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description Publication2022 France FrenchHAL CCSD Authors: Otmani, Sabrina;Otmani, Sabrina;La paralysie cérébrale (PC) spastique est une pathologie qui touche près d’un enfant sur 500 à la naissance. Cette pathologie crée de nombreux problèmes moteurs notamment lors de la marche comme des mouvements involontaires due à une hypertonie musculaire appelée aussi spasticité. Chaque paralysie cérébrale a sa propre sévérité mesurée par différentes échelles. Actuellement, très peu d’aides motrices sont disponibles pour les enfants, le marché des assistances robotisées se focalisant principalement sur les adultes (anthropométrie constante et pathologie peu évolutive).L’objectif du projet EXOKID, dont cette thèse est issue, est donc de permettre à davantage d’enfants atteints de paralysie cérébrale d’avoir accès à un système robotisé à anthropométrie adaptée. Ce système doit pouvoir évoluer en fonction de leur croissance et de l’évolution de leur pathologie afin d’améliorer leur marche tant dans un contexte de rééducation au sein de structures adaptées que dans leur mobilité quotidienne.L’enfant, atteint de cette paralysie cérébrale, doit être pris en charge le plus tôt possible. Le but est de permettre à ce que l’enfant apprenne à marcher : en effet, la plasticité cérébrale des enfants est plus importante que celle des adultes et permet potentiellement à l’enfant d’apprendre rapidement, malgré d’éventuelles lésions cérébrales.Deux sœurs jumelles, dont l’une est atteinte de PC spastique, ont été étudiées. Cette gémellité nous a permis d’avoir des anthropométries proches et d’utiliser les données de la jumelle saine comme référence pour améliorer la marche spastique de sa sœur.Cette thèse s’articule ainsi autour de deux grands champs : la biomécanique et la robotique. Une étude de l’impact de paralysie cérébrale spastique sur la marche humaine a été réalisée. Cette étude a été suivie par une modélisation de la marche spastique et de l’interaction entre un enfant atteint de PC spastique et un exosquelette dans le but d’améliorer la cinématique de l’enfant.Cette thèse a abouti à la modélisation personnalisée d’une marche spastique ainsi que d’un premier contrôle de cette marche, par le biais d’une interaction exosquelette-humain, afin de la faire converger vers une marche plus saine. Spastic cerebral palsy is a pathology that affects nearly one child in 500 at birth.This pathology creates numerous motor problems, particularly when walking, suchas involuntary movements due to muscular hypertonia, also called spasticity. Eachcerebral palsy has its own severity measured by different scales. Currently, very fewmotor aids are available for children, as the market for robotic aids focuses mainlyon adults (constant anthropometry and pathology that does not evolve much). Theobjective of the EXOKID project, from which this thesis stems, is therefore to allowmore children with cerebral palsy to have access to a robotic system with adaptedanthropometry. This system must be able to evolve according to their growth andthe evolution of their pathology in order to improve their walking both in the contextof rehabilitation within adapted structures and in their daily mobility. The child,suffering from this cerebral palsy, must be taken in charge as soon as possible. Theaim is to enable the child to learn to walk : indeed, the cerebral plasticity of childrenis more important than that of adults and potentially allows the child to learnquickly, despite possible cerebral lesions.Two twin sisters, one of whom has spastic PC, were studied. This twinhood allowedus to have close anthropometries and to use the data of the healthy twin as areference to improve the spastic gait of her sister. This thesis is thus articulatedaround two main fields : biomechanics and robotics. A study of the impact of spasticcerebral palsy on human walking was carried out. This study was followed by amodelling of a spastic walking and the interaction between a child suffering fromspastic cerebral palsy and an exoskeleton with the aim of improving the child’skinematics. This thesis resulted in the personalised modelling of a spastic gait anda first control of this gait, through an exoskeleton-human interaction, in order tomake it converge towards a healthier gait.
Hyper Article en Lig... arrow_drop_down Hyper Article en Ligne; HAL-INSA ToulouseOther literature type . Doctoral thesis . 2022All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=od_______166::de119bb0cb05866ad2b07a40364b591d&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2018 Germany EnglishUniversität Hohenheim Authors: Kumar, Sandhya Sasi;Kumar, Sandhya Sasi;Since its founding as a social welfare state, India has been meandering through “a life of contradictions” when it comes to social and economic equality. A potent indicator of this reality is the state of food and nutrition security across the country. India’s meager progress comes on the heels of rapid economic growth over the last two decades and a slew of public programs have attempted to address the multi-faceted nature of food and nutrition security. These efforts have included subsidized grains for households through the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS), village health, nutrition and education programming through the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), and Nutrition Rehabilitation Centers (NRCs) to treat cases of severe acute malnutrition (SAM). Though these programs have been scaled across the country, numerous governance challenges and institutional failures have persisted. The latest development in India’s food and nutrition policy landscape is the National Food Security Act (hereafter referred to as the Act) of 2013, which leverages existing national programs, including the TPDS and ICDS, to grant legal entitlements to nearly 70% of the total population. This Act was the fruit of a rights-based movement in India that demanded for over a decade to codify social and economic rights. However, the question arises as to whether this new Act been able to achieve its goal to ensure food and nutrition security by strengthening the governance of these programs? This is the central question of the present thesis. This thesis investigates how the Act has reformed the implementation of food and nutrition programs in the states of Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and the capital of New Delhi. The four key objectives of this study are to investigate 1) what changes are prescribed by the Act; 2) how effective these reforms have been in addressing persistent governance challenges; 3) what challenges remain and why; and 4) what strategies could be used to address these gaps. A qualitative case study approach was applied, which involved the following data collection methods: key informant and in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, participant observation, matrix ranking and process net-mapping, an innovative participatory tool that maps complex institutional processes and actors. This thesis is comprised of nine chapters. The first chapter introduces the puzzle of India’s nutritional status and explores why government efforts to tackle this problem have had tepid results. The second chapter presents the conceptual framework that defines governance challenges and an institutional framework of demand and supply side factors that contribute to effective policy and programming. Chapters three and four present an overview of the TPDS, ICDS and NRCs, and review the existing literature on the governance issues of these programs. Chapter 5 lays out the study design, methods and ethical protocols. Chapters six through eight explore each of the three programs and present key findings across the selected study sites. The last chapter presents cross-cutting conclusions for these programs in the wake of the Act and proposes a way forward to address institutional gaps in tackling food and nutrition security. Seit der Gründung des Wohlfahrtsstaates erlebt Indien eine Reihe von Widersprüchen, was die soziale und wirtschaftliche Gerechtigkeit des Landes angeht. Ein aussagekräftiger Indikator dieser Realität ist der Stand der Ernährungsicherheit im Land. Indiens dürftiger Fortschritt in der Ernährungssicherung folgt einer zwei Jahrzehnte andauernden Periode rasantem Wirtschaftswachstum, sowie einer Reihe von öffentlichen Programmen, die versuchen, die vielschichtigen Aspekte von Ernährung zu adressieren. Zu diesen Bemühungen gehören subventioniertes Getreide für Haushalte durch das gezielte öffentliche Vergabesystem TPDS, dörfliche Gesundheits-, Ernährungs- und Bildungsprogramme durch die Integrierten Dienstleistungen zur Entwicklung von Kindern ICDS und Rehabilitierungszentren für Fälle von schwerer akuter Mangelernährung (NRCs). Obwohl diese Programme auf ganz Indien ausgeweitet wurden, bestehen weiterhin institutionelle Mängel sowie zahlreiche Governance-Herausforderungen. Die jüngste Entwicklung in der Indischen Ernährungspolitik ist das Gesetz zur nationalen Ernährungssicherheit NFSA aus dem Jahr 2013. Das NFSA nutzt zwei bestehende nationale Programme, TPDS und ICDS, um fast 70% der Bevölkerung Rechtsansprüche zu gewähren. Dieses Gesetz war das Ergebnis einer größeren rechtebasierten Bewegung in Indien, die seit über einem Jahrzehnt das Ziel hat, soziale und wirtschaftliche Rechte zu kodifizieren. Es stellt sich die Frage, ob dieses neue Gesetz es ermöglicht hat, durch eine Stärkung der Governance der bestehenden Programme einen Lebenszyklusansatz in der Ernährungssicherung zu etablieren. Diese Doktorarbeit verwendet einen Ansatz vergleichender Fallstudien, um zu untersuchen, wie das NFSA die Umsetzung der Ernährungsprogramme in den Staaten Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh und der Hauptstadt Neu Delhi reformiert hat. Die vier Hauptziele der Dissertation sind: 1) die Änderungen, die durch das NFSA vorgeschrieben wurden, zu beschreiben 2) die Effektivität dieser Reformen bei der Bewältigung von Governance-Herausforderungen zu erklären, 3) die weiterhin bestehenden Governanceprobleme und Gründe dafür zu erklären, und 4) Strategien zu erarbeiten, die zur Behebung dieser Defizite beitragen können. Diese vier Aspekte wurden untersucht mittels Befragung von Schlüsselpersonen, Tiefeninterviews, Fokusgruppendiskussionen, teilnehmender Beobachtung, Matrix-Ranking und Prozessnetzkartierung (process net-mapping), ein innovatives und partizipatives Instrument, das komplexe institutionelle Prozesse und Akteure abbildet. Die vorliegende Doktorarbeit besteht aus neun Kapiteln. Das erste Kapitel gibt eine Einleitung in die Rätselhaftigkeit der Ernährungslage in Indien, und warum staatliche Bemühungen dieses Problem anzugehen, nur dürftige Ergebnisse erzielt haben. Das zweite Kapitel stellt einen konzeptionellen Rahmen bezüglich Governance-Herausforderungen und einen institutionellen Rahmen bezüglich Nachfrage- und Angebotsfaktoren, die zu wirkungsvollen Politikmaßnahmen und Programmgestaltung beitragen, dar. Kapitel drei und vier geben einen Überblick über TPDS, ICDS und NRCs, und über die bestehende Literatur bezüglich der Governance-Herausforderungen dieser drei Programme. Kapitel fünf beschreibt das Studiendesign, die angewandten Methoden und die Forschungsprotokolle. Kapitel sechs bis acht untersuchen jeweils eins der drei Programme und erklären Schlüsselergebnisse über die drei ausgewählten Untersuchungsstandorte hinweg. Die Dissertation schließt mit einer übergreifenden Zusammenfassung für diese Programme vor dem Hintergrund des neuen Gesetzes und gibt wegweisende Vorschläge wie man diese institutionellen Defizite zur Verbesserung der Ernährungssicherheit adressiert.
Elektronische Publik... arrow_drop_down Elektronische Publikationen der Universität HohenheimDoctoral thesis . 2018Data sources: Elektronische Publikationen der Universität HohenheimAll Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=od_______611::42ace0877d652228ffe00886da73b7b5&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
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more_vert Elektronische Publik... arrow_drop_down Elektronische Publikationen der Universität HohenheimDoctoral thesis . 2018Data sources: Elektronische Publikationen der Universität HohenheimAll Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=od_______611::42ace0877d652228ffe00886da73b7b5&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2022 Slovenia SlovenianAuthors: Šumrada, Tanja;Šumrada, Tanja;handle: 20.500.12556/RUL-134435
Kmetijstvo sodi med najpomembnejše dejavnike zmanjševanja biotske pestrosti v EU, vendar integracija varstva narave v Skupno kmetijsko politiko ostaja nezadostna. Namen doktorske disertacije je proučiti načrtovanje, učinke in vrednotenje slovenske kmetijske politike na področju ohranjanja narave. Analiza z modeli BRT je pokazala negativno povezavo med diverziteto ptic kmetijske krajine in neposrednimi plačili, okoljski ukrepi pa so imeli v obdobju 2008–2019 na diverziteto ptic šibek relativni vpliv. Diverziteta ptic je bila najvišja v odprti krajini na območjih Natura 2000 z visoko pestrostjo kmetijskih rastlin in nizko obtežbo z živino. Programsko-teoretična analiza slovenske kmetijske politike je pokazala številne vrzeli v opredelitvi intervencijske logike. Manjka predvsem opredelitev ciljev in kazalnikov, ki bi omogočali presojo uspešnosti ukrepanja. Integracija varstva narave je na strateškem nivoju omejena predvsem na prostovoljne ukrepe, strategije za preprečevanje konfliktov med naravovarstvenimi in drugimi cilji kmetijske politike pa večinoma niso opredeljene. Ocenili smo, da je bilo v programskem obdobju 2014–2020 varstvu narave namenjenih okrog 5 % (17,8–19,4 mio EUR) letnega proračuna slovenske kmetijske politike. Disertacijo zaokrožuje analiza možnosti za izboljšanje rezultatske naravnanosti kmetijsko-okoljskih ukrepov, ki je potekala s poskusom diskretne izbire (521 kmetov na območju Haloz in Krasa) ter kvalitativno tematsko analizo intervjujev s kmeti, raziskovalci, odločevalci in kmetijskimi svetovalci. Kmetje so izkazali statistično značilno večje preference do rezultatskih shem kot do shem s predpisanimi praksami ter naklonjenost do individualnega pristopa k svetovanju. Za uspešno uveljavitev rezultatskih shem je nujno izboljšanje podatkovnih podlag, raziskav trajnostnih proizvodnih modelov ter usposobljenosti kadrov v nadzornih in svetovalnih službah. Agriculture is one of the most important factors in reducing biodiversity in the EU. However, the integration of nature conservation into the Common Agricultural Policy remains inadequate. The purpose of the doctoral dissertation is to study the planning, effects and evaluation of the Slovenian agricultural policy in the field of nature conservation. An analysis using BRT models showed a negative link between the diversity of farmland birds and direct payments, while environmental measures had a weak relative influence on bird diversity in the period 2008–2019. Bird diversity was highest in open landscapes on Natura 2000 sites that had a high diversity of agricultural plants and low stocking density. A programme theory analysis of the Slovenian agricultural policy showed numerous gaps in the definition of the intervention logic. Particularly lacking is a definition of objectives and indicators that would enable an assessment of the effectiveness of interventions. At the strategic level, the integration of nature conservation is limited mainly to voluntary measures. Strategies for preventing conflicts between nature conservation and other objectives of agricultural policy are mostly not defined. We estimated that in the 2014–2020 programming period, approximately 5 % (17.8–19.4 million EUR) of the annual budget of the Slovenian agricultural policy was allocated to nature conservation. The dissertation is concluded with an analysis of the possibilities for improving the result-orientation of agri-environmental measures, which was conducted with a discrete choice experiment (521 farmers in the Haloze and Karst area) and a qualitative thematic analysis of interviews with farmers, researchers, decision-makers and agricultural advisers. The farmers showed statistically significant higher preferences for result-based schemes than for schemes with prescribed practices and a preference for an individual approach to knowledge transfer. In order to successfully implement result-based schemes, it is necessary to improve data bases, research into sustainable production models and the training of staff in supervisory and advisory services.
