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Bu çalışmada, 2015-2016 yılları arasında Marmara Bölgesi’nde (Bursa, Yalova, Bilecik, Kocaeli, Sakarya ve İstanbul) yaprağı yenen sebzelerden salata (kıvırcık, marul, aysberg) maydanoz, dereotu, roka, ıspanak ve tere üretim alanlarında görülen hastalık ve zararlı türlerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yaprağı yenen sebze üretim alanları hastalık ve zararlı yönünden incelenmiş ve örnek alınmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda fungal etmenlerden Septoria sp., Sclerotinia sp., Botrytis cinerea, Bremia lactucae, viral etmenlerden Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) ve Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV), zararlılardan salyangoz, solucan, sülük, yaprak biti, thrips, Empoasca sp. ve Meloidogyne incognita, faydalı böcek olarak ise Coccinela septempunctata, Crysopha sp. ve Syrphus sp. tespit edilmiştir. Sürvey yapılan alanlarda bakteriyel hastalık etmeni tespit edilmemiştir. In this study, it was aimed to determine the diseases and pest species seen in salad (curly, lettuce, iceberg) parsley, dill, arugula, spinach and cress production areas in the Marmara Region (Bursa, Yalova, Bilecik, Kocaeli, Sakarya and İstanbul) between 2015 and 2016.Considering the cultivation areas of leafy vegetables areas was examined and sampled. Fungal agents such as Septoria sp., Sclerotinia sp., Botrytis cinerea, Bremia lactucae, Viral agents such as Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Lettuce mosaic potyvirus (LMV), pests such as snail, worm, leech, aphis, thrips, Empoasca sp. and Meloidogyne incognita, as useful insect Coccinela septempunctata, Crysopha sp., and Syrphus sp. were identified result of the analysis. No bacterial agent was detect in the surveyed areas.

Objective: to determine the factors that influence on self-medication in Cartagena de Indias (Colombia) adolescents in rural area. Materials and methods: analytical, cross-sectional study, which 383 adolescents between 10 and 18 years old, who lives in two towns of Cartagena, participated. An instrument designed for this study and validated by an expert was applied and integrated by a sociodemographic component, as well as a self-medication and related factors instrument. Results: participants were mostly males (58.2%), between 12 and 17 years old (14.9% and 16.2%), high school students (55.1%). This practice is associated with influence of a relative or a friend (OR 95% CI (6,686 (3,960-11,288)), female sex (OR 95% CI (2,636 (1,516- 4,586) and the acquisition of medications without a medical formula (OR 95% CI (10,491 (4,849 22,698)). Conclusions: self-medication is a common practice among adolescents in the rural area of Cartagena, and is given by cultural factors, such as the family influences and the flexibility of acquiring medications without a medical formula.

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>With the advent of open access movement, open access journals (OAJs) being the prodigious source of academic </span><span>and research information have been gaining significant magnitude. The electronic age has made it easier and more </span><span>convenient than ever to break barriers to research information. The present study aims to study and analyse the status </span><span>of 497 OAJs in Agriculture indexed in Directory of Open Access Journals. Specified traits such as Geographic and </span><span>language wise distribution, coverage of Indexing/Abstracting databases, ranking of journals according to Impact Factor (IF), OA licensing model adopted, policy of plagiarism, visibility on social media and related issues of the </span><span>OAJs in Agriculture are evaluated in the paper. Results indicated the dominance of De Gruyter Open as a publisher with highest number of OAJs, English as a content language, Indonesia with highest number of OAJs, Google scholar </span><span>with highest journals indexed. The study observes the increasing migration of journals from commercial practice to OA. </span><span>Frontiers in Plant Science </span><span>found with highest Impact Factor among OAJs in Agriculture. </span></p></div></div></div>

The effort to meet the community's need for space is to change the function of land which was originally used as agricultural activity to become a space for other community activities and is non-agricultural in nature, which we will later call the conversion of agricultural land. Generally, uncontrolled conversion of agricultural land functions, if not addressed, can lead to serious problems, among others, can threaten the capacity of food supply and environmental sustainability. The trend of increasing demand for land makes conversion of agricultural land difficult to avoid. The loss of agricultural land and the conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural functions regardless of its form are indicators for the development of modern cities. The modern city which is synonymous with industrialization and the splendor of buildings will gradually remove agricultural areas and change the environmental ecosystem further. If viewed from an ecological point of view, of course this problem causes environmental imbalance which will have a negative impact on food security. But what about the conversion of agricultural land from the viewpoint of spatial politics?Keywords: Agricultural land, land use changes, political spatial

