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  • Rural Digital Europe
  • 2012-2021
  • PT
  • Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Melanie Häusler; João Osvaldo Rodrigues Nunes; João M. N. Silva; Jan Jacob Keizer; +2 Authors

    Abstract One of the crucial input variables in fire danger rating systems is the water content of the soil, as well as of the living and dead fuels. This study concentrates on the Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI) and the Drought Code (DC), which are both used to estimate the soil moisture deficit (SMD) and are inherent parts of well-established fire danger rating systems. These indices assume a simple water balance equation where effective rainfall is the only input and evapotranspiration is the only loss term, retrieved from empirical equations. We propose a method to increase spatial resolution of estimated SMD from KBDI and DC by replacing the empirical estimation of evapotranspiration with the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) estimated by the remote-sensing based Simplified Two-Source Energy Balance model (STSEB). For the days with no satellite observations, the basal crop coefficient (Kcb) and the adjusted crop coefficient (Kc,adj) approach for water stress conditions were applied to obtain continuous daily estimates for fire danger rating. A new approach was suggested to find a threshold dividing areas into fire-prone and fire-safe, regardless of the status of the drought indices. Both drought indices (KBDI and DC) benefited from the estimated ETa of the existing STSEB model obtaining SMD maps with higher spatial resolution (compared to conventional methods and products using interpolation techniques). Areas with higher proneness to drought and therefore to occurrence to fire were identified in the north-central part of Portugal, where e.g. on 16 July 2015, in the case of KBDI 47% of a specific area was classified as fire-prone and about 67% of the fires occurred within the identified area of this year. This new approach generated information on the water status of the soil at a spatial resolution of 500 m, which can be useful for forest management to identify endangered areas, as the danger of fire increases with increasing drought conditions.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Research@WUR; Agricu...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Research@WUR; Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Research@WUR; Agricu...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Research@WUR; Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Gabriel Pita; Bert Gielen; Donatella Zona; Abel Rodrigues; +3 Authors

    Abstract The inter- and seasonal patterns of water vapor and canopy carbon fluxes were compared for four forest ecosystems in two contrasting climatic zones in Europe. The eddy covariance and ancillary data were taken from the Carboeurope and FLUXNET databases and a linear modeling statistical analysis was made. The four sites were a high-density poplar ( Populus spp.) short rotation coppice plantation (in Lochristi, Belgium) and a mature Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ) forest (in Brasschaat, Belgium) in the Temperate climate versus a fast-growing Eucalypt ( Eucalyptus ) plantation (in Espirra, Portugal) and a Holm oak ( Quercus ilex ) forest (in Puechabon, France) in the Mediterranean climate. • The Eucalypt stand showed an efficient stomatal control in response to changes in vapor pressure deficit (VPD), suggesting an ideal adaptation of this species to the severe Mediterranean climate. • The fast-growing poplar stand did not show a similar stomatal control under conditions of moderate water stress. But during an intensive dry period a decrease in the development of the leaf area index (LAI) was observed. • The Holm oak stand showed a low GPP, which is typical for a low productive species with a long rotation cycle. The GPP showed low diurnal variability, even under high solar radiation. This behavior suggested a strong stomatal control caused by the severe water stress, a mechanism that allowed this stand to cope with diurnal and seasonal water deficits. • The mature Scots pine forest in the Temperate climate showed no variation in the GPP – radiation relationship. In this forest no water stress was observed, probably because the trees always had access to the water table. Irrespective of the climate the evapotranspiration of the Scots pine forest presented a tight coupling with the atmosphere, i.e. a low decoupling factor, Ω , comparable with the Holm oak and the Eucalypt forests. The high Ω values of the young poplar plantation were not typical for forest canopies. These values confirmed the strong influence of solar radiation and available energy on evapotranspiration and on the dynamics of this fast-developing canopy. At all four sites the forests showed their capacity to react to the environmental drivers, characteristic from their respective climatic types. However, drastic climatic changes – such as heat waves or long drought spells – may compromise the productivity of fast-growing plantations such as the Eucalypt and poplar stands. The response of the poplars to these events is mainly achieved through LAI control in contrast to the stomatal control in the Eucalypts.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agricultural and For...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agricultural and For...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Andrea Toreti; Chloé Prodhomme; Chloé Prodhomme; Andrej Ceglar; +1 Authors