Repository of the Un... arrow_drop_down Repository of the University of LjubljanaDoctoral thesis . 2022Data sources: Repository of the University of LjubljanaAll Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=od______3505::b8437b4928844607bc414131f4188f6b&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2018Embargo end date: 01 Jan 2018 Switzerland EnglishETH Zurich Authors: Krishnan, Parvathy;Krishnan, Parvathy;handle: 20.500.11850/272843
Pathogenic fungi impose a great threat to the global food production. They are globally distributed and display a huge amount of phenotypic diversity. They demonstrate high adaptability to diverse environments and to fluctuating conditions within their hosts. However, not much is known about the mechanisms underlying these processes of adaptation. Deciphering the genetic basis of phenotypic diversity may help us to get a deeper insight into the mechanisms that regulate complex adaptive traits. Furthermore, these findings may help in improving strategies for an effective and sustainable management of pathogens. In my PhD study, I aimed to understand the genetic basis of adaptation to variable environments using Zymoseptoria tritici. Z. tritici causes septoria leaf blotch of wheat and is considered to be the most devastating fungal wheat pathogen in Europe. In the first chapter of my thesis, I studied the role of melanin in adaptation of Z. tritici. I, demonstrated that melanin is essential for protection against harmful chemical fungicides such as bixafen. Remarkably, I observed high phenotypic variability in melanin accumulation levels in different Zymoseptoria tritici strains, most probably reflecting its role in adaptation to variable environments. Using genetic mapping, I was able to demonstrate that variability in melanization levels between two Swiss strains of Z. tritici was mediated by differential expression of the transcription factor Zmr1 (Zymoseptoria melanin regulation 1). I identified nucleotide mutations in the promoter region and an insertion of transposable elements (TEs) upstream of the promoter region as two mechanisms responsible for this observed differential expression of Zmr1. My findings clearly demonstrated the significance of gene expression regulation, mediated by the insertion of TEs and SNPs, in optimizing the growth and adaptation of the fungus under variable environments. Furthermore, these adaptive changes are responsible for the phenotypic diversity that we observe in Z. tritici strains from all over the world. In the second part of my thesis, I analyzed the expression of several secreted peptidases of Z. tritici at distinct stages during the infection process of wheat plants. Using computational genetic methods, I also analyzed nucleotide data sets of the peptidase genes for evolutionary signatures of genetic adaptation. By combining both approaches, I aimed at obtaining a more detailed picture of the relevance and the role of each enzyme during the infection process. I was able to show that the peptidases belonging to MEROPS families A1 and G1 were significantly up regulated during the asymptomatic phase of infection and displayed signatures of accelerated evolution, suggesting their key role in suppression of plant defenses and host specialization. In the third part of my thesis, I evaluated the role of a cellulase-encoding gene (JGI Prot. ID: 76589) using molecular biology techniques. This cellulase was only expressed during the final necrotrophic phase of Z. tritici infection and the nucleotide sequences of the gene showed signatures of diversifying selection. This pattern is consistent with the hypothesis of evasion from host recognition during the first phases of infection and subsequent induction of host-cell death by the secretion of an array of different cellulase isoforms by the fungus. To test this hypothesis, I constitutively expressed the cellulase-encoding gene in Z. tritici during all infection stages by inserting a constitutive promoter (originally from the Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene of Aspergillus nidulans) upstream of the start codon of the cellulase gene. I was able to show that the progress of infection in this mutant was delayed compared to the non-modified Z. tritici isolates. This suggests that the cellulase acts as an elicitor molecule that is detected by the plant and triggers the defense machinery that will hinder the growth of the pathogen. In summary, my PhD work demonstrated the significance of fine-tuning of gene expression regulation of various genes in plant pathogenic fungi to facilitate adaptation to different environmental conditions and host colonization. Remarkably, I was able to show that gene expression fine-tuning resulted in large amounts of phenotypic diversity in adaptive traits.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Other literature type 2020 France FrenchHAL CCSD Authors: Mazenc, Loïc;Mazenc, Loïc;This thesis analyzes the transformations of crop managers. This professional group is central to the running of a unique form of agricultural concern, the integrated farm, which symbolises the "new agricultural capitalism" (Purseigle, Nguyen and Blanc, 2017).The archival research carried out to study the sociogenesis of crop managers shows that this professional group has never enjoyed a linear trajectory since its inception from its social existence (Roquet, 2012). Indeed, it has alternated between dominant and dominated positions within the field of agricultural policies. Since its emergence at the beginning of the nineteenth century, its construction was profoundly ambivalent; caught in-between two different dynamics: first, a professionalization "from above" led by landowners and consubstantial with the pursuit of an institutional program (Dubet, 2010) of group formation; second, the contestation of their role and value by farmers committed to family farms without employees.The ethnographic data collected through four immersion periods as an employee, supported by the structural analysis of the job market for crop managers, and a study of their initial and continuous professional training, demonstrate the persistence of this ambivalence. It also shows the dualist nature (Demazière, 2012) of the group’s current professionalization. The processes defining integrated agricultural enterprises — the integration of trade and packaging, the managerialism (Craipeau and Metzger, 2011) of the organization, and its concentration of capital and land — participate in strengthening the professional autonomy of crop managers, serving as the "bridgeheads" facilitating the capitalist accumulation of agricultural concerns, as well as in the destabilization of their professional model.This dissertation therefore sets out to account for the simultaneous and combined developments of a hitherto forgotten profession and of an organization under the pressures of modern capitalism. By studying the dualism of the professionalization process and its effects on the professional group under scrutiny, we demonstrate, among other things, that crop managers are frustrated interpreters of the new agricultural capitalism. Cette thèse analyse les transformations du groupe professionnel des chefs de culture au sein d’une forme singulière d’entreprise, symbole d’un « nouveau capitalisme agricole » (Purseigle, Nguyen et Blanc, 2017) : les entreprises agricoles intégrées.Le travail sur archives réalisé pour étudier la sociogenèse de la profession de chef de culture montre que dès son existence sociale (Roquet, 2012), le groupe professionnel ne connaît pas de trajectoire linéaire, alternant entre position dominante et position dominée dans le champ des politiques agricoles. Il se caractérise, au cours du XXème siècle, par une ambivalence entre une professionnalisation « par le haut » organisée par les propriétaires terriens, consubstantielle de la construction d’un programme institutionnel (Dubet, 2010) du groupe, et une mise à l’écart par les chefs d’exploitation modernistes qui défendent une agriculture familiale sans salarié.Les données ethnographiques de quatre immersions en tant que salarié, articulées à l’étude de la structure du marché de l’emploi des chefs de culture et à celle des évolutions de leur formation initiale et continue, montrent la poursuite de cette ambivalence et le dualisme (Demazière, 2012) actuel de la professionnalisation du groupe. Les processus définissant les entreprises agricoles intégrées — l’intégration de la commercialisation et du conditionnement, la gestionnarisation (Craipeau et Metzger, 2011) de l’organisation et sa concentration capitalistique et foncière — participent à la fois à un renforcement de l’autonomie professionnelle des chefs de culture, incarnant les « têtes de pont » de la poursuite de l’accumulation capitaliste des entreprises agricoles, et à une déstabilisation de leur modèle professionnel.Ce travail de thèse fait donc le pari initial de rendre compte des évolutions conjointes d’une profession jusqu’alors oubliée et d’une organisation où pénètre la force contraignante du capitalisme moderne. Par l’étude du dualisme du processus de professionnalisation et ses effets sur le groupe professionnel en question, nous démontrons notamment que les chefs de culture sont des interprètes contrariés du nouveau capitalisme agricole.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2014 Germany GermanJustus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Authors: Wapelhorst, Britta;Wapelhorst, Britta;In der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit sollte a) die Expression sowie b) die zelluläre Lokalisation des SLC10A6 (SOAT) im humanen Hoden geklärt werden. Der SOAT zeigt im Vergleich mit weiteren Gewebetypen vergleichsweise hohe Expression im Hoden und weist eine Transportaffinität für sulfatierte Steroide auf. Sulfatierte Steroide können aufgrund ihrer hydrophilen Eigenschaften Zellmembranen nicht durch Diffusion passieren, sondern benötigen einen Transporter. Zudem sind sulfatierte Steroide biologisch nicht aktiv und können erst nach Desulfatierung an ihre entsprechenden Rezeptoren binden und eine biologische Antwort hervorrufen. Aufgrund seiner Eigenschaften ist der SOAT ein potentieller Kandidat für den Transport sulfatierter Steroide im humanen Hoden und somit für die lokale Bereitstellung von Androgenen und Östrogenen. Die Untersuchungen wurden an Hodenbiopsien von Patienten durchgeführt, die eine normale Spermatogenese aufwiesen und Hodenbiopsien von Patienten mit gestörter Spermatogenese, bis hin zu einer völligen Abwesenheit von Keimzellen, dem Sertoli Cell Only Syndrom. Der Nachweis der Expression des SOAT erfolgte mittels TaqMan®-RT-qPCR, RT-PCR nach Laser-assistierter Mikrodissektion und In-situ- Hybridisierung. In den Untersuchungen der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte durch TaqMan®-RT-qPCR und RT-PCR nach Laser-assistierter Mikrodissektion gezeigt werden, dass der SOAT in Hodenbiopsien mit normaler Spermatogenese exprimiert wird. Der zelluläre Nachweis des SOAT erfolgte mittels In-situ-Hybridisierung in Keimzellen, den primären Spermatozyten. Für den Nachweis des SOAT Proteins wurden im Rahmen dieser Dissertation sechzehn Antikörper eingesetzt. Eine spezifische Färbung konnte jedoch bei keinem Antikörper beobachtet werden. Untersuchungen von Fietz et al. (2013) konnten das SOAT-Protein schließlich mittels eines Antikörpers gegen das Soat-Protein der Maus Soat(m329-344) in Spermatozyten und teilweise in Spermatiden nachweisen. Da es sulfatierten Steroiden nicht möglich ist, die Blut-Hoden-Schranke ohne die Hilfe eines Transporters zu überwinden und so die Keimzellen zu erreichen, stellt sich die Frage nach der Funktion des SOAT in den Keimzellen des humanen Hodens. Der Nachweis der Expression des SOAT erfolgte auch in drei Hodenbiopsien mit Spermatogenestörungen, die mit einer Infertilität einhergehen. Aufgrund der signifikant geringeren Expression des SOAT in Hodenbiopsien mit einer Hypospermatogenese kann vermutet werden, dass eine signifikant geringere Expression des SOAT mit einem verringertem Transport von sulfatierten Steroiden und in Folge mit einer reduzierten Bereitstellung von lokal verfügbaren Androgenen und Östrogenen einhergeht (Fietz et al. 2013). Diese Fragestellung könnte durch Untersuchungen der Spermatogenese von Slc10a6-knockout Mäusen weiterführend untersucht werden. It was the aim of this doctoral thesis to elucidate a) the expression and b) the cellular localization of the sodium-dependent organic anion transporter SLC10A6 (SOAT) in human testis. SOAT is predomiantly expressed in human testis and shows specific transport for sulfated steroids. Because of their hydrophilic nature, sulfated steroids are not able to pass cell membranes and therefore need the help of a transporter. Moreover, sulfated steroids are not biologically active, only after desulfatation they can bind to their receptors to induce a biological response. SOAT is a potential candidate not only for transport of sulfated steroids in the human testis, but also for a local supply of androgens and estrogens. The study included testicular biopsis showing normal spermatogenesis and spermatogenic impairment, including Sertoli cell only syndrome. Detection of SOAT mRNA was performed by TaqMan®-RT-qPCR, RT-PCR after laser-assisted microdissection and in situ hybridization. TaqMan®-RT-qPCR and RT-PCR after LAM detected expression of SOAT in testicular biopsies showing normal spermatogenesis. SOAT was localized in germ cells, in primary spermatocytes by in situ hybridization. For verification of SOAT protein distribution 16 antibodies were tested but none could give answer to the question of protein localization. Fietz et al. (2013) employed a new antibody against SOAT protein of mice (Soatm329-433) and detected SOAT in spermatocytes and spermatid of various stages. Due to unabillity for sulfated steroids to pass the blood-testis-barrier, the function of SOAT in spermatocytes is still not known. SOAT could be verified in three testicular biopsies showing impaired spermatogenesis resulting in infertility. Fietz et al. confirmed a significant lower expression of SOAT in testicular biopsies showing hypospermatogenesis. It is suggested that the reduction or lack of SOAT expression might be related to a decreased local supply with androgens and estrogens (Fietz et al. 2013). Further studies with Slc10a6-knockout mice could corroborate this hypothesis.