After Burkina Faso's independence, shea butter continues to be the key staple edible oil used by Burkinabe households although alternatives are now being placed in local markets. Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn.) is primarily managed as a food tree crop for African consumers but has been promoted as a wild and abundant crop which gives African women cash and empowerment. New international demand for edible Cocoa Butter Equivalents (CBEs) from the 1960s onwards led to the introduction of several state-led efforts to regulate and control the shea trade through stabilization funds and parastatal marketing boards. These were abandoned after 1984, when cocoa prices collapsed and shea markets were liberalized. Increasingly since 2003, several leading Trans-National Corporations that manufacture CBEs are involved in sourcing shea kernels to meet the growing demands of the multi-billion-dollar confectionary and cosmetics industries. Burkina Faso and Ghana are two of the main exporting countries producing 60–75% of all international shea offtake. West, Central and East African women shea collectors and their associations have also managed, more recently, to meet the growing demand for 'hand-crafted' shea butter for the global personal care sector and new niches in the edible oil industry. Attempts to explain the radical transformation of shea supply chains in West Africa have focused on relatively recent events and actions detached from the broader historical context in which they are embedded. This paper adopts a broad periodization, stemming from the formulation of CBEs incorporating shea and palm stearin in the 1960s, and using a Global Production Network approach to understand the role and position of women shea producers and their associations at the intersection of global, regional, and local periodic markets. It challenges the assumption that global markets are necessarily a more viable alternative to reliance on local, domestic, or regional markets. The growth of global trade in shea kernels and shea butter has been accompanied by significant land cover and land use changes which has led to the progressive loss of trees, biodiversity, and other ecosystem services such as pollination and carbon sequestration. This presents new socio-economic challenges, including threats to local food and nutrition security, tenure rights and the livelihoods of local communities.

We developed an uneven-aged forest economic decision-making framework that combines: (i) a size-structured matrix model, based on growth and mortality predictions of a dynamic process-based forest landscape model, (ii) an optimal control model that determines the dynamics of control and state variables, which in turn are defined by tree harvesting and forest stock, respectively, and (iii) a water yield function that depends on changes in the leaf area index (LAI), the latter being affected by forest management. This framework was used to simulate the effects of economic-driven harvesting decisions on water yields on a catchment of South-Western Swiss Alps when both timber and water benefits are considered. Water benefits are estimated as environmental prices considering current water demands for drinking, irrigation and hydropower production. We simulated optimal harvesting decisions given the initial forest structure at each 200 m × 200 m grid cells, a set of restrictions to harvesting, and specific species survival, recruitment and growth probabilities, all of which are affected by the stand’s LAI. We applied this model using different harvesting restriction levels over a period of 20 to 40-years, and accounting for single and joint timber and water benefits. The results suggested that at the environmental prices estimated at the catchment area, water benefits have a slight influence on harvesting decisions, but when water is accounted for, harvesting decisions would include more tree species and different diameter classes, which, in principle, is expected to favor more diverse forest structures. Paola Ovando developed the model and the earlier stages of the paper while she was working at the Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (eawag). She acknowledges the additional financial support of the Macaulay Development Trust for finishing this work Peer reviewed