    Abstract Wine production is intricately dependant on the evolution of weather conditions in a given year. Therefore, seasonal weather forecasts coupled with empirical wine production models can play a critical role in the short to medium-term management of vineyards and wineries. The implementation of suitable and timely adaptation measures based on predicted wine productions may contribute to risk reduction and improve efficiency. The performance of seasonal forecasts of wine production in the Portuguese Douro & Port wine region (D&P WR) is here assessed for the first time. This application may serve as a case study to be potentially extended to other wine regions. Here, we develop a predictive logistic model of wine production based on monthly mean air temperatures and monthly total precipitation, averaged over the periods of February–March, May–June, and July–September, complemented with an autoregressive component of wine productions. The wine production in the D&P WR during the period 1950–2017 (68 years) is keyed into three classes: low, normal and high production years. The model reveals a correct estimation ratio of approximately 3/4 for the full period, and 2/3 when applied to independent 10%-random subsamples. We then evaluate the performance of the ECMWF 7-month seasonal weather forecasts, issued from February to August, in predicting the meteorological conditions relevant for the wine production in the D&P WR. Overall, the performance is satisfactory for the meteorological predictors. As for the weather forecasts coupled with the wine production model, results reveal that forecasts from May to August are strikingly the best performing, as 1) more observed data is integrated into the empirical model and 2) the skill of seasonal forecasts for summer months is higher. The operational application of these forecasts in the D&P WR is already foreseen. Given the encouraging results, we believe this case study and the established methodology may be tested and adapted to other wine regions worldwide, with obvious benefits for the winemaking sector.

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
    Other literature type . Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agricultural and For...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
      Other literature type . Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: João H.N. Palma; Rita M. Cardoso; Pedro M. M. Soares; T.S. Oliveira; +1 Authors

    Abstract Forest management decisions often rely on forest growth process based models. These models require climate data at a time-scale and a time-frame that is frequently not available in the area of interest. With the purpose of evaluating the use of modelled climate as a replacement for observational data, we compared the performance (efficiency, precision and bias) of a forest growth process based model (3-PG) when the inputs of the observational climate data were replaced by modelled climate data. Based on previous research, we focused on two promising regional climate models: 1) the Regional Atmospheric Climate Model (RACMO) and 2) the Weather Research and Forecast Modelling System and Program (WRF). Results suggest that when using simulated climate data there are minor losses of performance in the forest growth model predictions with a general growth overestimation, with RACMO providing the best results. A deeper analysis suggests that improving the temperature accuracy of the model will reduce the overestimation of the predictions. The use of simulated climate data with RACMO and WRF is therefore recommended when observed climate is scarce or inexistent. The use of these datasets can certainly widen the usage of forest growth process based models, improving the support for decision-making in forest management, especially when considering climate change, one of the cornerstones for which modelled climate is developed.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Agricultural and For...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Agricultural and For...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Leite, Flora Ferreira; Ganho, Nuno; Bento-Gonçalves, António; Botelho, Filipe;

    In Portugal the natural cycle of fire has been reduced, fires have become recurrent, their intensity and expansion have increased, and they have taken on catastrophic proportions. From 2003 to 2012, were accounted, for Portuguese mainland territory, 31 “large forest fires” (LFF) larger than 5000 ha (12 of them with an area exceeding 10,000 ha), and these always occurred in the months from July to September. Although the relationship between atmospheric dynamics, certain synoptic situations and the occurrence of LFF is already known in Portugal, several authors tried to identify the most favorable, in the new fire reality, that can even configure the existence of a new fire regime in Portugal, it is essential to identify synoptic patterns associated with LFF (5000 ha above), which could be an important meteorological tool in the management of wildfires. This work was co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the COMPETE 2020 Operational Programe Competitiveness and Internationalization (POCI) and national funds by FCT under the POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006891 project (FCT Ref: UID/ GEO 04084/2013). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ LAReferencia - Red F...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Joana Vieira; Cristina Nabais; Sergio Rossi; Ana Amélia Amorim Carvalho; +2 Authors