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2014 Germany EnglishUniversität Hohenheim Authors: Imran, Muhammad;Imran, Muhammad;Seed reserves are the primary source of mineral nutrients for early seedling development. ?Nutrient seed priming? is a technique in which seeds are soaked in nutrient solution and subsequently dried back to initial moisture content for storage. It is an efficient approach to increase seed nutrient contents along with priming effects to improve seed quality, germination speed and seedling establishment. Various abiotic stresses, such as sub-optimal temperature, drought, submergence and soil pH extremes can seriously affect seedling establishment and nutrient acquisition at early growth stages. This thesis focused on the role and contribution of nutrient seed priming in plant growth and nutritional status in maize and soybean under conditions of limited nutrient availability and low root-zone temperature. Protocols for nutrient seed priming with Zn, Mn, Zn+Mn, B and P were optimised for application in maize and soybean seeds (B and P priming in maize only). Optimum priming durations of 24 h (maize) and 12 h (soybean) were identified for both plant species but in instead of submerging seeds in priming solutions slow imbibition between filter papers was essential for soybean to minimise development of abnormal seedlings to avoid imbibition damage. Nutrient concentrations were calculated according to water uptake to double the natural seed reserves of the respective micronutrients and 50% increase in phosphorus. However, final uptake of the micronutrients was generally much higher (+500-1000%) while it was lower for P (+20%). In case of soybean this could be attributed to a high Zn and Mn binding capacity of the seed coat, which adsorbed up to 60% of the primed nutrients. Particularly, Zn and Zn+Mn priming stimulated plant growth in hydroponic culture systems and to a lower extent also on a soil with low availability of P, Zn and Fe. This was associated with a high shoot translocation of the primed nutrients (Zn and Mn), which was most expressed in the hydroponic culture system. Combined priming treatments with Zn and Mn were usually less effective than Zn priming alone, suggesting an antagonistic interaction. By contrast, mobility of primed B was extremely low and B priming was completely ineffective. In soil culture also P priming moderately increased shoot biomass production by 10-20 %. However the efficiency of P priming was largely limited by the high P demand of the plants. Low root zone temperature (RZT) at early spring is a limiting factor for maize production in Central and Northern Europe. Nutrient acquisition, nutrient uptake and particularly root growth are severely affected at low RZT and the consequences of these growth depressions are often not completely compensated until final harvest. Model experiments in hydroponics and soil culture revealed that maize nutrient seed priming with Zn, Mn and Fe is a promising strategy to diminish the deficiency of specific nutrients, such as Zn, Mn and also P and to maintain plant growth under low RZT stress. This was mainly attributed to significantly increased root growth and particularly fine root production in plants grown from nutrient-primed seeds. Improved net photosynthesis of primed plants was mainly related with increased leaf area and preliminary results suggest a higher tolerance to oxidative damage due to increased production of protective phenolics. Two independent field experiments under conditions of suboptimal temperatures during germination and early growth revealed an increase in grain yield of 10 ? 15 % for plants derived from Zn+Mn and Fe primed seeds. This finding demonstrates long-lasting persistence of priming effects. The molecular and physiological mechanisms behind require further investigation. Samenreserven sind die primäre Quelle für die Mineralstoffversorgung während der frühen Keimlingsentwicklung. Nährstoffpriming ist ein methodischer Ansatz, bei dem Saatgut in Mineralstofflösungen vorgequollen und anschließend zur weiteren Lagerung auf Ausgangsfeuchte zurückgetrocknet wird. Hierdurch ist es möglich, neben vorquellungsbedingten Primingeffekten auch die Mineralstoffreserven zur Verbesserung der Saatgutqualität zu erhöhen sowie die Auflauf-Geschwindigkeit und die Keimlingsentwicklung zu verbessern, die durch verschiedenste Stressfaktoren, wie suboptimale Temperaturbedingungen, Trockenheit, Staunässe und pH-Extreme beeinträchtigt werden kann. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Wirkung von Nährstoffpriming auf das Wachstum und den Ernährungsstatus von Mais und Soja unter Bedingungen eingeschränkter Nährstoffverfügbarkeit und niedriger Wurzelraumtemperatur. Für die Saatgutapplikation von Zink (Zn), Mangan (Mn), Mn+Zn, Bor (B), Eisen (Fe) und Phosphat (P) bei Mais und Soja wurden Primingprotokolle entwickelt. Bei beiden Pflanzenarten ergab sich eine optimale Behandlungsdauer von 24 h. Jedoch war es notwendig, das Soja-Saatgut anstelle von submerser Inkubation in den Nährlösungen, langsam in Nährlösungsgetränktem Filterpapier einzuquellen, um die Entwicklung abnormaler Keimlinge aufgrund von Quellungsschäden zu vermeiden. Anhand der Wasseraufnahme der Keinlinge wurden die Nährlösungskonzentrationen so berechnet, das sich nach Einquellen eine Verdopplung der natürlichen Mineralstoffreserven im Samen ergeben sollte. Jedoch wurden für die Mikronährstoffe erheblich höhere Aufnahmeraten gemessen (+500 - 1000%), während die Aufnahme von P geringer war (+ 20%). Bei Soja konnte gezeigt werden, das die erhöhten Mikronährstoffgehalte auf eine hohe Bindungskapazität der Zwei unabhängige Feldversuche bei suboptimaler Temperatur während der Keimphase und des Jugendwachstums ergaben Kornertragssteigerungen von 10-15 % bei Mais nach Saatgutpriming mit Zn+Mn oder Fe. Diese Ergebnisse belegen die Langzeitwirkung der Primingeffekte. Die molekularen und physiologischen Grundlagen erfordern allerdings noch weitere Untersuchungen.
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visibility 2visibility views 2 download downloads 0 Powered bymore_vert Elektronische Publik... arrow_drop_down Elektronische Publikationen der Universität HohenheimDoctoral thesis . 2014Data sources: Elektronische Publikationen der Universität HohenheimAll Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=od_______611::7f64758667d9f72049dd72b9721e5be0&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2015 Germany GermanUniversität Hohenheim Authors: Hill, Sebastian;Hill, Sebastian;Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation soll geklärt werden, welche Werte in Theorie und Praxis als typisch genossenschaftlich angesehen werden, in wie weit diese in der Praxis Anwendung finden und welche Funktionen und Potenziale sich in ihnen verbergen. Als Einflussfaktoren hierauf wurden die Genossenschaftssparte, die Größe der Genossenschaft, deren Alter und der Status des Befragten definiert. Grundlage hierfür war eine umfassende Analyse der einschlägigen Literatur auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene zur Identifikation der in der Theorie als genossenschaftsspezifische angesehenen Werte. Aufbauend auf diesen Ergebnissen wurde ein Fragebogen entwickelt, welcher im Rahmen einer quantitativen, digitalen Befragung an jeweils eine Führungskraft der 844 zum Erhebungszeitpunkt in der Untersuchungsregion Baden-Württemberg existierenden Genossenschaften versandt wurde. Als zweiter Schritt wurde eine postalische Befragung von insgesamt 3.552 Mitgliedern und 707 Mitarbeitern, unterteilt in jeweils zwei Kredit- und Raiffeisengenossenschaften und drei Gewerblichen Genossenschaften, durchgeführt. Die Auswertungsergebnisse der Datengrundlage (primär und sekundär) zeigen, dass in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur ein genossenschaftlicher Wertekern beschrieben wird, welcher die Werte Demokratie, Selbsthilfe, Solidarität, Selbstverantwortung, Freiwilligkeit, Gleichheit und Gerechtigkeit umfasst. Teile dieser Werte finden sich auch in den aus der genossenschaftlichen Praxis gewonnenen empirischen Ergebnissen wieder, wobei diese allgemein eher Werte wie zum Beispiel Verlässlichkeit, Nachhaltigkeit oder Fairness als typisch genossenschaftlich ansehen. Dennoch konnte festgestellt werden, dass die traditionellen Werte immer noch wesentlichen impliziten Einfluss auf die Rechtsform der eingetragenen Genossenschaften haben, und dass die zuvor definierten Einflussfaktoren die als zentral erachteten Werte beeinflussen. Auch hinsichtlich der Wahrnehmung und der Umsetzung der genossenschaftlichen Werte konnten Differenzen offengelegt werden. Entscheidenden Einfluss kann hier eine bewusste und zielgerichtete Kommunikationsstrategie haben. Die Funktionen und Potenziale, welche die genossenschaftlichen Werte in sich vereinen, sind in der Praxis unbestritten. Hierzu gehören die Funktionen der Identitäts- und Vertrauensstiftung oder der Unterscheidung gegenüber anderen Rechtsformen. Darüber hinaus werden den genossenschaftlichen Werten sowohl ökonomische, als auch soziale Potenziale und Potenziale für das Marketing der Genossenschaft zugesprochen. Zusammenfassend kann festgehalten werden, dass die Genossenschaften mit ihren Werten über ein ihrer Rechtsform einzigartiges Instrument zur Förderung dieser Unternehmensform verfügen. Hier gilt es, diese Potenziale zu erkennen und zu nutzen, um zu einem nachhaltig erfolgreichen Bestehen des genossenschaftlichen Sektors, aber auch der gesamten deutschen Gesellschaft beitragen zu können. In this dissertation, we aimed to clarify what values are considered as typical for cooperatives in theory and practice, how the values are applied and realized in practice, and what are their functions and potentials. In the first step, a comprehensive analysis of relevant literature on a national and international level was used to identify which values are seen, in theory, as cooperative-specific values. Based on the results of the literature analysis, a questionnaire was developed and the branch, the size and age of the cooperative as well as the status of the respondents were defined as influencing factors. The questionnaire was sent as a digital quantitative survey to one manager in each of the 844 existing cooperatives in the Baden-Württemberg study region. As a second step, a written (postal) survey was conducted, involving a total of 3,552 members and 707 employees from two Cooperative Banks and Raiffeisen Cooperatives and three Commercial Cooperatives. The evaluation results of the database (from primary and secondary data) show that in scientific literature, cooperative values’ core is described as one that includes the values of democracy, self-help, solidarity, self-responsibility, voluntariness, equality and justice. Some of these values were also mentioned in the results of the empirical survey, whereas the cooperative managers tended to list general values such as reliability, sustainability and fairness, as typical for cooperatives. However, it can be shown that the traditional values still have significant and implicit influence on the legal form of registered cooperatives, and that the previously defined influencing factors have a strong effect on the relevant central values. Although differences could be found between the perception and implementation of cooperative values, a conscious and purposeful communication strategy can have a decisive influence here. The hidden functions and potentials of cooperative values are undisputed in practice, such as the functions of identity and foundation of trust, or discrimination against other types. In addition, the survey shows that in the minds of the managers, members and workers, the cooperative values have social and economic potentials as well as potentials for the marketing of the cooperatives. In summary, it can be said, that the cooperative values are a unique instrument for the cooperatives to promote the legal from of registered cooperatives. It is therefore important to recognize and exploit these potentials to gain a sustainable and successful future not just for the cooperative sector, but also for the whole German society.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2014 Germany EnglishJustus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Authors: Chávez Zander, Ursula;Chávez Zander, Ursula;It was postulated that populations living in an environment with a high degree of agrobiodiversity are also more likely to show a higher dietary diversity and therefore a better nutritional outcome. Thus, a serial cross-sectional study was conducted in four rural Aymara communities in the southeast region of Peru situated between 3,825 and 4,100 masl, a region with high agrobiodiversity. The main objectives were the following: A) to examine whether agrobiodiversity is potentially available for a diversified diet, B) to assess the dietary diversity and food variety in different seasons of the year and identify possible seasonal influence, C) to identify influencing factors such as socio-economic and household-related characteristics on both the dietary diversity and food variety, and D) to examine whether a diversified diet is correlated with the nutritional outcomes. The selected seasons were the rainy one (February-March), the post-harvest period (June-July), and the farming or sowing season (October-November) during 2007. The target population was women aged 15-49. The surveys included two parts in each season: 1) standardized questionnaires with general household and socio-economic questions as well as a qualitative 24h dietary recall, and 2) anthropometric measures for the calculation of BMI, and MUAC, as well as capillary blood samples for measuring iron and vitamin A status. Cases with possible diseases or the intake of medicaments or nutritional supplements were excluded. After data cleansing, a total sample size of 183 women in the first, 161 in the second, and 158 in the third survey were considered for further nutritional and socio-economic analysis, while anthropometric and biochemical data from 143, 105, and 98 women were included for the corresponding statistical tests, respectively. The DDS and FVS were calculated for each season based on the 24h recalls, using 14 food groups and 61 food items, respectively. A wealth and housing index was constructed to classify each participant into low, medium, or high socio-economic status. The most cultivated food crops were potato (100%), barley (80.3%), broad beans (77.6%), quinoa (71.6%) and oca (57.9%). Animal husbandry was characterized by sheep (92.4%), cattle (76.5%), chickens (49.2%), and pigs (42.6%). In general, domestic animals such as cattle and pig were mainly kept for sale purposes, while sheep and chickens were used for household consumption. Home gardens for horticulture and fruits were not wide spread among the households (23%), while 82.5% of the women said they gathered plants. Taking all three seasons into account (n = 147), a median (IQR) DDS of 6.7 (6.3 to 7.7) food groups out of 14 and FVS of 11.0 (9.7 to 12.3) food items out of 61 were obtained. Over the three surveyed seasons, the diet was characterized by potatoes (100%), cereals (97.3%) – mostly wheat products and rice, vegetables (95.3%) such as onions and tomatoes, vitamin A-rich vegetables (87.8%) such as carrots and pumpkins, and legumes (67%) – mainly broad beans. Overall, animal source foods were not frequently consumed (less than 50%). Nevertheless, the consumption prevalence of flesh meat accounted for approx. 