The limited involvement of firms in financial markets and a rather low level of financial literacy and absence of high-quality use of financial services are currently recognized as a fundamental issue. Recent research confirms that economic prosperity, sustainable development and poverty reduction are determined by the increased availability and use of financial services. All these circumstances have led to the emergence of another long-term trend in the financial sector which we define the concept of financial inclusion. Modern vectors of financial system development (emergence of new financial instruments, spread of new business models in the financial market, artificial intelligence, development and implementation of digitalization strategy) trigger discussions on the essence and content of financial inclusion. The article provides an overview of its available interpretations, and it is concluded that the theoretical basis of the research has not been developed properly. The presented literature review of approaches to financial inclusion definition makes it possible to show its main attributes: financial products and services, characteristics, quality, channels, conditions for obtaining a basic set of financial services. The main conclusions of the author prove that the mentioned aspects are met by the existing and functioning financial and credit infrastructure in agriculture, but with the peculiarities connected with the specifics of the industry. The article attempts to study the possibilities of such an infrastructure from the perspective of financial inclusion. Some indicators characterizing the infrastructure for provision of financial services in the southern regions presented in the article confirm the potential and opportunities for the development of financial inclusion of agricultural producers. Additionally, the author substantiates the issue of physical availability of this infrastructure, since it is difficult to assess the financial inclusiveness of agricultural producers from the standpoint of its parameters due to the specifics of agricultural production and the influence of various factors on the activities of a particular firm. The following directions are identified as possible ones for the development of financial inclusion of agricultural producers: expansion of budget support, implementation of public private partnership projects, increase of financial literacy, development strategies, development of government programs and projects, and active use of digitalization opportunities.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de épocas do ano e de clones na produtividade das minicepas e no enraizamento de miniestacas de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. - Hil.) tratadas ou não com ácido indolbutírico (AIB). Com esta finalidade, nas quatro épocas do ano realizou-se a coleta de brotos das minicepas de quatro clones de erva-mate, sendo que em cada coleta foi avaliada a porcentagem de sobrevivência das minicepas e o número de miniestacas. Posteriormente, os brotos foram seccionados em miniestacas de gema única, as quais foram ou não tratadas com 2000 mg L-1 de AIB. Aos 30 e 60 dias foram avaliadas as porcentagens de sobrevivência, enraizamento e calogênese, número e comprimento das raízes. As minicepas dos quatro clones de erva-mate apresentaram alta sobrevivência, além de produção constante de miniestacas dos clones 06SM17, 06SM12 e 06SM15 durante as quatro épocas do ano. O tratamento com AIB não incrementou no enraizamento das miniestacas de erva-mate. O processo rizogênico das miniestacas variou conforme o genótipo e a sazonalidade. O clone 06SM15 apresentou a maior capacidade rizogênica nas quatro épocas do ano. As melhores porcentagens de enraizamento foram verificadas nas épocas do outono e/ou inverno para os quatro genótipos avaliados.

