence of both mineral dust and biomass burningaerosol on the radiation budget is significant throughout the period, implying thatmeteorological models should include their radiative effects for accurate weatherforecasts and climate simulations. Generally, the operational meteorological modelsthat simulate the production and transport of mineral dust show skill at lead times of5 days or more. Climate models that need to accurately simulate the vertical profilesof both anthropogenic and natural aerosols to accurately represent the direct andindirect effects of aerosols appear to do a reasonable job, although the magnitude ofthe aerosol scattering is strongly dependent upon the emission data set. International audience

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Rui Caldeira; Patrick Marchesiello; Nikolay P. Nezlin; Paul M. DiGiacomo; +1 Authors

    Wind- and current-induced island wakes were investigated using a multiplatform approach of in situ, remote sensing, and numerical model simulations for the Southern California Bight (SCB). Island wind wakes are a result of sheltering from the wind, with weak wind mixing, strong heat storage, and consequent high sea surface temperature (SST). Wind wakes around Santa Catalina Island are most persistent during spring and summer months. Current wakes, caused by the disruption of the poleward traveling California Countercurrent, induce eddies to form off the north end of Catalina Island, and these move poleward every 9-12 days. Current wake eddies induce strong mixing, with low SST and high-density sea surface signatures, whereas wind wakes induce high sea surface temperature signatures associated with the formation of a well-defined shallow thermocline. Current wake eddies vary from 1 to 30 km in diameter. From numerical solutions we predicted the frequency of occurrence of current-induced wakes off Santa Catalina Island. Wind wakes were also observed off all the other islands of the SCB as seen from the analysis of synthetic aperture radar data. Time series analysis of the island mass effect phenomenon has shown a concurrence of low SST and high sea surface chlorophyll for Santa Catalina, San Nicholas, and San Clemente islands that might be related to the seasonality of the California Current and California Countercurrent. Future oceanographic research in the SCB should not ignore the occurrence of wind- and current-induced island features since they may be important in the transport and/or retention of nutrients, pollutants, and plankton. International audience

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
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    Authors: Meridith M. Fry; Vaishali Naik; J. Jason West; M. Daniel Schwarzkopf; +14 Authors

    Ozone (O 3) precursor emissions influence regional and global climate and air quality through changes in tropospheric O 3 and oxidants, which also influence methane (CH 4) and sulfate aerosols (SO 4 2À). We examine changes in the tropospheric composition of O 3 , CH 4 , SO 4 2À and global net radiative forcing (RF) for 20% reductions in global CH 4 burden and in anthropogenic O 3 precursor emissions (NO x , NMVOC, and CO) from four regions (East Asia, Europe and Northern Africa, North America, and South Asia) using the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution Source-Receptor global chemical transport model (CTM) simulations, assessing uncertainty (mean AE 1 standard deviation) across multiple CTMs. We evaluate steady state O 3 responses, including long-term feedbacks via CH 4. With a radiative transfer model that includes greenhouse gases and the aerosol direct effect, we find that regional NO x reductions produce global, annually averaged positive net RFs (0.2 AE 0.6 to 1.7 AE 2 mWm À2 /Tg N yr À1), with some variation among models. Negative net RFs result from reductions in global CH 4 (À162.6 AE 2 mWm À2 for a change from 1760 to 1408 ppbv CH 4) and regional NMVOC (À0.4 AE 0.2 to À0.7 AE 0.2 mWm À2 /Tg C yr À1) and CO emissions (À0.13 AE 0.02 to À0.15 AE 0.02 mWm À2 /Tg CO yr À1). Including the effect of O 3 on CO 2 uptake by vegetation likely makes these net RFs more negative by À1.9 to À5.2 mWm À2 /Tg N yr À1 , À0.2 to À0.7 mWm À2 /Tg C yr À1 , and À0.02 to À0.05 mWm À2 / Tg CO yr À1. Net RF impacts reflect the distribution of concentration changes, where RF is affected locally by changes in SO 4 2À , regionally to hemispherically by O 3 , and globally by CH 4. Global annual average SO 4 2À responses to oxidant changes range from 0.4 AE 2.6 to À1.9 AE 1.3 Gg for NO x reductions, 0.1 AE 1.2 to À0.9 AE 0.8 Gg for NMVOC reductions, and À0.09 AE 0.5 to À0.9 AE 0.8 Gg for CO reductions, suggesting additional research is needed. The 100-year global warming potentials (GWP 100) are calculated for the global CH 4 reduction (20.9 AE 3.7 without stratospheric O 3 or water vapor, 24.2 AE 4.2 including those components), and for the regional NO x , NMVOC, and CO reductions (À18.7 AE 25.9 to À1.9 AE 8.7 for NO x , 4.8 AE 1.7 to 8.3 AE 1.9 for NMVOC, and 1.5 AE 0.4 to 1.7 AE 0.5 for CO). Variation in GWP 100 for NO x , NMVOC, and CO suggests that regionally specific GWPs may be necessary and could support the inclusion International audience