56% of the women within the highest DDS tercile. The dietary diversity was not significantly different among the three seasons, while the food variety was significantly higher in June-July than in February-March (p less than 0.001) and in October-November (p = 0.013). The median (IQR) number of utilized traditional food, 4.0 (3.0 to 5.0) did not differ significantly between seasons, villages, income sources or SES. In contrast, a slightly higher number of commercial foods were purchased by women from wealthier households, by those living closer to markets, and by those with income sources coming from regular wages or from a combination between agricultural and non-farm activities (all tests p less than 0.01). A higher number of vegetables and fruits were purchased by the upper SES level (p less than 0.05) and the village with the shortest distance to local markets (p less than 0.01) during the first survey period. When checked for factors related to agrobiodiversity, food security, and caring capacity, the dietary diversity and food variety were determined by different factors according to the surveyed seasons. In pre-harvest periods (rainy season), staple food scarcity, demographic and socio-economic factors influenced DDS and FVS the most, while agricultural biodiversity, i.e. food resources coming from farming activities, did not play a significant role. During the post-harvest season, DDS and FVS were basically influenced by agrobiodiversity and SES. After inclusion of the educational level of the household’s head in the model, the outcome revealed that this caring capacity factor had the main impact on the DDS, modifying it positively. Finally, during the farming season (the initial food shortage), the crop variety of the households along with the sector of residence, and in case of FVS, the length of food shortage and education of the head of household were also significant influencing factors on the food scores. Less than 10% of the women were underweight, while more than 20% were overweight or even obese, suggesting processes of nutrition transition as observed in other middle and low income populations. Though not distinctive, a significant (p less than 0.05) seasonal decrease in BMI, weight, and MUAC was found at the end of the year, which coincided with the initial local food shortage. The prevalence of anemia was high in each season (35%, 49%, and 45%, respectively). Nevertheless, the share of anemic women during the rainy season was significantly lower than the one in the post-harvest (p less than 0.05). Gathering (p less than 0.01) during the rainy season and animal-based vitamin A-rich foods (p less than 0.05) during the post-harvest influenced the Hb concentrations of the participants positively. A seasonal amelioration of the iron status was found between the post-harvest and farming season, while the vitamin A status showed a worsening between the same periods (both p less than 0.001). Because of the low percentage of women with abnormal sTfR concentrations but high anemia prevalence in each season, it is presumable that anemia in the study region is caused by other nutritional or health-related factors rather than iron-related only. Though no significant relationships were found between the food scores and vitamin A or iron status, certain consumption patterns showed an association with Hb, sTfR, and RBP. In this case, the biochemical indicators were sensitive to some aspects of the diet reflected in the food groups consumed by the individuals. This fact points out that attention should be paid to the specific food groups consumed by the individuals, and thus, even qualitative dietary methods are able to identify critical consumption patterns. Es wurde postuliert, dass Bevölkerungen mit einer hohen agrobiologischen Vielfalt eine große Lebensmittelvielfalt und dadurch einen guten Ernährungsstatus aufweisen. Hierzu wurde eine serielle Querschnittstudie in vier Aymara Dörfern aus den südlichen Bergregionen Perus zwischen 3 825 und 4 100 m über N.N., einer geographischen Region hoher agrobiologischer Vielfalt. Die Hauptziele der Studie waren folgende: A) Zu untersuchen, ob die agrobiologische Vielfalt in dieser Umgebung eine vielfältige Ernährung ermöglicht, B) Die Nahrungsmittelvielfalt in verschiedenen Jahreszeiten zu untersuchen und auf saisonale Unterschiede zu prüfen, C) Einflussfaktoren der Lebensmittelvielfalt wie z.B. sozio-ökonomische und andere haushaltsbezogene Faktoren zu identifizieren, und D) Zu untersuchen, ob die Nahrungsmittelvielfalt, erhoben mit den DDS (Dietary Diversity Score) und FVS (Food Variety Score), einen Zusammenhang mit dem Ernährungsstatus aufweist. Die ausgewählten Erhebungsperioden waren die Regenzeit (Februar-März), die Nachernte-Phase (Juni-Juli), und die Anbauphase (Oktober-November) im Jahr 2007. Die Studienpopulation umfasste Frauen zwischen 15 und 49 Jahren. Die Erhebungen beinhalteten verschiedene Methoden in zwei Teilen: 1) Standardisierte Fragebögen mit allgemeinen, sozioökonomischen und haushaltsbezogenen Fragen sowie ein qualitatives 24-Stunden-Ernährungssprotokoll der am Tag zuvor aufgenommenen Nahrungsmittel, und 2) Anthropometrische Messungen für die Berechnung des BMI sowie kapillare Blutproben für die Bestimmung des Eisen- und Vitamin A-Status. Fälle mit möglichen Erkrankungen, der Einnahme von Medikamenten oder Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln wurden ausgeschlossen. Nach der Datenbereinigung wurden 183 Frauen aus der ersten, 161 aus der zweiten, und 158 aus der dritten Erhebungsperiode für die ernährungs- und sozioökonomische Untersuchungen berücksichtigt. Nach Ausschluss von schwangeren Frauen wurden anthropometrische und biochemische Daten von jeweils 143, 105, und 98 Teilnehmerinnen für weitere statistische Tests genutzt. Die Berechnung der Vielfalt der Ernährungsgruppen (DDS) und Lebensmittel (FVS) basierte auf dem 24-Stunden-Ernährungsprotokoll mit jeweils 14 Lebensmittelgruppen und 61 einzelnen Lebensmitteln. Ein sozioökonomischer Index wurde gebildet, um Teilnehmerinnen in niedrigen, mittleren, oder hohen soziökonomischen Status zu klassifizieren. Die am häufigsten angebauten Pflanzen waren Kartoffel (100%), Gerste (80,%), Dicke Bohnen (77,6%), Quinoa (71,6%) und Oca (57,9%). Die Tierhaltung war durch Schafe (92,4%), Rindvieh (76,5%), Hühner (49,2%) und Schweine (42,6%) gekennzeichnet. Tiere wie Rind und Schwein wurden generell zum Verkauf, Schaf und Huhn für den eigenen Haushaltskonsum gehalten. Hausgärten für den Anbau von Gemüse und Obst waren nicht üblich (23%), während 82,5% der Frauen Pflanzen für den Eigenkonsum sammelten. In der Kohorte (n = 147) zeigte der DDS einen Median (IQR) von 6,7 (6,3 – 7,7) Lebensmittelgruppen und der FVS einen Median von 11,0 (9,7 – 12,3) Lebensmitteln auf. Im Laufe der drei Erhebungen beruhte die durchschnittliche Ernährung auf Kartoffeln (100%), Getreide (97,3%) – meistens Weizenprodukte und Reis – Gemüse (95,3%) wie Zwiebeln und Tomaten, Pro-Vitamin A reiches Gemüse (87,8%) wie Möhren und Kürbis, und Hülsenfrüchten (67%), zumeist dicken Bohnen. Im Allgemein wurde der Verzehr tierischer Produkte eher selten festgestellt (kleiner als 50%). Innerhalb der Gruppe mit hohen DDS verzehrten jedoch 56% der Frauen Fleisch. Es gab keine signifikanten Unterschiede im DDS zwischen den Saisons, während der FVS im Zeitraum Juni-Juli höher als im Februar-März (p kleiner als 0.001) und im Oktober-November (p kleiner als 0.01) war. Die Anzahl der konsumierten lokalen Produkte hatte einen Median (IQR) von vier (3,0 – 5,0) Nahrungsmitteln, und es gab keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen Saisons, Dörfern, Einkommensquellen oder sozioökonomischen Status. Im Gegensatz dazu konnte eine leicht höhere Anzahl an industriellen oder verarbeiteten Produkten bei den wohlhabendsten Frauen, bei Frauen, die näher an Märkten lebten, oder bei solchen mit regelmäßigem Einkommen oder Einkommen von Landwirtschaft und Nebentätigkeiten festgestellt werden (alle Tests p kleiner als 0.01). Ebenso wurde eine höhere Anzahl an Obst und Gemüse bei Frauen im höchsten soziökonomischen Status (p kleiner als 0.05) und solchen, die leichten Zugang zu Märkten (p kleiner als 0.01) hatten, während der ersten Erhebungsperiode festgestellt. Unter Berücksichtigung von Faktoren eines umfassenden Models wie agrobiologische Vielfalt, Nahrungssicherung und Fürsorgekapazität konnte festgestellt werden, dass DDS und FVS in jeder Erhebungsperiode von verschiedenen Faktoren beeinflusst wurden. In der Regenzeit –mit Nahrungsmittelknappheit assoziiert – übten demographische und sozioökonomische Faktoren Einfluss auf beide Indikatoren der Nahrungsmittelvielfalt, während die Vielfalt der angebauten Pflanzen keine Rolle spielte. In der Nacherntephase wurden DDS und FVS zunächst von Nahrungsressourcen der agrobiologischen Vielfalt und vom sozioökonomischen Status beeinflusst. Nach Einschluss von Schulbildung des Familienoberhaupts in das Model konnte ein positiver Zusammenhang zwischen diesem Faktor und dem DDS gezeigt werden. In der Anbauperiode (auch der Beginn der Nahrungsmittelknappheit) spielten die angebaute Pflanzenvielfalt und die Wohnsitzlage (d.h. die jeweiligen Dörfer) eine signifikante Rolle beim DDS; die Länge der Nahrungsmittelknappheit und die Schulbindung des Familienoberhauptes spielten zusätzlich eine signifikante Rolle beim FVS. Weniger als zehn Prozent an Unterernährung und mehr als 20% Übergewicht und Adipositas konnten festgestellt werden. Dieses Phänomen kann ein Hinweis auf Veränderungen der traditionellen Ernährung und eine Anpassung des Lebensstils, kurzum „nutrition transition“ bedeuten, wie es bereits in anderen Ländern niedrigen und mittleren Einkommens festgestellt worden ist. Eine saisonale, wenn auch leichte Abnahme in BMI, Körpergewicht und MUAC konnte im Laufe des Jahres gezeigt werden. Diese stimmte mit dem Beginn der Nahrungsmittelknappheit überein. Eine hohe Prävalenz an Anämie wurde in jeder Erhebung festgestellt (35% bzw. 49% und 45%). Der Anteil an Frauen mit Anämie war in der Regenzeit signifikant geringer als in der Nachernteperiode (p kleiner als 0.05). Die Hb Konzentrationen hatten einen positiven Zusammenhang mit dem Sammeln von Pflanzen in der Regenzeit (p kleiner als 0.01) und mit dem Konsum von tierischen Vitamin A reichen Nahrungsquellen in der Nacherntephase. Eine saisonale Verbesserung des Eisenstatus bei gleichzeitiger Verschlechterung des Vitamin A Status fanden zwischen Juni-Juli und Oktober-November statt (beides p kleiner als 0.001). Aufgrund des niedrigen Anteils an Frauen mit abnormalen sTfR Konzentrationen bei gleichzeitig hoher Anämie-Prävalenz scheint Anämie in dieser Region nicht ausschließlich auf Eisenmangel sondern auf weitere ernährungs- oder gesundheitsbezogene Faktoren zurückzuführen sein. Trotz des nicht signifikanten Zusammenhangs zwischen DDS und FVS mit Vitamin A und Eisenstatus waren bestimmte Konsummerkmale mit Konzentrationen von Hb, sTfR und RBP assoziiert. In diesem Fall bestand ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Ernährungsstatus und der Ernährung, wie sie durch den DDS wiedergegeben werden konnte. Dadurch konnte gezeigt werden, dass auch qualitative Ernährungserhebungsmethoden kritische Konsummuster aufdecken können.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2017Embargo end date: 01 Jan 2017 Switzerland EnglishETH Zurich Authors: Bader, Cédric;Bader, Cédric;handle: 20.500.11850/204099