    Abstract Drought frequency and intensity are expected to increase in the Mediterranean basin with unforeseen impacts on forest ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the effect of a rain exclusion experiment on the growth dynamics of adult maritime pine trees. The rain exclusion experiment took place from March to October 2014. Cambial activity and xylem development was weekly monitored in five treated and five control trees during the 2014 growing season. Although growth started simultaneously in all trees, the number of differentiating xylem cells and the rates of cell production were reduced in the rain exclusion trees. Rain exclusion reduced the number and the lumen diameter of latewood tracheids. Cell wall thickness was not affected by the treatment. After the summer, both groups of trees resumed cambial activity, with rain exclusion trees resuming growth two weeks later. The second period of cambial activity observed in autumn, produced earlywood-like tracheids after latewood formation, the so called intra-annual density fluctuations (IADF). The position of the IADF within latewood differed between groups, being located within and at the end of latewood in control and rain exclusion trees, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the position of IADFs is determined by the timings of cambial reactivation in autumn.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Isabel Pôças; Renan Tosin; Igor Gonçalves; Mário Cunha;

    Abstract The predawn leaf water potential (ѱpd) is an eco-physiological indicator widely used for assessing vines water status and thus supporting irrigation management in several wine regions worldwide. However, the ѱpd is measured in a short time period before sunrise and the collection of a large sample of points is necessary to adequately represent a vineyard, which constitute operational constraints. In the present study, an alternative method based on hyperspectral data derived from a handheld spectroradiometer and machine learning algorithms was tested and validated for assessing grapevine water status. Two test sites in Douro wine region, integrating three grapevine cultivars, were studied for the years of 2014, 2015, and 2017. Four machine learning regression algorithms were tested for predicting the ѱpd as a continuous variable, namely Random Forest (RF), Bagging Trees (BT), Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), and Variational Heteroscedastic Gaussian Process Regression (VH-GPR). Three predicting variables, including two vegetation indices (NRI554,561 and WI900,970) and a time-dynamic variable based on the ѱpd (ѱpd_0), were applied for modelling the response variable (ѱpd). Additionally, the predicted values of ѱpd were aggregated into three classes representing different levels of water deficit (low, moderate, and high) and compared with the corresponding classes of ѱpd observed values. A root mean square error (RMSE) and a mean absolute error (MAE) lower or equal than 0.15 MPa and 0.12 MPa, respectively, were obtained with an external validation data set (n = 71 observations) for the various algorithms. When the modelling results were assessed through classes of values, a high overall accuracy was obtained for all the algorithms (82–83%), with prediction accuracy by class ranging between 79% and 100%. These results show a good performance of the predictive models, which considered a large variability of climatic, environmental, and agronomic conditions, and included various grape cultivars. By predicting both continuous values of ѱpd and classes of ѱpd, the approach presented in this study allowed obtaining 2-levels of accurate information about vines water status, which can be used to feed management decisions of different types of stakeholders.

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    Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    Authors: Jongen, Marjan; Lecomte, Xavier; Unger, Stephan; Pintó-Marijuan, Marta; +1 Authors

    Abstract Climate change scenarios for the Iberian Peninsula predict increasing temperatures and increasingly variable precipitation regimes, which will challenge the sustainability and biodiversity of Mediterranean ecosystems such as the semi-natural evergreen oak woodlands. To assess the effects of precipitation variability on productivity, species composition and vegetation gas exchange of the understorey vegetation in a typical managed cork oak woodland, a large-scale rainfall manipulation experiment was established. We studied the impacts of a change in the timing of precipitation events on this ecosystem, without altering total annual precipitation inputs. The two water manipulation treatments were: ‘weekly watering treatment’, where natural conditions were simulated with a normal dry period of 7 days, and ‘3-weekly watering treatment’, with the normal dry period increased three-fold to 21 days. Our experimental precipitation patterns resulted in significant differences in temporal soil moisture dynamics between the two treatments. Average soil water content (SWC) at 3 cm depth during the growing season was 16.1 ± 0.17% and 15.8 ± 0.18% in the weekly and 3-weekly watering treatments, respectively, with a mere 5% increase in the variability of SWC when extending the dry period from one to three weeks. Water infiltration into deeper soil layers (>50 cm) was significantly higher in the 3-weekly watering treatment as compared to the weekly watering treatment. This might be beneficial to Quercus suber, the tree component in this ecosystem, as its extensive tree root system enables water acquisition from deeper soil layers. However, manipulation of the within-season precipitation variability, with a shift to fewer, but larger rain events, without change in total precipitation amount, had no significant effect on aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), belowground net primary productivity (BNPP) and species composition, with average values of peak biomass of 385 g m−2 and 222 g m−2 for ANPP and BNPP, respectively. The experimental precipitation patterns did not result in significant differences in the vegetation gas exchange between the two watering treatments. The CO2 and H2O exchange parameters correlated well with air temperature. In addition, evapotranspiration showed a good correlation with SWC. Incorporating the data of SWC in the conceptual ‘bucket model’ showed that, independently of the watering regime, soil water availability during the life-cycle of these annual plants did not reach severe water stress conditions, which can explain the lack of a significant treatment effect in our study. In addition, our results showed that the annual plant community in these Mediterranean ecosystems is well adapted to short-term drought, through their phenological patterns and physiological adaptations.