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
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    Authors: Jorge Miguel Miranda; J. F. Luis; Nuno Lourenço; Fernando A. Monteiro Santos;

    Two surface magnetic surveys, covering the Lucky Strike hydrothermal area, are merged into a single magnetic anomaly description, which, when inverted in the presence of topography, shows a magnetization low at the segment center, close to the central volcano, in the middle of which is located the hydrothermal vent. To test if this magnetization is in any way connected with the hydrothermal vent field, we devised a method to distinguish a “regional” field that can be attributed to the “normal” spreading geometry from the “local” field that can be attributed to the hydrothermal vent area itself. This is achieved by the computation of a three‐dimensional regional magnetic field that takes into consideration bathymetry, location of the “zero‐age” axis, asymmetry in the half spreading rates, magnetization decay with age, polarity reversals, and the transition between consecutive magnetic blocks. This model was fitted to the observed surface magnetic data, and the “magnetic residual” was inverted to allow a better definition of the magnetization anomalies. We show that as far as surface magnetic data are concerned, the magnetization low has only partial correlation with the hydrothermal field and is the signature of a relatively large area in which bulk magnetization is lower than average.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2005 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
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    Authors: Anita Drumond; Raquel Nieto; Luis Gimeno; Tércio Ambrizzi;

    This work examines the main sources of moisture over Central Brazil and La Plata Basin during the year through a new Lagrangian diagnosis method which identifies the humidity contributions to the moisture budget over a region. This methodology computes budgets of evaporation minus precipitation by calculating changes in the specific humidity along back‐trajectories for the previous 10 d. The origin of all air masses residing over each region was tracked during a period of 5 years (2000–2004). These regions were selected because they coincide with two centers of action of a known dipole precipitation variability mode observed in different temporal scales (from intra seasonal up to inter decadal timescales) and are related to the climatic variability of the South American Monsoon System. The results suggested the importance of the tropical south Atlantic as a moisture source for Central Brazil, and of recycling for La Plata basin. It seems that the Tropical South Atlantic plays an important role as a moisture source for Central Brazil and La Plata basin along the year, particularly during the austral summer. The north Atlantic is also an additional source for both regions during the austral summer.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
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    Authors: Juan Luis Guerrero-Rascado; Javier Andrey; Michaël Sicard; Francisco Molero; +10 Authors

    We present a comparison of aerosol properties derived from in situ and remote sensing instruments during DAMOCLES campaign, aimed at investigating the equivalence between the instrumentation and methodologies employed by several Spanish groups to study atmospheric aerosols at a regional background site. The complete set of instruments available during this closure experiment allowed collecting a valuable high-resolution aerosol measurement data set. The data set was augmented with airborne in situ measurements carried out in order to characterize aerosol particles during the midday of 29 June 2006. This work is focused on aerosol measurements using different techniques of high-quality instruments (ground-based remote sensing and aircraft in situ) and their comparisons to characterize the aerosol vertical profiles. Our results indicate that the variability between the detected aerosol layers was negligible in terms of aerosol optical properties and size distributions. Relative differences in aerosol extinction coefficient profiles were less than 20% at 355 and 532 nm and less than 30% at 1064 nm, in the region with high aerosol concentration. Absolute differences in aerosol optical depth (AOD) were below 0.01 at 532 and 1064 nm and less than 0.02 at 355 nm, less than the uncertainties assumed in the AOD obtained from elastic lidar. Columnar values of the lidar ratio revealed some discrepancies with respect to the in situ aircraft measurements, caused fundamentally by the lack of information in the lowest part of the boundary layer. Peer Reviewed

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    Recolector de Ciencia Abierta, RECOLECTA
    Other literature type . Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
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      Recolector de Ciencia Abierta, RECOLECTA
      Other literature type . Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
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    Authors: Pedro Silva; Fernando O. Marques; Bernard Henry; Pedro Madureira; +3 Authors