Organic soils develop under waterlogged conditions, leading to a reduced decomposition of biomass. Over the last millennia this led to the development of a large carbon (C) pool in the global C cycle. Drainage, necessary for agriculture and forestry, triggers rapid decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM). While undisturbed organic soils are C-sinks, drainage transforms them into C-sources. Climate, drainage depth and land-use are considered the main factors controlling SOM decomposition. However, there is still a large variation in decomposition rates among organic soils, even when climate, drainage and land-use conditions are similar. This thesis investigates the role of SOM composition on peat decomposability in a variety of differently managed drained organic soils. Peat samples from 21 organic soils managed as cropland, grassland and forest soils situated in Switzerland were incubated at 10 and 20 °C for more than 6 months. During incubation, we monitored CO2 emissions and related them to soil characteristics, including bulk density, soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC) content, and elemental ratios (C/N, H/C and O/C). The incubated samples lost between 0.6 to 1.9% of their SOC at 10 °C and between 1.2 to 42% at 20 °C over the course of 10,000 h (>1 yr). This huge variation occurring under controlled conditions suggests that, besides drainage depth, climate and management, SOM composition is an underestimated factor that determines CO2 fluxes measured in field experiments. In contrast, correlations between the investigated soil characteristics and CO2 emissions were weak. Furthermore, there were no land-use effects. Such effects were expected based on the measured SOM characteristics and IPCC data. Temperature sensitivity of decomposition decreased with depth, indicating an enrichment of recalcitrant SOM in topsoils. This finding stands in contrast to findings in studies of undisturbed organic soils and Further it suggests that future C loss from agriculturally managed organic soils will be similar considering warmer climate conditions. Cultivation of organic soils is accompanied by inputs of young organic carbon (YOC) from plant residues. The amount of YOC inputs, their potential to compensate for oxidative peat loss as well as their lability are unknown. Studying the δ13C signatures in the topsoil of a managed organic soil revealed that at least 19 ± 2.4% of the SOC originate from YOC being accumulated recently. Yet, the accumulation rates are substantially smaller than average peat loss rates on the studied soils. Remarkably, the percentage of YOC in decomposing SOC was 53 ± 0.1%, indicating that YOC is more labile than bulk SOC. These findings are supported by the 14C age of emitted CO2 being younger than that of SOC. Inputs of fresh organic matter (FOM) to soil are known to induce priming effects, i.e. an altered decomposition of resident SOM. The effect of FOM addition on peat decomposition of agriculturally used organic soils has seldom been quantified experimentally. Therefore, we incubated soil samples from managed organic soils over three weeks with and without adding corn straw as FOM. The 13C and 14C signatures of SOC and emitted CO2 enabled us to apportion the amount of decomposed corn, as well as to estimate relative effects of corn addition on the decomposition of SOC from old peat and from YOC. FOM addition induced negative, positive and neutral priming of SOC decomposition. Further, the relative contribution of peat SOC to the overall CO2 release consistently decreased after FOM addition, suggesting that young and old C pools in managed organic soils respond differently to the addition of fresh plant residues. A combination of those two findings indicates that FOM addition can effectively reduce the decomposition of old peat. The results of this thesis suggest that agricultural use of organic soils has a tremendous effect on the composition and decomposability of SOC in organic soils. Furthermore, they show that also crop species known for their carbon sequestration potential are not likely to counteract peat losses caused by drainage. Therefore, agricultural management of organic soils without the risk of losing vast amounts of SOC seems unrealistic and thus, CO2 emissions from organic soils are not likely to decrease in the future. This means that they remain a big issue of concern for future generations in order to counteract climate change.
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description Publication2022 France FrenchHAL CCSD Authors: Otmani, Sabrina;Otmani, Sabrina;La paralysie cérébrale (PC) spastique est une pathologie qui touche près d’un enfant sur 500 à la naissance. Cette pathologie crée de nombreux problèmes moteurs notamment lors de la marche comme des mouvements involontaires due à une hypertonie musculaire appelée aussi spasticité. Chaque paralysie cérébrale a sa propre sévérité mesurée par différentes échelles. Actuellement, très peu d’aides motrices sont disponibles pour les enfants, le marché des assistances robotisées se focalisant principalement sur les adultes (anthropométrie constante et pathologie peu évolutive).L’objectif du projet EXOKID, dont cette thèse est issue, est donc de permettre à davantage d’enfants atteints de paralysie cérébrale d’avoir accès à un système robotisé à anthropométrie adaptée. Ce système doit pouvoir évoluer en fonction de leur croissance et de l’évolution de leur pathologie afin d’améliorer leur marche tant dans un contexte de rééducation au sein de structures adaptées que dans leur mobilité quotidienne.L’enfant, atteint de cette paralysie cérébrale, doit être pris en charge le plus tôt possible. Le but est de permettre à ce que l’enfant apprenne à marcher : en effet, la plasticité cérébrale des enfants est plus importante que celle des adultes et permet potentiellement à l’enfant d’apprendre rapidement, malgré d’éventuelles lésions cérébrales.Deux sœurs jumelles, dont l’une est atteinte de PC spastique, ont été étudiées. Cette gémellité nous a permis d’avoir des anthropométries proches et d’utiliser les données de la jumelle saine comme référence pour améliorer la marche spastique de sa sœur.Cette thèse s’articule ainsi autour de deux grands champs : la biomécanique et la robotique. Une étude de l’impact de paralysie cérébrale spastique sur la marche humaine a été réalisée. Cette étude a été suivie par une modélisation de la marche spastique et de l’interaction entre un enfant atteint de PC spastique et un exosquelette dans le but d’améliorer la cinématique de l’enfant.Cette thèse a abouti à la modélisation personnalisée d’une marche spastique ainsi que d’un premier contrôle de cette marche, par le biais d’une interaction exosquelette-humain, afin de la faire converger vers une marche plus saine. Spastic cerebral palsy is a pathology that affects nearly one child in 500 at birth.This pathology creates numerous motor problems, particularly when walking, suchas involuntary movements due to muscular hypertonia, also called spasticity. Eachcerebral palsy has its own severity measured by different scales. Currently, very fewmotor aids are available for children, as the market for robotic aids focuses mainlyon adults (constant anthropometry and pathology that does not evolve much). Theobjective of the EXOKID project, from which this thesis stems, is therefore to allowmore children with cerebral palsy to have access to a robotic system with adaptedanthropometry. This system must be able to evolve according to their growth andthe evolution of their pathology in order to improve their walking both in the contextof rehabilitation within adapted structures and in their daily mobility. The child,suffering from this cerebral palsy, must be taken in charge as soon as possible. Theaim is to enable the child to learn to walk : indeed, the cerebral plasticity of childrenis more important than that of adults and potentially allows the child to learnquickly, despite possible cerebral lesions.Two twin sisters, one of whom has spastic PC, were studied. This twinhood allowedus to have close anthropometries and to use the data of the healthy twin as areference to improve the spastic gait of her sister. This thesis is thus articulatedaround two main fields : biomechanics and robotics. A study of the impact of spasticcerebral palsy on human walking was carried out. This study was followed by amodelling of a spastic walking and the interaction between a child suffering fromspastic cerebral palsy and an exoskeleton with the aim of improving the child’skinematics. This thesis resulted in the personalised modelling of a spastic gait anda first control of this gait, through an exoskeleton-human interaction, in order tomake it converge towards a healthier gait.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2018 Germany EnglishUniversität Hohenheim Authors: Kumar, Sandhya Sasi;Kumar, Sandhya Sasi;Since its founding as a social welfare state, India has been meandering through “a life of contradictions” when it comes to social and economic equality. A potent indicator of this reality is the state of food and nutrition security across the country. India’s meager progress comes on the heels of rapid economic growth over the last two decades and a slew of public programs have attempted to address the multi-faceted nature of food and nutrition security. These efforts have included subsidized grains for households through the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS), village health, nutrition and education programming through the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), and Nutrition Rehabilitation Centers (NRCs) to treat cases of severe acute malnutrition (SAM). Though these programs have been scaled across the country, numerous governance challenges and institutional failures have persisted. The latest development in India’s food and nutrition policy landscape is the National Food Security Act (hereafter referred to as the Act) of 2013, which leverages existing national programs, including the TPDS and ICDS, to grant legal entitlements to nearly 70% of the total population. This Act was the fruit of a rights-based movement in India that demanded for over a decade to codify social and economic rights. However, the question arises as to whether this new Act been able to achieve its goal to ensure food and nutrition security by strengthening the governance of these programs? This is the central question of the present thesis. This thesis investigates how the Act has reformed the implementation of food and nutrition programs in the states of Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and the capital of New Delhi. The four key objectives of this study are to investigate 1) what changes are prescribed by the Act; 2) how effective these reforms have been in addressing persistent governance challenges; 3) what challenges remain and why; and 4) what strategies could be used to address these gaps. A qualitative case study approach was applied, which involved the following data collection methods: key informant and in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, participant observation, matrix ranking and process net-mapping, an innovative participatory tool that maps complex institutional processes and actors. This thesis is comprised of nine chapters. The first chapter introduces the puzzle of India’s nutritional status and explores why government efforts to tackle this problem have had tepid results. The second chapter presents the conceptual framework that defines governance challenges and an institutional framework of demand and supply side factors that contribute to effective policy and programming. Chapters three and four present an overview of the TPDS, ICDS and NRCs, and review the existing literature on the governance issues of these programs. Chapter 5 lays out the study design, methods and ethical protocols. Chapters six through eight explore each of the three programs and present key findings across the selected study sites. The last chapter presents cross-cutting conclusions for these programs in the wake of the Act and proposes a way forward to address institutional gaps in tackling food and nutrition security. Seit der Gründung des Wohlfahrtsstaates erlebt Indien eine Reihe von Widersprüchen, was die soziale und wirtschaftliche Gerechtigkeit des Landes angeht. Ein aussagekräftiger Indikator dieser Realität ist der Stand der Ernährungsicherheit im Land. Indiens dürftiger Fortschritt in der Ernährungssicherung folgt einer zwei Jahrzehnte andauernden Periode rasantem Wirtschaftswachstum, sowie einer Reihe von öffentlichen Programmen, die versuchen, die vielschichtigen Aspekte von Ernährung zu adressieren. Zu diesen Bemühungen gehören subventioniertes Getreide für Haushalte durch das gezielte öffentliche Vergabesystem TPDS, dörfliche Gesundheits-, Ernährungs- und Bildungsprogramme durch die Integrierten Dienstleistungen zur Entwicklung von Kindern ICDS und Rehabilitierungszentren für Fälle von schwerer akuter Mangelernährung (NRCs). Obwohl diese Programme auf ganz Indien ausgeweitet wurden, bestehen weiterhin institutionelle Mängel sowie zahlreiche Governance-Herausforderungen. Die jüngste Entwicklung in der Indischen Ernährungspolitik ist das Gesetz zur nationalen Ernährungssicherheit NFSA aus dem Jahr 2013. Das NFSA nutzt zwei bestehende nationale Programme, TPDS und ICDS, um fast 70% der Bevölkerung Rechtsansprüche zu gewähren. Dieses Gesetz war das Ergebnis einer größeren rechtebasierten Bewegung in Indien, die seit über einem Jahrzehnt das Ziel hat, soziale und wirtschaftliche Rechte zu kodifizieren. Es stellt sich die Frage, ob dieses neue Gesetz es ermöglicht hat, durch eine Stärkung der Governance der bestehenden Programme einen Lebenszyklusansatz in der Ernährungssicherung zu etablieren. Diese Doktorarbeit verwendet einen Ansatz vergleichender Fallstudien, um zu untersuchen, wie das NFSA die Umsetzung der Ernährungsprogramme in den Staaten Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh und der Hauptstadt Neu Delhi reformiert hat. Die vier Hauptziele der Dissertation sind: 1) die Änderungen, die durch das NFSA vorgeschrieben wurden, zu beschreiben 2) die Effektivität dieser Reformen bei der Bewältigung von Governance-Herausforderungen zu erklären, 3) die weiterhin bestehenden Governanceprobleme und Gründe dafür zu erklären, und 4) Strategien zu erarbeiten, die zur Behebung dieser Defizite beitragen können. Diese vier Aspekte wurden untersucht mittels Befragung von Schlüsselpersonen, Tiefeninterviews, Fokusgruppendiskussionen, teilnehmender Beobachtung, Matrix-Ranking und Prozessnetzkartierung (process net-mapping), ein innovatives und partizipatives Instrument, das komplexe institutionelle Prozesse und Akteure abbildet. Die vorliegende Doktorarbeit besteht aus neun Kapiteln. Das erste Kapitel gibt eine Einleitung in die Rätselhaftigkeit der Ernährungslage in Indien, und warum staatliche Bemühungen dieses Problem anzugehen, nur dürftige Ergebnisse erzielt haben. Das zweite Kapitel stellt einen konzeptionellen Rahmen bezüglich Governance-Herausforderungen und einen institutionellen Rahmen bezüglich Nachfrage- und Angebotsfaktoren, die zu wirkungsvollen Politikmaßnahmen und Programmgestaltung beitragen, dar. Kapitel drei und vier geben einen Überblick über TPDS, ICDS und NRCs, und über die bestehende Literatur bezüglich der Governance-Herausforderungen dieser drei Programme. Kapitel fünf beschreibt das Studiendesign, die angewandten Methoden und die Forschungsprotokolle. Kapitel sechs bis acht untersuchen jeweils eins der drei Programme und erklären Schlüsselergebnisse über die drei ausgewählten Untersuchungsstandorte hinweg. Die Dissertation schließt mit einer übergreifenden Zusammenfassung für diese Programme vor dem Hintergrund des neuen Gesetzes und gibt wegweisende Vorschläge wie man diese institutionellen Defizite zur Verbesserung der Ernährungssicherheit adressiert.