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    Publications at Bielefeld University
    Article . 2013
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    Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    Authors: Costa E Silva, Filipe; Correia, Alexandra C; Piayda, Arndt; Dubbert, Maren; +5 Authors

    In seasonally dry climates, such as the Mediterranean, lack of rainfall in the usually wet winter may originate severe droughts which are a main cause of inter-annual variation in carbon sequestration. Leaf phenology variability may alter the seasonal pattern of photosynthetic uptake, which in turn is determined by leaf gas exchange limitations. The current study is based on the monitoring of an extremely dry winter in an evergreen cork oak woodland under the Mediterranean climate of central Portugal. Results are focused on net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE), phenology and tree growth measurements during two contrasting years: 2011, a wet year with a typical summer drought pattern and 2012, with an extremely unusual dry winter (only 10mmof total rainfall) that exacerbated the following summer drought effects. Main aims of this study were to assess the effects of an extreme dry winter in (1) annual and seasonal net ecosystem CO2 exchange, and in (2) cork oak phenology. The dry year 2012 was marked by a 45% lower carbon sequestration (−214 vs. −388gCm−2 year−1) and a 63% lower annual tree diameter growth but only a 9% lower leaf area index compared to the wet year 2011. A significant reduction of 15% in yearly carbon sequestration was associated with leaf phenological events of canopy renewal in the early spring. In contrast to male flower production, fruit setting was severely depressed by water stress with a 54% decrease during the dry year. Our results suggest that leaf growth and leaf area maintenance are resilient ecophysiological processes under winter drought and are a priority carbon sink for photoassimilates in contrast to tree diameter growth. Thus, carbon sequestration reductions under low water availabilities in cork oak woodland should be ascribed to stomatal regulation or photosynthetic limitations and to a lesser extent to leaf area reductions info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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    Authors: Besson, Cathy Kurz; Lobo-do-Vale, Raquel; Rodtigues, Maria Lucília; Almeida, Pedro; +10 Authors

    tThis study details the physiological responses of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) to manipulated water inputs.Treatments named as dry, ambient and wet, which received 80, 100 and 120% of the annual precipitation,respectively, were applied to a Mediterranean woodland in southern Portugal. Tree ecophysiology andgrowth were monitored from 2003 to 2005.The impacts of the water manipulation were primarily observed in tree transpiration, especially dur-ing summer drought. Rainfall exclusion reduced the annual stand canopy transpiration by 10% over the2-year study period, while irrigation increased it by 11%. The accumulated tree transpiration matchedprecipitation in spring 2004 and 2005 at the stand level, suggesting that cork oak trees rely on precip-itation water sources during the peak of the growing season. However, during the summer droughts,groundwater was the main water source for trees.Despite the significant differences in soil water content and tree transpiration, no treatment effectscould be detected in leaf water potential and leaf gas exchange, except for a single event after spring irri-gations in the very dry year 2005. These irrigations were intentionally delayed to reduce dry spell durationduring the peak of tree growing season. They resulted in an acute positive physiological response of treesfrom the wet treatment one week after the last irrigation event leading to a 32% raise of stem diame-ter increment the following months. Our results suggest that in a semi-arid environment precipitationchanges in spring (amount and timing) have a stronger impact on cork oak physiology and growth thanan overall change in the total annual precipitation.The extreme drought of 2005 had a negative impact on tree growth. The annual increment of treetrunk diameter in the ambient and dry treatments was reduced, while it increased for trees from the wettreatment. Water shortage also significantly reduced leaf area. The latter dropped by 10.4% in responseto the extreme drought of 2005 in trees from the ambient treatment. The reduction was less pronouncedin trees of the wet treatment (−7.6%), and more pronounced in trees of the dry treatment (−14.7%).Cork oak showed high resiliency to inter-annual precipitation variability. The annual accumulated treetranspiration, the minimum midday leaf water potential and the absolute amount of groundwater used info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Melanie Häusler; João Osvaldo Rodrigues Nunes; João M. N. Silva; Jan Jacob Keizer; +2 Authors