    International audience; Knowledge on forced magma injection and magma flow in dykes is crucial for the understanding of how magmas migrate through the crust to the Earth's surface. Because many questions still persist, we used the long, thick, and deep-seated Foum Zguid dyke (Morocco) to investigate dyke emplacement and internal flow by means of magnetic methods, structural analysis, petrography, and scanning electron microscopy. We also investigated how the host rocks accommodated the intrusion. Regarding internal flow: 1. Important variations of the rock magnetic properties and magnetic fabric occur with distance from dyke wall; 2. anisotropy of anhysteretic remanent magnetization reveals that anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) results mainly from the superposition of subfabrics with distinct coercivities and that the imbrication between magnetic foliation and dyke plane is more reliable to deduce flow than the orientation of the AMS maximum principal axis; and 3. a dominant upward flow near the margins can be inferred. The magnetic fabric closest to the dyke wall likely records magma flow best due to fast cooling, whereas in the core the magnetic properties have been affected by high-temperature exsolution and metasomatic effects due to slow cooling. Regarding dyke emplacement, this study shows that the thick forceful intrusion induced deformation by homogeneous flattening and/or folding of the host sedimentary strata. Dewatering related to heat, as recorded by thick quartz veins bordering the dyke in some localities, may have also helped accommodating dyke intrusion. The spatial arrangement of quartz veins and their geometrical relationship with the dyke indicate a preintrusive to synintrusive sinistral component of strike slip.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Val Martin, Maria; Honrath, Richard; Owen, R. Chris; Pfister, Gabriele; +2 Authors

    Extensive wildfires burned in northern North America during summer 2004, releasing large amounts of trace gases and aerosols into the atmosphere. Emissions from these wildfires frequently impacted the PICO-NARE station, a mountaintop site situated 6–15 days downwind from the fires in the Azores Islands. To assess the impacts of the boreal wildfire emissions on the levels of aerosol black carbon (BC), nitrogen oxides and O3 downwind from North America, we analyzed measurements of CO, BC, total reactive nitrogen oxides (NO y ), NO x (NO + NO2) and O3 made from June to September 2004 in combination with MOZART chemical transport model simulations. Long-range transport of boreal wildfire emissions resulted in large enhancements of CO, BC, NO y and NO x , with levels up to 250 ppbv, 665 ng mˉ³, 1100 pptv and 135 pptv, respectively. Enhancement ratios relative to CO were variable in the plumes sampled, most likely because of variations in wildfire emissions and removal processes during transport. Analyses of ΔBC/ΔCO, ΔNO y /ΔCO and ΔNO x /ΔCO ratios indicate that NO y and BC were on average efficiently exported in these plumes and suggest that decomposition of PAN to NO x was a significant source of NO x . High levels of NO x suggest continuing formation of O3 in these well-aged plumes. O3 levels were also significantly enhanced in the plumes, reaching up to 75 ppbv. Analysis of ΔO3/ΔCO ratios showed distinct behaviors of O3 in the plumes, which varied from significant to lower O3 production. We identify several potential reasons for the complex effects of boreal wildfire emissions on O3 and conclude that this behavior needs to be explored further in the future. These observations demonstrate that boreal wildfire emissions significantly contributed to the NO x and O3 budgets in the central North Atlantic lower free troposphere during summer 2004 and imply large-scale impacts on direct radiative forcing of the atmosphere and on tropospheric NO x and O3. Copyright © 2006 American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
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    Authors: Victoria E. Cachorro; Carlos Toledano; N. Prats; Mar Sorribas; +6 Authors

    We present the analysis of the strongest North African desert dust (DD) intrusion that occurred over the Iberian Peninsula (IP) during the last decade, as registered by modern remote sensing techniques like Sun photometry. This event took place from 22 July to 3 August 2004. The most relevant features of this exceptional event, originated over the Saharan desert, were its great intensity and duration. We focus on the columnar aerosol properties measured by the AERONET‐Cimel photometers at El Arenosillo (southwest) and Palencia (north‐center) stations. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) reached a maximum of 2.7 at El Arenosillo during 22 July and 1.3 at Palencia on 23 July, with the Ånsgtröm exponent values near zero during the AOD peaks. In addition, PM10 concentration levels are also reported at various sites of the IP in order to establish the impact of this intrusion, reaching daily values as high as 200 μg/m3 and peaks near 600 μg/m3 in an hourly basis. The interest of this special event is increased because of the mixing with smoke particles from concurrent forest fires in the IP. Features of the columnar volume particle size distribution and derived microphysical parameters, the single scattering albedo, and a reliable estimation of the radiative forcing under these extreme conditions are also reported. Complementary information, as air mass back trajectories, synoptic charts, images, and AOD maps of satellite sensors (SeaWIFS, MODIS) together with NAAPS prognostic model, is used in the analysis in order to draw a detailed scenario of this dust‐smoke event over the IP.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
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    Authors: Luis, Joaquim; Miranda, J. M.;