Elektronische Publik... arrow_drop_down Elektronische Publikationen der Universität HohenheimDoctoral thesis . 2018Data sources: Elektronische Publikationen der Universität HohenheimAll Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=od_______611::42ace0877d652228ffe00886da73b7b5&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2022 Slovenia SlovenianAuthors: Šumrada, Tanja;Šumrada, Tanja;handle: 20.500.12556/RUL-134435
Kmetijstvo sodi med najpomembnejše dejavnike zmanjševanja biotske pestrosti v EU, vendar integracija varstva narave v Skupno kmetijsko politiko ostaja nezadostna. Namen doktorske disertacije je proučiti načrtovanje, učinke in vrednotenje slovenske kmetijske politike na področju ohranjanja narave. Analiza z modeli BRT je pokazala negativno povezavo med diverziteto ptic kmetijske krajine in neposrednimi plačili, okoljski ukrepi pa so imeli v obdobju 2008–2019 na diverziteto ptic šibek relativni vpliv. Diverziteta ptic je bila najvišja v odprti krajini na območjih Natura 2000 z visoko pestrostjo kmetijskih rastlin in nizko obtežbo z živino. Programsko-teoretična analiza slovenske kmetijske politike je pokazala številne vrzeli v opredelitvi intervencijske logike. Manjka predvsem opredelitev ciljev in kazalnikov, ki bi omogočali presojo uspešnosti ukrepanja. Integracija varstva narave je na strateškem nivoju omejena predvsem na prostovoljne ukrepe, strategije za preprečevanje konfliktov med naravovarstvenimi in drugimi cilji kmetijske politike pa večinoma niso opredeljene. Ocenili smo, da je bilo v programskem obdobju 2014–2020 varstvu narave namenjenih okrog 5 % (17,8–19,4 mio EUR) letnega proračuna slovenske kmetijske politike. Disertacijo zaokrožuje analiza možnosti za izboljšanje rezultatske naravnanosti kmetijsko-okoljskih ukrepov, ki je potekala s poskusom diskretne izbire (521 kmetov na območju Haloz in Krasa) ter kvalitativno tematsko analizo intervjujev s kmeti, raziskovalci, odločevalci in kmetijskimi svetovalci. Kmetje so izkazali statistično značilno večje preference do rezultatskih shem kot do shem s predpisanimi praksami ter naklonjenost do individualnega pristopa k svetovanju. Za uspešno uveljavitev rezultatskih shem je nujno izboljšanje podatkovnih podlag, raziskav trajnostnih proizvodnih modelov ter usposobljenosti kadrov v nadzornih in svetovalnih službah. Agriculture is one of the most important factors in reducing biodiversity in the EU. However, the integration of nature conservation into the Common Agricultural Policy remains inadequate. The purpose of the doctoral dissertation is to study the planning, effects and evaluation of the Slovenian agricultural policy in the field of nature conservation. An analysis using BRT models showed a negative link between the diversity of farmland birds and direct payments, while environmental measures had a weak relative influence on bird diversity in the period 2008–2019. Bird diversity was highest in open landscapes on Natura 2000 sites that had a high diversity of agricultural plants and low stocking density. A programme theory analysis of the Slovenian agricultural policy showed numerous gaps in the definition of the intervention logic. Particularly lacking is a definition of objectives and indicators that would enable an assessment of the effectiveness of interventions. At the strategic level, the integration of nature conservation is limited mainly to voluntary measures. Strategies for preventing conflicts between nature conservation and other objectives of agricultural policy are mostly not defined. We estimated that in the 2014–2020 programming period, approximately 5 % (17.8–19.4 million EUR) of the annual budget of the Slovenian agricultural policy was allocated to nature conservation. The dissertation is concluded with an analysis of the possibilities for improving the result-orientation of agri-environmental measures, which was conducted with a discrete choice experiment (521 farmers in the Haloze and Karst area) and a qualitative thematic analysis of interviews with farmers, researchers, decision-makers and agricultural advisers. The farmers showed statistically significant higher preferences for result-based schemes than for schemes with prescribed practices and a preference for an individual approach to knowledge transfer. In order to successfully implement result-based schemes, it is necessary to improve data bases, research into sustainable production models and the training of staff in supervisory and advisory services.
Repository of the Un... arrow_drop_down Repository of the University of LjubljanaDoctoral thesis . 2022Data sources: Repository of the University of LjubljanaAll Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=od______3505::b8437b4928844607bc414131f4188f6b&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2018Embargo end date: 01 Jan 2018 Switzerland EnglishETH Zurich Authors: Krishnan, Parvathy;Krishnan, Parvathy;handle: 20.500.11850/272843
Pathogenic fungi impose a great threat to the global food production. They are globally distributed and display a huge amount of phenotypic diversity. They demonstrate high adaptability to diverse environments and to fluctuating conditions within their hosts. However, not much is known about the mechanisms underlying these processes of adaptation. Deciphering the genetic basis of phenotypic diversity may help us to get a deeper insight into the mechanisms that regulate complex adaptive traits. Furthermore, these findings may help in improving strategies for an effective and sustainable management of pathogens. In my PhD study, I aimed to understand the genetic basis of adaptation to variable environments using Zymoseptoria tritici. Z. tritici causes septoria leaf blotch of wheat and is considered to be the most devastating fungal wheat pathogen in Europe. In the first chapter of my thesis, I studied the role of melanin in adaptation of Z. tritici. I, demonstrated that melanin is essential for protection against harmful chemical fungicides such as bixafen. Remarkably, I observed high phenotypic variability in melanin accumulation levels in different Zymoseptoria tritici strains, most probably reflecting its role in adaptation to variable environments. Using genetic mapping, I was able to demonstrate that variability in melanization levels between two Swiss strains of Z. tritici was mediated by differential expression of the transcription factor Zmr1 (Zymoseptoria melanin regulation 1). I identified nucleotide mutations in the promoter region and an insertion of transposable elements (TEs) upstream of the promoter region as two mechanisms responsible for this observed differential expression of Zmr1. My findings clearly demonstrated the significance of gene expression regulation, mediated by the insertion of TEs and SNPs, in optimizing the growth and adaptation of the fungus under variable environments. Furthermore, these adaptive changes are responsible for the phenotypic diversity that we observe in Z. tritici strains from all over the world. In the second part of my thesis, I analyzed the expression of several secreted peptidases of Z. tritici at distinct stages during the infection process of wheat plants. Using computational genetic methods, I also analyzed nucleotide data sets of the peptidase genes for evolutionary signatures of genetic adaptation. By combining both approaches, I aimed at obtaining a more detailed picture of the relevance and the role of each enzyme during the infection process. I was able to show that the peptidases belonging to MEROPS families A1 and G1 were significantly up regulated during the asymptomatic phase of infection and displayed signatures of accelerated evolution, suggesting their key role in suppression of plant defenses and host specialization. In the third part of my thesis, I evaluated the role of a cellulase-encoding gene (JGI Prot. ID: 76589) using molecular biology techniques. This cellulase was only expressed during the final necrotrophic phase of Z. tritici infection and the nucleotide sequences of the gene showed signatures of diversifying selection. This pattern is consistent with the hypothesis of evasion from host recognition during the first phases of infection and subsequent induction of host-cell death by the secretion of an array of different cellulase isoforms by the fungus. To test this hypothesis, I constitutively expressed the cellulase-encoding gene in Z. tritici during all infection stages by inserting a constitutive promoter (originally from the Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene of Aspergillus nidulans) upstream of the start codon of the cellulase gene. I was able to show that the progress of infection in this mutant was delayed compared to the non-modified Z. tritici isolates. This suggests that the cellulase acts as an elicitor molecule that is detected by the plant and triggers the defense machinery that will hinder the growth of the pathogen. In summary, my PhD work demonstrated the significance of fine-tuning of gene expression regulation of various genes in plant pathogenic fungi to facilitate adaptation to different environmental conditions and host colonization. Remarkably, I was able to show that gene expression fine-tuning resulted in large amounts of phenotypic diversity in adaptive traits.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Other literature type 2020 France FrenchHAL CCSD Authors: Mazenc, Loïc;Mazenc, Loïc;This thesis analyzes the transformations of crop managers. This professional group is central to the running of a unique form of agricultural concern, the integrated farm, which symbolises the "new agricultural capitalism" (Purseigle, Nguyen and Blanc, 2017).The archival research carried out to study the sociogenesis of crop managers shows that this professional group has never enjoyed a linear trajectory since its inception from its social existence (Roquet, 2012). Indeed, it has alternated between dominant and dominated positions within the field of agricultural policies. Since its emergence at the beginning of the nineteenth century, its construction was profoundly ambivalent; caught in-between two different dynamics: first, a professionalization "from above" led by landowners and consubstantial with the pursuit of an institutional program (Dubet, 2010) of group formation; second, the contestation of their role and value by farmers committed to family farms without employees.The ethnographic data collected through four immersion periods as an employee, supported by the structural analysis of the job market for crop managers, and a study of their initial and continuous professional training, demonstrate the persistence of this ambivalence. It also shows the dualist nature (Demazière, 2012) of the group’s current professionalization. The processes defining integrated agricultural enterprises — the integration of trade and packaging, the managerialism (Craipeau and Metzger, 2011) of the organization, and its concentration of capital and land — participate in strengthening the professional autonomy of crop managers, serving as the "bridgeheads" facilitating the capitalist accumulation of agricultural concerns, as well as in the destabilization of their professional model.This dissertation therefore sets out to account for the simultaneous and combined developments of a hitherto forgotten profession and of an organization under the pressures of modern capitalism. By studying the dualism of the professionalization process and its effects on the professional group under scrutiny, we demonstrate, among other things, that crop managers are frustrated interpreters of the new agricultural capitalism. Cette thèse analyse les transformations du groupe professionnel des chefs de culture au sein d’une forme singulière d’entreprise, symbole d’un « nouveau capitalisme agricole » (Purseigle, Nguyen et Blanc, 2017) : les entreprises agricoles intégrées.Le travail sur archives réalisé pour étudier la sociogenèse de la profession de chef de culture montre que dès son existence sociale (Roquet, 2012), le groupe professionnel ne connaît pas de trajectoire linéaire, alternant entre position dominante et position dominée dans le champ des politiques agricoles. Il se caractérise, au cours du XXème siècle, par une ambivalence entre une professionnalisation « par le haut » organisée par les propriétaires terriens, consubstantielle de la construction d’un programme institutionnel (Dubet, 2010) du groupe, et une mise à l’écart par les chefs d’exploitation modernistes qui défendent une agriculture familiale sans salarié.Les données ethnographiques de quatre immersions en tant que salarié, articulées à l’étude de la structure du marché de l’emploi des chefs de culture et à celle des évolutions de leur formation initiale et continue, montrent la poursuite de cette ambivalence et le dualisme (Demazière, 2012) actuel de la professionnalisation du groupe. Les processus définissant les entreprises agricoles intégrées — l’intégration de la commercialisation et du conditionnement, la gestionnarisation (Craipeau et Metzger, 2011) de l’organisation et sa concentration capitalistique et foncière — participent à la fois à un renforcement de l’autonomie professionnelle des chefs de culture, incarnant les « têtes de pont » de la poursuite de l’accumulation capitaliste des entreprises agricoles, et à une déstabilisation de leur modèle professionnel.Ce travail de thèse fait donc le pari initial de rendre compte des évolutions conjointes d’une profession jusqu’alors oubliée et d’une organisation où pénètre la force contraignante du capitalisme moderne. Par l’étude du dualisme du processus de professionnalisation et ses effets sur le groupe professionnel en question, nous démontrons notamment que les chefs de culture sont des interprètes contrariés du nouveau capitalisme agricole.