    Abstract One of the crucial input variables in fire danger rating systems is the water content of the soil, as well as of the living and dead fuels. This study concentrates on the Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI) and the Drought Code (DC), which are both used to estimate the soil moisture deficit (SMD) and are inherent parts of well-established fire danger rating systems. These indices assume a simple water balance equation where effective rainfall is the only input and evapotranspiration is the only loss term, retrieved from empirical equations. We propose a method to increase spatial resolution of estimated SMD from KBDI and DC by replacing the empirical estimation of evapotranspiration with the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) estimated by the remote-sensing based Simplified Two-Source Energy Balance model (STSEB). For the days with no satellite observations, the basal crop coefficient (Kcb) and the adjusted crop coefficient (Kc,adj) approach for water stress conditions were applied to obtain continuous daily estimates for fire danger rating. A new approach was suggested to find a threshold dividing areas into fire-prone and fire-safe, regardless of the status of the drought indices. Both drought indices (KBDI and DC) benefited from the estimated ETa of the existing STSEB model obtaining SMD maps with higher spatial resolution (compared to conventional methods and products using interpolation techniques). Areas with higher proneness to drought and therefore to occurrence to fire were identified in the north-central part of Portugal, where e.g. on 16 July 2015, in the case of KBDI 47% of a specific area was classified as fire-prone and about 67% of the fires occurred within the identified area of this year. This new approach generated information on the water status of the soil at a spatial resolution of 500 m, which can be useful for forest management to identify endangered areas, as the danger of fire increases with increasing drought conditions.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Research@WUR; Agricu...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Research@WUR; Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Research@WUR; Agricu...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Research@WUR; Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Gabriel Pita; Bert Gielen; Donatella Zona; Abel Rodrigues; +3 Authors

    Abstract The inter- and seasonal patterns of water vapor and canopy carbon fluxes were compared for four forest ecosystems in two contrasting climatic zones in Europe. The eddy covariance and ancillary data were taken from the Carboeurope and FLUXNET databases and a linear modeling statistical analysis was made. The four sites were a high-density poplar ( Populus spp.) short rotation coppice plantation (in Lochristi, Belgium) and a mature Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ) forest (in Brasschaat, Belgium) in the Temperate climate versus a fast-growing Eucalypt ( Eucalyptus ) plantation (in Espirra, Portugal) and a Holm oak ( Quercus ilex ) forest (in Puechabon, France) in the Mediterranean climate. • The Eucalypt stand showed an efficient stomatal control in response to changes in vapor pressure deficit (VPD), suggesting an ideal adaptation of this species to the severe Mediterranean climate. • The fast-growing poplar stand did not show a similar stomatal control under conditions of moderate water stress. But during an intensive dry period a decrease in the development of the leaf area index (LAI) was observed. • The Holm oak stand showed a low GPP, which is typical for a low productive species with a long rotation cycle. The GPP showed low diurnal variability, even under high solar radiation. This behavior suggested a strong stomatal control caused by the severe water stress, a mechanism that allowed this stand to cope with diurnal and seasonal water deficits. • The mature Scots pine forest in the Temperate climate showed no variation in the GPP – radiation relationship. In this forest no water stress was observed, probably because the trees always had access to the water table. Irrespective of the climate the evapotranspiration of the Scots pine forest presented a tight coupling with the atmosphere, i.e. a low decoupling factor, Ω , comparable with the Holm oak and the Eucalypt forests. The high Ω values of the young poplar plantation were not typical for forest canopies. These values confirmed the strong influence of solar radiation and available energy on evapotranspiration and on the dynamics of this fast-developing canopy. At all four sites the forests showed their capacity to react to the environmental drivers, characteristic from their respective climatic types. However, drastic climatic changes – such as heat waves or long drought spells – may compromise the productivity of fast-growing plantations such as the Eucalypt and poplar stands. The response of the poplars to these events is mainly achieved through LAI control in contrast to the stomatal control in the Eucalypts.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Andrea Toreti; Chloé Prodhomme; Chloé Prodhomme; Andrej Ceglar; +1 Authors