    In this paper we present a new magnetic compilation for an area of the North Atlantic located between 35 degrees N and 47 degrees N and up to anomaly 33r. We also present a strategy to pick magnetic isochrones and compute finite rotation poles. This technique is based on a continuous reduction to the pole technique and some basic assumptions regarding the direction of the remanent magnetization vector. A cost function that measures the misfit between interpreted and rotated isochrones and the systematic exploitation of the parameter space is used to compute the best set of finite Eulerian rotations for the chrons 5, 6, 6C, 11-12, 13, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, and 33r. This set of chrons and poles is used to discuss the evolution of the North Atlantic close to Iberia and, in particular, the onset and early development of the Azores Triple Junction area. We show that the relative motion between the Eurasian and the African plates can be coherently described in terms of rigid plate kinematics, respecting both the anomalies shapes and the precise location of the main structural elements of the area: the Pico Fracture Zone, the East Azores Fracture Zone, and the Gloria Fault. We distinguish from the magnetic point of view two different areas of the Azores plateau: the South Azores domain where almost undisturbed NNW magnetic lineations can be found and the Azores domain close to the topographic highs and with no systematic magnetic stripping with the exception of a few recent lineations, probably Matuyama and Brunhes. We present an approximate reconstruction of the plate configuration after chron 18 to conclude that the attachment of Iberia to Eurasia was younger than previously thought (lower Miocene), triggering the formation of the Azores domain, in which stretching took place essentially in the last 20 Ma at an average rate of similar to 3.8 mm/a, and progressively attaching the South Azores domain to the African plate by a northward progression of the triple junction. FCT/FEDER [STRIPAREA POCI/CTE-GIN/59653/2004]

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    Authors: Haywood, Jim M.; Pelon, Jacques; Formenti, Paola; Bharmal, N.; +26 Authors

    The African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) is a majorinternational campaign investigating far-reaching aspects of the African monsoon,climate and the hydrological cycle. A special observing period was established for thedry season (SOP0) with a focus on aerosol and radiation measurements. SOP0 tookplace during January and February 2006 and involved several ground-basedmeasurement sites across west Africa. These were augmented by aircraftmeasurements made by the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM)aircraft during the Dust and Biomass-burning Experiment (DABEX), measurementsfrom an ultralight aircraft, and dedicated modeling efforts. We provide an overview ofthese measurement and modeling studies together with an analysis of themeteorological conditions that determined the aerosol transport and link the resultstogether to provide a balanced synthesis. The biomass burning aerosol wassignificantly more absorbing than that measured in other areas and, unlike industrialareas, the ratio of excess carbon monoxide to organic carbon was invariant, which maybe owing to interaction between the organic carbon and mineral dust aerosol. Themineral dust aerosol in situ filter measurements close to Niamey reveals very littleabsorption, while other measurements and remote sensing inversions suggestsignificantly more absorption. The influence of both mineral dust and biomass burningaerosol on the radiation budget is significant throughout the period, implying thatmeteorological models should include their radiative effects for accurate weatherforecasts and climate simulations. Generally, the operational meteorological modelsthat simulate the production and transport of mineral dust show skill at lead times of5 days or more. Climate models that need to accurately simulate the vertical profilesof both anthropogenic and natural aerosols to accurately represent the direct andindirect effects of aerosols appear to do a reasonable job, although the magnitude ofthe aerosol scattering is strongly dependent upon the emission data set. International audience

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    Authors: Rui Caldeira; Patrick Marchesiello; Nikolay P. Nezlin; Paul M. DiGiacomo; +1 Authors

    Wind- and current-induced island wakes were investigated using a multiplatform approach of in situ, remote sensing, and numerical model simulations for the Southern California Bight (SCB). Island wind wakes are a result of sheltering from the wind, with weak wind mixing, strong heat storage, and consequent high sea surface temperature (SST). Wind wakes around Santa Catalina Island are most persistent during spring and summer months. Current wakes, caused by the disruption of the poleward traveling California Countercurrent, induce eddies to form off the north end of Catalina Island, and these move poleward every 9-12 days. Current wake eddies induce strong mixing, with low SST and high-density sea surface signatures, whereas wind wakes induce high sea surface temperature signatures associated with the formation of a well-defined shallow thermocline. Current wake eddies vary from 1 to 30 km in diameter. From numerical solutions we predicted the frequency of occurrence of current-induced wakes off Santa Catalina Island. Wind wakes were also observed off all the other islands of the SCB as seen from the analysis of synthetic aperture radar data. Time series analysis of the island mass effect phenomenon has shown a concurrence of low SST and high sea surface chlorophyll for Santa Catalina, San Nicholas, and San Clemente islands that might be related to the seasonality of the California Current and California Countercurrent. Future oceanographic research in the SCB should not ignore the occurrence of wind- and current-induced island features since they may be important in the transport and/or retention of nutrients, pollutants, and plankton. International audience