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2014 Germany GermanJustus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Authors: Wapelhorst, Britta;Wapelhorst, Britta;In der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit sollte a) die Expression sowie b) die zelluläre Lokalisation des SLC10A6 (SOAT) im humanen Hoden geklärt werden. Der SOAT zeigt im Vergleich mit weiteren Gewebetypen vergleichsweise hohe Expression im Hoden und weist eine Transportaffinität für sulfatierte Steroide auf. Sulfatierte Steroide können aufgrund ihrer hydrophilen Eigenschaften Zellmembranen nicht durch Diffusion passieren, sondern benötigen einen Transporter. Zudem sind sulfatierte Steroide biologisch nicht aktiv und können erst nach Desulfatierung an ihre entsprechenden Rezeptoren binden und eine biologische Antwort hervorrufen. Aufgrund seiner Eigenschaften ist der SOAT ein potentieller Kandidat für den Transport sulfatierter Steroide im humanen Hoden und somit für die lokale Bereitstellung von Androgenen und Östrogenen. Die Untersuchungen wurden an Hodenbiopsien von Patienten durchgeführt, die eine normale Spermatogenese aufwiesen und Hodenbiopsien von Patienten mit gestörter Spermatogenese, bis hin zu einer völligen Abwesenheit von Keimzellen, dem Sertoli Cell Only Syndrom. Der Nachweis der Expression des SOAT erfolgte mittels TaqMan®-RT-qPCR, RT-PCR nach Laser-assistierter Mikrodissektion und In-situ- Hybridisierung. In den Untersuchungen der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte durch TaqMan®-RT-qPCR und RT-PCR nach Laser-assistierter Mikrodissektion gezeigt werden, dass der SOAT in Hodenbiopsien mit normaler Spermatogenese exprimiert wird. Der zelluläre Nachweis des SOAT erfolgte mittels In-situ-Hybridisierung in Keimzellen, den primären Spermatozyten. Für den Nachweis des SOAT Proteins wurden im Rahmen dieser Dissertation sechzehn Antikörper eingesetzt. Eine spezifische Färbung konnte jedoch bei keinem Antikörper beobachtet werden. Untersuchungen von Fietz et al. (2013) konnten das SOAT-Protein schließlich mittels eines Antikörpers gegen das Soat-Protein der Maus Soat(m329-344) in Spermatozyten und teilweise in Spermatiden nachweisen. Da es sulfatierten Steroiden nicht möglich ist, die Blut-Hoden-Schranke ohne die Hilfe eines Transporters zu überwinden und so die Keimzellen zu erreichen, stellt sich die Frage nach der Funktion des SOAT in den Keimzellen des humanen Hodens. Der Nachweis der Expression des SOAT erfolgte auch in drei Hodenbiopsien mit Spermatogenestörungen, die mit einer Infertilität einhergehen. Aufgrund der signifikant geringeren Expression des SOAT in Hodenbiopsien mit einer Hypospermatogenese kann vermutet werden, dass eine signifikant geringere Expression des SOAT mit einem verringertem Transport von sulfatierten Steroiden und in Folge mit einer reduzierten Bereitstellung von lokal verfügbaren Androgenen und Östrogenen einhergeht (Fietz et al. 2013). Diese Fragestellung könnte durch Untersuchungen der Spermatogenese von Slc10a6-knockout Mäusen weiterführend untersucht werden. It was the aim of this doctoral thesis to elucidate a) the expression and b) the cellular localization of the sodium-dependent organic anion transporter SLC10A6 (SOAT) in human testis. SOAT is predomiantly expressed in human testis and shows specific transport for sulfated steroids. Because of their hydrophilic nature, sulfated steroids are not able to pass cell membranes and therefore need the help of a transporter. Moreover, sulfated steroids are not biologically active, only after desulfatation they can bind to their receptors to induce a biological response. SOAT is a potential candidate not only for transport of sulfated steroids in the human testis, but also for a local supply of androgens and estrogens. The study included testicular biopsis showing normal spermatogenesis and spermatogenic impairment, including Sertoli cell only syndrome. Detection of SOAT mRNA was performed by TaqMan®-RT-qPCR, RT-PCR after laser-assisted microdissection and in situ hybridization. TaqMan®-RT-qPCR and RT-PCR after LAM detected expression of SOAT in testicular biopsies showing normal spermatogenesis. SOAT was localized in germ cells, in primary spermatocytes by in situ hybridization. For verification of SOAT protein distribution 16 antibodies were tested but none could give answer to the question of protein localization. Fietz et al. (2013) employed a new antibody against SOAT protein of mice (Soatm329-433) and detected SOAT in spermatocytes and spermatid of various stages. Due to unabillity for sulfated steroids to pass the blood-testis-barrier, the function of SOAT in spermatocytes is still not known. SOAT could be verified in three testicular biopsies showing impaired spermatogenesis resulting in infertility. Fietz et al. confirmed a significant lower expression of SOAT in testicular biopsies showing hypospermatogenesis. It is suggested that the reduction or lack of SOAT expression might be related to a decreased local supply with androgens and estrogens (Fietz et al. 2013). Further studies with Slc10a6-knockout mice could corroborate this hypothesis.
Giessener Elektronis... arrow_drop_down Giessener Elektronische BibliothekDoctoral thesis . 2014Data sources: Giessener Elektronische BibliothekAll Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=od_______478::8bb9a863ce826139b4691222eb631348&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2014 Germany EnglishUniversität Hohenheim Authors: Imran, Muhammad;Imran, Muhammad;Seed reserves are the primary source of mineral nutrients for early seedling development. ?Nutrient seed priming? is a technique in which seeds are soaked in nutrient solution and subsequently dried back to initial moisture content for storage. It is an efficient approach to increase seed nutrient contents along with priming effects to improve seed quality, germination speed and seedling establishment. Various abiotic stresses, such as sub-optimal temperature, drought, submergence and soil pH extremes can seriously affect seedling establishment and nutrient acquisition at early growth stages. This thesis focused on the role and contribution of nutrient seed priming in plant growth and nutritional status in maize and soybean under conditions of limited nutrient availability and low root-zone temperature. Protocols for nutrient seed priming with Zn, Mn, Zn+Mn, B and P were optimised for application in maize and soybean seeds (B and P priming in maize only). Optimum priming durations of 24 h (maize) and 12 h (soybean) were identified for both plant species but in instead of submerging seeds in priming solutions slow imbibition between filter papers was essential for soybean to minimise development of abnormal seedlings to avoid imbibition damage. Nutrient concentrations were calculated according to water uptake to double the natural seed reserves of the respective micronutrients and 50% increase in phosphorus. However, final uptake of the micronutrients was generally much higher (+500-1000%) while it was lower for P (+20%). In case of soybean this could be attributed to a high Zn and Mn binding capacity of the seed coat, which adsorbed up to 60% of the primed nutrients. Particularly, Zn and Zn+Mn priming stimulated plant growth in hydroponic culture systems and to a lower extent also on a soil with low availability of P, Zn and Fe. This was associated with a high shoot translocation of the primed nutrients (Zn and Mn), which was most expressed in the hydroponic culture system. Combined priming treatments with Zn and Mn were usually less effective than Zn priming alone, suggesting an antagonistic interaction. By contrast, mobility of primed B was extremely low and B priming was completely ineffective. In soil culture also P priming moderately increased shoot biomass production by 10-20 %. However the efficiency of P priming was largely limited by the high P demand of the plants. Low root zone temperature (RZT) at early spring is a limiting factor for maize production in Central and Northern Europe. Nutrient acquisition, nutrient uptake and particularly root growth are severely affected at low RZT and the consequences of these growth depressions are often not completely compensated until final harvest. Model experiments in hydroponics and soil culture revealed that maize nutrient seed priming with Zn, Mn and Fe is a promising strategy to diminish the deficiency of specific nutrients, such as Zn, Mn and also P and to maintain plant growth under low RZT stress. This was mainly attributed to significantly increased root growth and particularly fine root production in plants grown from nutrient-primed seeds. Improved net photosynthesis of primed plants was mainly related with increased leaf area and preliminary results suggest a higher tolerance to oxidative damage due to increased production of protective phenolics. Two independent field experiments under conditions of suboptimal temperatures during germination and early growth revealed an increase in grain yield of 10 ? 15 % for plants derived from Zn+Mn and Fe primed seeds. This finding demonstrates long-lasting persistence of priming effects. The molecular and physiological mechanisms behind require further investigation. Samenreserven sind die primäre Quelle für die Mineralstoffversorgung während der frühen Keimlingsentwicklung. Nährstoffpriming ist ein methodischer Ansatz, bei dem Saatgut in Mineralstofflösungen vorgequollen und anschließend zur weiteren Lagerung auf Ausgangsfeuchte zurückgetrocknet wird. Hierdurch ist es möglich, neben vorquellungsbedingten Primingeffekten auch die Mineralstoffreserven zur Verbesserung der Saatgutqualität zu erhöhen sowie die Auflauf-Geschwindigkeit und die Keimlingsentwicklung zu verbessern, die durch verschiedenste Stressfaktoren, wie suboptimale Temperaturbedingungen, Trockenheit, Staunässe und pH-Extreme beeinträchtigt werden kann. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Wirkung von Nährstoffpriming auf das Wachstum und den Ernährungsstatus von Mais und Soja unter Bedingungen eingeschränkter Nährstoffverfügbarkeit und niedriger Wurzelraumtemperatur. Für die Saatgutapplikation von Zink (Zn), Mangan (Mn), Mn+Zn, Bor (B), Eisen (Fe) und Phosphat (P) bei Mais und Soja wurden Primingprotokolle entwickelt. Bei beiden Pflanzenarten ergab sich eine optimale Behandlungsdauer von 24 h. Jedoch war es notwendig, das Soja-Saatgut anstelle von submerser Inkubation in den Nährlösungen, langsam in Nährlösungsgetränktem Filterpapier einzuquellen, um die Entwicklung abnormaler Keimlinge aufgrund von Quellungsschäden zu vermeiden. Anhand der Wasseraufnahme der Keinlinge wurden die Nährlösungskonzentrationen so berechnet, das sich nach Einquellen eine Verdopplung der natürlichen Mineralstoffreserven im Samen ergeben sollte. Jedoch wurden für die Mikronährstoffe erheblich höhere Aufnahmeraten gemessen (+500 - 1000%), während die Aufnahme von P geringer war (+ 20%). Bei Soja konnte gezeigt werden, das die erhöhten Mikronährstoffgehalte auf eine hohe Bindungskapazität der Zwei unabhängige Feldversuche bei suboptimaler Temperatur während der Keimphase und des Jugendwachstums ergaben Kornertragssteigerungen von 10-15 % bei Mais nach Saatgutpriming mit Zn+Mn oder Fe. Diese Ergebnisse belegen die Langzeitwirkung der Primingeffekte. Die molekularen und physiologischen Grundlagen erfordern allerdings noch weitere Untersuchungen.