    Abstract Wine production is intricately dependant on the evolution of weather conditions in a given year. Therefore, seasonal weather forecasts coupled with empirical wine production models can play a critical role in the short to medium-term management of vineyards and wineries. The implementation of suitable and timely adaptation measures based on predicted wine productions may contribute to risk reduction and improve efficiency. The performance of seasonal forecasts of wine production in the Portuguese Douro & Port wine region (D&P WR) is here assessed for the first time. This application may serve as a case study to be potentially extended to other wine regions. Here, we develop a predictive logistic model of wine production based on monthly mean air temperatures and monthly total precipitation, averaged over the periods of February–March, May–June, and July–September, complemented with an autoregressive component of wine productions. The wine production in the D&P WR during the period 1950–2017 (68 years) is keyed into three classes: low, normal and high production years. The model reveals a correct estimation ratio of approximately 3/4 for the full period, and 2/3 when applied to independent 10%-random subsamples. We then evaluate the performance of the ECMWF 7-month seasonal weather forecasts, issued from February to August, in predicting the meteorological conditions relevant for the wine production in the D&P WR. Overall, the performance is satisfactory for the meteorological predictors. As for the weather forecasts coupled with the wine production model, results reveal that forecasts from May to August are strikingly the best performing, as 1) more observed data is integrated into the empirical model and 2) the skill of seasonal forecasts for summer months is higher. The operational application of these forecasts in the D&P WR is already foreseen. Given the encouraging results, we believe this case study and the established methodology may be tested and adapted to other wine regions worldwide, with obvious benefits for the winemaking sector.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
    Other literature type . Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
      Other literature type . Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: João H.N. Palma; Rita M. Cardoso; Pedro M. M. Soares; T.S. Oliveira; +1 Authors

    Abstract Forest management decisions often rely on forest growth process based models. These models require climate data at a time-scale and a time-frame that is frequently not available in the area of interest. With the purpose of evaluating the use of modelled climate as a replacement for observational data, we compared the performance (efficiency, precision and bias) of a forest growth process based model (3-PG) when the inputs of the observational climate data were replaced by modelled climate data. Based on previous research, we focused on two promising regional climate models: 1) the Regional Atmospheric Climate Model (RACMO) and 2) the Weather Research and Forecast Modelling System and Program (WRF). Results suggest that when using simulated climate data there are minor losses of performance in the forest growth model predictions with a general growth overestimation, with RACMO providing the best results. A deeper analysis suggests that improving the temperature accuracy of the model will reduce the overestimation of the predictions. The use of simulated climate data with RACMO and WRF is therefore recommended when observed climate is scarce or inexistent. The use of these datasets can certainly widen the usage of forest growth process based models, improving the support for decision-making in forest management, especially when considering climate change, one of the cornerstones for which modelled climate is developed.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Agricultural and For...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    Authors: Leite, Flora Ferreira; Ganho, Nuno; Bento-Gonçalves, António; Botelho, Filipe;

    In Portugal the natural cycle of fire has been reduced, fires have become recurrent, their intensity and expansion have increased, and they have taken on catastrophic proportions. From 2003 to 2012, were accounted, for Portuguese mainland territory, 31 “large forest fires” (LFF) larger than 5000 ha (12 of them with an area exceeding 10,000 ha), and these always occurred in the months from July to September. Although the relationship between atmospheric dynamics, certain synoptic situations and the occurrence of LFF is already known in Portugal, several authors tried to identify the most favorable, in the new fire reality, that can even configure the existence of a new fire regime in Portugal, it is essential to identify synoptic patterns associated with LFF (5000 ha above), which could be an important meteorological tool in the management of wildfires. This work was co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the COMPETE 2020 Operational Programe Competitiveness and Internationalization (POCI) and national funds by FCT under the POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006891 project (FCT Ref: UID/ GEO 04084/2013). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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    Authors: Joana Vieira; Cristina Nabais; Sergio Rossi; Ana Amélia Amorim Carvalho; +2 Authors

    Abstract Drought frequency and intensity are expected to increase in the Mediterranean basin with unforeseen impacts on forest ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the effect of a rain exclusion experiment on the growth dynamics of adult maritime pine trees. The rain exclusion experiment took place from March to October 2014. Cambial activity and xylem development was weekly monitored in five treated and five control trees during the 2014 growing season. Although growth started simultaneously in all trees, the number of differentiating xylem cells and the rates of cell production were reduced in the rain exclusion trees. Rain exclusion reduced the number and the lumen diameter of latewood tracheids. Cell wall thickness was not affected by the treatment. After the summer, both groups of trees resumed cambial activity, with rain exclusion trees resuming growth two weeks later. The second period of cambial activity observed in autumn, produced earlywood-like tracheids after latewood formation, the so called intra-annual density fluctuations (IADF). The position of the IADF within latewood differed between groups, being located within and at the end of latewood in control and rain exclusion trees, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the position of IADFs is determined by the timings of cambial reactivation in autumn.