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    Authors: Meridith M. Fry; Vaishali Naik; J. Jason West; M. Daniel Schwarzkopf; +14 Authors

    Ozone (O 3) precursor emissions influence regional and global climate and air quality through changes in tropospheric O 3 and oxidants, which also influence methane (CH 4) and sulfate aerosols (SO 4 2À). We examine changes in the tropospheric composition of O 3 , CH 4 , SO 4 2À and global net radiative forcing (RF) for 20% reductions in global CH 4 burden and in anthropogenic O 3 precursor emissions (NO x , NMVOC, and CO) from four regions (East Asia, Europe and Northern Africa, North America, and South Asia) using the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution Source-Receptor global chemical transport model (CTM) simulations, assessing uncertainty (mean AE 1 standard deviation) across multiple CTMs. We evaluate steady state O 3 responses, including long-term feedbacks via CH 4. With a radiative transfer model that includes greenhouse gases and the aerosol direct effect, we find that regional NO x reductions produce global, annually averaged positive net RFs (0.2 AE 0.6 to 1.7 AE 2 mWm À2 /Tg N yr À1), with some variation among models. Negative net RFs result from reductions in global CH 4 (À162.6 AE 2 mWm À2 for a change from 1760 to 1408 ppbv CH 4) and regional NMVOC (À0.4 AE 0.2 to À0.7 AE 0.2 mWm À2 /Tg C yr À1) and CO emissions (À0.13 AE 0.02 to À0.15 AE 0.02 mWm À2 /Tg CO yr À1). Including the effect of O 3 on CO 2 uptake by vegetation likely makes these net RFs more negative by À1.9 to À5.2 mWm À2 /Tg N yr À1 , À0.2 to À0.7 mWm À2 /Tg C yr À1 , and À0.02 to À0.05 mWm À2 / Tg CO yr À1. Net RF impacts reflect the distribution of concentration changes, where RF is affected locally by changes in SO 4 2À , regionally to hemispherically by O 3 , and globally by CH 4. Global annual average SO 4 2À responses to oxidant changes range from 0.4 AE 2.6 to À1.9 AE 1.3 Gg for NO x reductions, 0.1 AE 1.2 to À0.9 AE 0.8 Gg for NMVOC reductions, and À0.09 AE 0.5 to À0.9 AE 0.8 Gg for CO reductions, suggesting additional research is needed. The 100-year global warming potentials (GWP 100) are calculated for the global CH 4 reduction (20.9 AE 3.7 without stratospheric O 3 or water vapor, 24.2 AE 4.2 including those components), and for the regional NO x , NMVOC, and CO reductions (À18.7 AE 25.9 to À1.9 AE 8.7 for NO x , 4.8 AE 1.7 to 8.3 AE 1.9 for NMVOC, and 1.5 AE 0.4 to 1.7 AE 0.5 for CO). Variation in GWP 100 for NO x , NMVOC, and CO suggests that regionally specific GWPs may be necessary and could support the inclusion International audience

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
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    Authors: Jorge Miguel Miranda; J. F. Luis; Nuno Lourenço; Fernando A. Monteiro Santos;

    Two surface magnetic surveys, covering the Lucky Strike hydrothermal area, are merged into a single magnetic anomaly description, which, when inverted in the presence of topography, shows a magnetization low at the segment center, close to the central volcano, in the middle of which is located the hydrothermal vent. To test if this magnetization is in any way connected with the hydrothermal vent field, we devised a method to distinguish a “regional” field that can be attributed to the “normal” spreading geometry from the “local” field that can be attributed to the hydrothermal vent area itself. This is achieved by the computation of a three‐dimensional regional magnetic field that takes into consideration bathymetry, location of the “zero‐age” axis, asymmetry in the half spreading rates, magnetization decay with age, polarity reversals, and the transition between consecutive magnetic blocks. This model was fitted to the observed surface magnetic data, and the “magnetic residual” was inverted to allow a better definition of the magnetization anomalies. We show that as far as surface magnetic data are concerned, the magnetization low has only partial correlation with the hydrothermal field and is the signature of a relatively large area in which bulk magnetization is lower than average.

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