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visibility 2visibility views 2 download downloads 0 Powered bymore_vert Elektronische Publik... arrow_drop_down Elektronische Publikationen der Universität HohenheimDoctoral thesis . 2014Data sources: Elektronische Publikationen der Universität HohenheimAll Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=od_______611::7f64758667d9f72049dd72b9721e5be0&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2015 Germany GermanUniversität Hohenheim Authors: Hill, Sebastian;Hill, Sebastian;Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation soll geklärt werden, welche Werte in Theorie und Praxis als typisch genossenschaftlich angesehen werden, in wie weit diese in der Praxis Anwendung finden und welche Funktionen und Potenziale sich in ihnen verbergen. Als Einflussfaktoren hierauf wurden die Genossenschaftssparte, die Größe der Genossenschaft, deren Alter und der Status des Befragten definiert. Grundlage hierfür war eine umfassende Analyse der einschlägigen Literatur auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene zur Identifikation der in der Theorie als genossenschaftsspezifische angesehenen Werte. Aufbauend auf diesen Ergebnissen wurde ein Fragebogen entwickelt, welcher im Rahmen einer quantitativen, digitalen Befragung an jeweils eine Führungskraft der 844 zum Erhebungszeitpunkt in der Untersuchungsregion Baden-Württemberg existierenden Genossenschaften versandt wurde. Als zweiter Schritt wurde eine postalische Befragung von insgesamt 3.552 Mitgliedern und 707 Mitarbeitern, unterteilt in jeweils zwei Kredit- und Raiffeisengenossenschaften und drei Gewerblichen Genossenschaften, durchgeführt. Die Auswertungsergebnisse der Datengrundlage (primär und sekundär) zeigen, dass in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur ein genossenschaftlicher Wertekern beschrieben wird, welcher die Werte Demokratie, Selbsthilfe, Solidarität, Selbstverantwortung, Freiwilligkeit, Gleichheit und Gerechtigkeit umfasst. Teile dieser Werte finden sich auch in den aus der genossenschaftlichen Praxis gewonnenen empirischen Ergebnissen wieder, wobei diese allgemein eher Werte wie zum Beispiel Verlässlichkeit, Nachhaltigkeit oder Fairness als typisch genossenschaftlich ansehen. Dennoch konnte festgestellt werden, dass die traditionellen Werte immer noch wesentlichen impliziten Einfluss auf die Rechtsform der eingetragenen Genossenschaften haben, und dass die zuvor definierten Einflussfaktoren die als zentral erachteten Werte beeinflussen. Auch hinsichtlich der Wahrnehmung und der Umsetzung der genossenschaftlichen Werte konnten Differenzen offengelegt werden. Entscheidenden Einfluss kann hier eine bewusste und zielgerichtete Kommunikationsstrategie haben. Die Funktionen und Potenziale, welche die genossenschaftlichen Werte in sich vereinen, sind in der Praxis unbestritten. Hierzu gehören die Funktionen der Identitäts- und Vertrauensstiftung oder der Unterscheidung gegenüber anderen Rechtsformen. Darüber hinaus werden den genossenschaftlichen Werten sowohl ökonomische, als auch soziale Potenziale und Potenziale für das Marketing der Genossenschaft zugesprochen. Zusammenfassend kann festgehalten werden, dass die Genossenschaften mit ihren Werten über ein ihrer Rechtsform einzigartiges Instrument zur Förderung dieser Unternehmensform verfügen. Hier gilt es, diese Potenziale zu erkennen und zu nutzen, um zu einem nachhaltig erfolgreichen Bestehen des genossenschaftlichen Sektors, aber auch der gesamten deutschen Gesellschaft beitragen zu können. In this dissertation, we aimed to clarify what values are considered as typical for cooperatives in theory and practice, how the values are applied and realized in practice, and what are their functions and potentials. In the first step, a comprehensive analysis of relevant literature on a national and international level was used to identify which values are seen, in theory, as cooperative-specific values. Based on the results of the literature analysis, a questionnaire was developed and the branch, the size and age of the cooperative as well as the status of the respondents were defined as influencing factors. The questionnaire was sent as a digital quantitative survey to one manager in each of the 844 existing cooperatives in the Baden-Württemberg study region. As a second step, a written (postal) survey was conducted, involving a total of 3,552 members and 707 employees from two Cooperative Banks and Raiffeisen Cooperatives and three Commercial Cooperatives. The evaluation results of the database (from primary and secondary data) show that in scientific literature, cooperative values’ core is described as one that includes the values of democracy, self-help, solidarity, self-responsibility, voluntariness, equality and justice. Some of these values were also mentioned in the results of the empirical survey, whereas the cooperative managers tended to list general values such as reliability, sustainability and fairness, as typical for cooperatives. However, it can be shown that the traditional values still have significant and implicit influence on the legal form of registered cooperatives, and that the previously defined influencing factors have a strong effect on the relevant central values. Although differences could be found between the perception and implementation of cooperative values, a conscious and purposeful communication strategy can have a decisive influence here. The hidden functions and potentials of cooperative values are undisputed in practice, such as the functions of identity and foundation of trust, or discrimination against other types. In addition, the survey shows that in the minds of the managers, members and workers, the cooperative values have social and economic potentials as well as potentials for the marketing of the cooperatives. In summary, it can be said, that the cooperative values are a unique instrument for the cooperatives to promote the legal from of registered cooperatives. It is therefore important to recognize and exploit these potentials to gain a sustainable and successful future not just for the cooperative sector, but also for the whole German society.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2014 Germany EnglishJustus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Authors: Chávez Zander, Ursula;Chávez Zander, Ursula;It was postulated that populations living in an environment with a high degree of agrobiodiversity are also more likely to show a higher dietary diversity and therefore a better nutritional outcome. Thus, a serial cross-sectional study was conducted in four rural Aymara communities in the southeast region of Peru situated between 3,825 and 4,100 masl, a region with high agrobiodiversity. The main objectives were the following: A) to examine whether agrobiodiversity is potentially available for a diversified diet, B) to assess the dietary diversity and food variety in different seasons of the year and identify possible seasonal influence, C) to identify influencing factors such as socio-economic and household-related characteristics on both the dietary diversity and food variety, and D) to examine whether a diversified diet is correlated with the nutritional outcomes. The selected seasons were the rainy one (February-March), the post-harvest period (June-July), and the farming or sowing season (October-November) during 2007. The target population was women aged 15-49. The surveys included two parts in each season: 1) standardized questionnaires with general household and socio-economic questions as well as a qualitative 24h dietary recall, and 2) anthropometric measures for the calculation of BMI, and MUAC, as well as capillary blood samples for measuring iron and vitamin A status. Cases with possible diseases or the intake of medicaments or nutritional supplements were excluded. After data cleansing, a total sample size of 183 women in the first, 161 in the second, and 158 in the third survey were considered for further nutritional and socio-economic analysis, while anthropometric and biochemical data from 143, 105, and 98 women were included for the corresponding statistical tests, respectively. The DDS and FVS were calculated for each season based on the 24h recalls, using 14 food groups and 61 food items, respectively. A wealth and housing index was constructed to classify each participant into low, medium, or high socio-economic status. The most cultivated food crops were potato (100%), barley (80.3%), broad beans (77.6%), quinoa (71.6%) and oca (57.9%). Animal husbandry was characterized by sheep (92.4%), cattle (76.5%), chickens (49.2%), and pigs (42.6%). In general, domestic animals such as cattle and pig were mainly kept for sale purposes, while sheep and chickens were used for household consumption. Home gardens for horticulture and fruits were not wide spread among the households (23%), while 82.5% of the women said they gathered plants. Taking all three seasons into account (n = 147), a median (IQR) DDS of 6.7 (6.3 to 7.7) food groups out of 14 and FVS of 11.0 (9.7 to 12.3) food items out of 61 were obtained. Over the three surveyed seasons, the diet was characterized by potatoes (100%), cereals (97.3%) – mostly wheat products and rice, vegetables (95.3%) such as onions and tomatoes, vitamin A-rich vegetables (87.8%) such as carrots and pumpkins, and legumes (67%) – mainly broad beans. Overall, animal source foods were not frequently consumed (less than 50%). Nevertheless, the consumption prevalence of flesh meat accounted for approx. 56% of the women within the highest DDS tercile. The dietary diversity was not significantly different among the three seasons, while the food variety was significantly higher in June-July than in February-March (p less than 0.001) and in October-November (p = 0.013). The median (IQR) number of utilized traditional food, 4.0 (3.0 to 5.0) did not differ significantly between seasons, villages, income sources or SES. In contrast, a slightly higher number of commercial foods were purchased by women from wealthier households, by those living closer to markets, and by those with income sources coming from regular wages or from a combination between agricultural and non-farm activities (all tests p less than 0.01). A higher number of vegetables and fruits were purchased by the upper SES level (p less than 0.05) and the village with the shortest distance to local markets (p less than 0.01) during the first survey period. When checked for factors related to agrobiodiversity, food security, and caring capacity, the dietary diversity and food variety were determined by different factors according to the surveyed seasons. In pre-harvest periods (rainy season), staple food scarcity, demographic and socio-economic factors influenced DDS and FVS the most, while agricultural biodiversity, i.e. food resources coming from farming activities, did not play a significant role. During the post-harvest season, DDS and FVS were basically influenced by agrobiodiversity and SES. After inclusion of the educational level of the household’s head in the model, the outcome revealed that this caring capacity factor had the main impact on the DDS, modifying it positively. Finally, during the farming season (the initial food shortage), the crop variety of the households along with the sector of residence, and in case of FVS, the length of food shortage and education of the head of household were also significant influencing factors on the food scores. Less than 10% of the women were underweight, while more than 20% were overweight or even obese, suggesting processes of nutrition transition as observed in other middle and low income populations. Though not distinctive, a significant (p less than 0.05) seasonal decrease in BMI, weight, and MUAC was found at the end of the year, which coincided with the initial local food shortage. The prevalence of anemia was high in each season (35%, 49%, and 45%, respectively). Nevertheless, the share of anemic women during the rainy season was significantly lower than the one in the post-harvest (p less than 0.05). Gathering (p less than 0.01) during the rainy season and animal-based vitamin A-rich foods (p less than 0.05) during the post-harvest influenced the Hb concentrations of the participants positively. A seasonal amelioration of the iron status was found between the post-harvest and farming season, while the vitamin A status showed a worsening between the same periods (both p less than 0.001). Because of the low percentage of women with abnormal sTfR concentrations but high anemia prevalence in each season, it is presumable that anemia in the study region is caused by other nutritional or health-related factors rather than iron-related only. Though no significant relationships were found between the food scores and vitamin A or iron status, certain consumption patterns showed an association with Hb, sTfR, and RBP. In this case, the biochemical indicators were sensitive to some aspects of the diet reflected in the food groups consumed by the individuals. This fact points out that attention should be paid to the specific food groups consumed by the individuals, and thus, even qualitative dietary methods are able to identify critical consumption patterns. Es wurde postuliert, dass Bevölkerungen mit einer hohen agrobiologischen Vielfalt eine große Lebensmittelvielfalt und dadurch einen guten Ernährungsstatus aufweisen. Hierzu wurde eine serielle Querschnittstudie in vier Aymara Dörfern aus den südlichen Bergregionen Perus zwischen 3 825 und 4 100 m über N.N., einer geographischen Region hoher agrobiologischer Vielfalt. Die Hauptziele der Studie waren folgende: A) Zu untersuchen, ob die agrobiologische Vielfalt in dieser Umgebung eine vielfältige Ernährung ermöglicht, B) Die Nahrungsmittelvielfalt in verschiedenen Jahreszeiten zu untersuchen und auf saisonale Unterschiede zu prüfen, C) Einflussfaktoren der Lebensmittelvielfalt wie z.B. sozio-ökonomische und andere haushaltsbezogene Faktoren zu identifizieren, und D) Zu untersuchen, ob die Nahrungsmittelvielfalt, erhoben mit den DDS (Dietary Diversity Score) und FVS (Food Variety Score), einen Zusammenhang mit dem Ernährungsstatus aufweist. Die ausgewählten Erhebungsperioden waren die Regenzeit (Februar-März), die Nachernte-Phase (Juni-Juli), und die Anbauphase (Oktober-November) im Jahr 2007. Die Studienpopulation umfasste Frauen zwischen 15 und 49 Jahren. Die Erhebungen beinhalteten verschiedene Methoden in zwei Teilen: 1) Standardisierte Fragebö