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    Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Isabel Pôças; Renan Tosin; Igor Gonçalves; Mário Cunha;

    Abstract The predawn leaf water potential (ѱpd) is an eco-physiological indicator widely used for assessing vines water status and thus supporting irrigation management in several wine regions worldwide. However, the ѱpd is measured in a short time period before sunrise and the collection of a large sample of points is necessary to adequately represent a vineyard, which constitute operational constraints. In the present study, an alternative method based on hyperspectral data derived from a handheld spectroradiometer and machine learning algorithms was tested and validated for assessing grapevine water status. Two test sites in Douro wine region, integrating three grapevine cultivars, were studied for the years of 2014, 2015, and 2017. Four machine learning regression algorithms were tested for predicting the ѱpd as a continuous variable, namely Random Forest (RF), Bagging Trees (BT), Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), and Variational Heteroscedastic Gaussian Process Regression (VH-GPR). Three predicting variables, including two vegetation indices (NRI554,561 and WI900,970) and a time-dynamic variable based on the ѱpd (ѱpd_0), were applied for modelling the response variable (ѱpd). Additionally, the predicted values of ѱpd were aggregated into three classes representing different levels of water deficit (low, moderate, and high) and compared with the corresponding classes of ѱpd observed values. A root mean square error (RMSE) and a mean absolute error (MAE) lower or equal than 0.15 MPa and 0.12 MPa, respectively, were obtained with an external validation data set (n = 71 observations) for the various algorithms. When the modelling results were assessed through classes of values, a high overall accuracy was obtained for all the algorithms (82–83%), with prediction accuracy by class ranging between 79% and 100%. These results show a good performance of the predictive models, which considered a large variability of climatic, environmental, and agronomic conditions, and included various grape cultivars. By predicting both continuous values of ѱpd and classes of ѱpd, the approach presented in this study allowed obtaining 2-levels of accurate information about vines water status, which can be used to feed management decisions of different types of stakeholders.

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    Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    Authors: Jongen, Marjan; Lecomte, Xavier; Unger, Stephan; Pintó-Marijuan, Marta; +1 Authors

    Abstract Climate change scenarios for the Iberian Peninsula predict increasing temperatures and increasingly variable precipitation regimes, which will challenge the sustainability and biodiversity of Mediterranean ecosystems such as the semi-natural evergreen oak woodlands. To assess the effects of precipitation variability on productivity, species composition and vegetation gas exchange of the understorey vegetation in a typical managed cork oak woodland, a large-scale rainfall manipulation experiment was established. We studied the impacts of a change in the timing of precipitation events on this ecosystem, without altering total annual precipitation inputs. The two water manipulation treatments were: ‘weekly watering treatment’, where natural conditions were simulated with a normal dry period of 7 days, and ‘3-weekly watering treatment’, with the normal dry period increased three-fold to 21 days. Our experimental precipitation patterns resulted in significant differences in temporal soil moisture dynamics between the two treatments. Average soil water content (SWC) at 3 cm depth during the growing season was 16.1 ± 0.17% and 15.8 ± 0.18% in the weekly and 3-weekly watering treatments, respectively, with a mere 5% increase in the variability of SWC when extending the dry period from one to three weeks. Water infiltration into deeper soil layers (>50 cm) was significantly higher in the 3-weekly watering treatment as compared to the weekly watering treatment. This might be beneficial to Quercus suber, the tree component in this ecosystem, as its extensive tree root system enables water acquisition from deeper soil layers. However, manipulation of the within-season precipitation variability, with a shift to fewer, but larger rain events, without change in total precipitation amount, had no significant effect on aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), belowground net primary productivity (BNPP) and species composition, with average values of peak biomass of 385 g m−2 and 222 g m−2 for ANPP and BNPP, respectively. The experimental precipitation patterns did not result in significant differences in the vegetation gas exchange between the two watering treatments. The CO2 and H2O exchange parameters correlated well with air temperature. In addition, evapotranspiration showed a good correlation with SWC. Incorporating the data of SWC in the conceptual ‘bucket model’ showed that, independently of the watering regime, soil water availability during the life-cycle of these annual plants did not reach severe water stress conditions, which can explain the lack of a significant treatment effect in our study. In addition, our results showed that the annual plant community in these Mediterranean ecosystems is well adapted to short-term drought, through their phenological patterns and physiological adaptations.