The distribution and characteristics of forest ecosystems are largely under the influence of climate. Climate directly affects the growth, leaf area and form, fenology and plant life, from seed to seedling formation. Climate varies from global scale to regional and local scales. Climate also has feedback mechanisms that can revert the changing vegetation back to its original state, through the changes it can create on vegetation. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationships between the distribution of tree species in the highland which is under the influence of the sea in Canik-Giresun Mountains, Trabzon Mountains and Rize-Kaçkar Mountains sites in the Eastern Black Sea Region, and spatial factors (altitude, distance from sea and latitude) and climate variables. The climate data, such as precipitation, temperature (average, minimum and maximum) and number of foggy days, of meteorological stations at different altitudes in coastal and mountainous areas under the influence of the sea were used in the study. 100 m increase in altitude led to a decrease in 26.9 mm precipitation in the Canik-Giresun Mountains, a decrease in 87.0 mm precipitation in the Rize-Kaçkar Mountains, and an average temperature decrease of 0.4oC in sites. The decrease in annual precipitations reaches 70 mm in Trabzon Mountains, 100 mm in Canik-Giresun Mountains and 290 mm in Rize-Kaçkar Mountains at a distance of 10 km away from the coast. Statistical increases were determined in the number of foggy days depending on the altitude and distance from the sea. In the research area, at 3rd altitude step where the distance from the sea and altitude are extreme, Scots pine, Oriental Spruce and Fir are spread in Canik-Giresun Mountains, Oriental Spruce and Scots pine are spread in Trabzon Mountains, and Oriental Spruce, Oriental Beech and Fir are spread in Rize-Kaçkar Mountains. Despite the decreasing amount of precipitation along with the increase in altitude and distance from the sea, the fog cloud in high mountainous areas plays an important ecological role in the conservation and distribution of these species. Orman ekosistemlerinin dağılımı ve özellikleri büyükölçüde iklimin etkisi altındadır. İklim, tohumdan fidan teşekkülüne, büyümeyi,yaprak alanı ve formunu, fenolojiyi ve bitki hayatını doğrudan etkiler. İklim,küresel ölçekten bölgesel ve yerel ölçeğe farklılık gösterir. İklimin,vejetasyon üzerinde meydana getirebileceği değişiklikler yoluyla, değişenvejetasyonu tekrar orijinal haline döndürebilecek geri besleme mekanizmaları davardır. Bu çalışmada, Doğu Karadeniz Bölümü’nde Canik-Giresun Dağları, TrabzonDağları ve Rize-Kaçkar Dağları yetişme ortamlarında deniz etkisi altındakidağlık arazide ağaç türlerinin yayılışı ile konum faktörleri (yükselti,denizden uzaklık, enlem) ve iklim değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkilerinaraştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, deniz etkisi altında kıyı ve dağlıkalanlarda farklı yükseltilerdeki meteoroloji istasyonlarının yağış, sıcaklık(ortalama, minimum ve maksimum) ve sisli günler sayısı gibi iklim verilerindenyararlanılmıştır. Yükseltideki 100 m artış Canik-Giresun Dağları’nda 26.9 mm,Rize-Kaçkar Dağlarında 87,0 mm yağışta düşüşe; yetişme ortamlarında ortalamaolarak 0,4 oC ortalama sıcaklık düşüşüne sebep olmuştur. Yıllık yağışlardakidüşüş, sahilden 10 km uzaklaşıldığında, Trabzon Dağları’nda 70 mm,Canik-Giresun Dağlarında 100 mm ve Rize-Kaçkar Dağlarında 290 mm’yeulaşmaktadır. Yükselti ve denizden uzaklığa bağlı olarak sisli gün sayısındaistatistiksel olarak artışlar belirlenmiştir.Araştırma alanında, denizden uzaklığın ve yükseltininekstrem olduğu III. yükselti basamağında, Canik-Giresun dağlarında Sarıçam,Doğu Ladini ve Göknar, Trabzon dağlarında Doğu Ladini ve Sarıçam, Rize-KaçkarDağlarında Doğu Ladini, Doğu Kayını ve Göknar yayılış göstermektedir. Yükseltive denizden uzaklığın artması ile düşen yağış miktarına rağmen, yüksek dağlıkalanlardaki sis bulutu bu türlerin korunmasında ve yayılışında önemli ekolojikbir rol üstlenmektedir.

A study on the floral biodiversity has been attempted by many researchers from botany. But a multidisciplinary study using more dependable techniques which provide more authentic data is need of the day. Study was carried out in western part of Kolhapur district, Maharashtra with an objective of determining species diversity from the dense forest area. Random sampling method was used to collect vegetation data. According to this technique due care was taken to lied, plots laid in the field randomly to represent the entire floristic region in order to avoid biased sampling. The size of the plot/quadrant chosen varied from 1 x 1 m to 20 x 50 m. For this study, representative plots of 400 m2 were chosen for sampling of floral biodiversity in all seven tahsils of the study area. Simpson Index, Shannon-Wiener Species Diversity Index and Species Richness Index were used to calculate floral species diversity among the various families observed in the region. Fabaceae (14) and Asteraceae (10) family had maximum number of species while Annonaceae (6), Euphorbiaceae (7), Rubiaceae (7) and Malvaceae (8) are noted middle range species while other families have represented less than five numbers of species. out of the total 310 species studied in the region 133 (42.90%) species were Tree, 63 (20.32%) species were Shrub, 68 (21.94%) species were Herbs, 44 (14.19%) species were Climber and 2 (0.65%) species were Fern. The study suggested that this region had maximum number of Trees and minimum number of Fern. Result of Simpson Biodiversity Index and Shannon-Wiener Index calculated showed that this region represented huge floral biodiversity and need to be considered as biodiversity hot spot. Keywords Floral Biodiversity; Simpson Index; Shannon-Wiener Species Diversity Index; Species Richness Index DOI: https://doi.org/10.23953/cloud.ijarsg.383