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    Publications at Bielefeld University
    Article . 2013
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    Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    Authors: Costa E Silva, Filipe; Correia, Alexandra C; Piayda, Arndt; Dubbert, Maren; +5 Authors

    In seasonally dry climates, such as the Mediterranean, lack of rainfall in the usually wet winter may originate severe droughts which are a main cause of inter-annual variation in carbon sequestration. Leaf phenology variability may alter the seasonal pattern of photosynthetic uptake, which in turn is determined by leaf gas exchange limitations. The current study is based on the monitoring of an extremely dry winter in an evergreen cork oak woodland under the Mediterranean climate of central Portugal. Results are focused on net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE), phenology and tree growth measurements during two contrasting years: 2011, a wet year with a typical summer drought pattern and 2012, with an extremely unusual dry winter (only 10mmof total rainfall) that exacerbated the following summer drought effects. Main aims of this study were to assess the effects of an extreme dry winter in (1) annual and seasonal net ecosystem CO2 exchange, and in (2) cork oak phenology. The dry year 2012 was marked by a 45% lower carbon sequestration (−214 vs. −388gCm−2 year−1) and a 63% lower annual tree diameter growth but only a 9% lower leaf area index compared to the wet year 2011. A significant reduction of 15% in yearly carbon sequestration was associated with leaf phenological events of canopy renewal in the early spring. In contrast to male flower production, fruit setting was severely depressed by water stress with a 54% decrease during the dry year. Our results suggest that leaf growth and leaf area maintenance are resilient ecophysiological processes under winter drought and are a priority carbon sink for photoassimilates in contrast to tree diameter growth. Thus, carbon sequestration reductions under low water availabilities in cork oak woodland should be ascribed to stomatal regulation or photosynthetic limitations and to a lesser extent to leaf area reductions info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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    Authors: Besson, Cathy Kurz; Lobo-do-Vale, Raquel; Rodtigues, Maria Lucília; Almeida, Pedro; +10 Authors

    tThis study details the physiological responses of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) to manipulated water inputs.Treatments named as dry, ambient and wet, which received 80, 100 and 120% of the annual precipitation,respectively, were applied to a Mediterranean woodland in southern Portugal. Tree ecophysiology andgrowth were monitored from 2003 to 2005.The impacts of the water manipulation were primarily observed in tree transpiration, especially dur-ing summer drought. Rainfall exclusion reduced the annual stand canopy transpiration by 10% over the2-year study period, while irrigation increased it by 11%. The accumulated tree transpiration matchedprecipitation in spring 2004 and 2005 at the stand level, suggesting that cork oak trees rely on precip-itation water sources during the peak of the growing season. However, during the summer droughts,groundwater was the main water source for trees.Despite the significant differences in soil water content and tree transpiration, no treatment effectscould be detected in leaf water potential and leaf gas exchange, except for a single event after spring irri-gations in the very dry year 2005. These irrigations were intentionally delayed to reduce dry spell durationduring the peak of tree growing season. They resulted in an acute positive physiological response of treesfrom the wet treatment one week after the last irrigation event leading to a 32% raise of stem diame-ter increment the following months. Our results suggest that in a semi-arid environment precipitationchanges in spring (amount and timing) have a stronger impact on cork oak physiology and growth thanan overall change in the total annual precipitation.The extreme drought of 2005 had a negative impact on tree growth. The annual increment of treetrunk diameter in the ambient and dry treatments was reduced, while it increased for trees from the wettreatment. Water shortage also significantly reduced leaf area. The latter dropped by 10.4% in responseto the extreme drought of 2005 in trees from the ambient treatment. The reduction was less pronouncedin trees of the wet treatment (−7.6%), and more pronounced in trees of the dry treatment (−14.7%).Cork oak showed high resiliency to inter-annual precipitation variability. The annual accumulated treetranspiration, the minimum midday leaf water potential and the absolute amount of groundwater used info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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