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  • Rural Digital Europe
  • 2017-2021
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Antje Ahrends; Mark T. Bulling; Philip J. Platts; Ruth D. Swetnam; +24 Authors

    Societal Impact Statement: Large areas of tropical forest are degraded. While global tree cover is being mapped with increasing accuracy from space, much less is known about the quality of that tree cover. Here we present a field protocol for rapid assessments of forest condition. Using extensive field data from Tanzania, we show that a focus on remotely‐sensed deforestation would not detect significant reductions in forest quality. Radar‐based remote sensing of degradation had good agreement with the ground data, but the ground surveys provided more insights into the nature and drivers of degradation. We recommend the combined use of rapid field assessments and remote sensing to provide an early warning, and to allow timely and appropriately targeted conservation and policy responses. Summary: Tropical forest degradation is widely recognised as a driver of biodiversity loss and a major source of carbon emissions. However, in contrast to deforestation, more gradual changes from degradation are challenging to detect, quantify and monitor. Here, we present a field protocol for rapid, area‐standardised quantifications of forest condition, which can also be implemented by non‐specialists. Using the example of threatened high‐biodiversity forests in Tanzania, we analyse and predict degradation based on this method. We also compare the field data to optical and radar remote‐sensing datasets, thereby conducting a large‐scale, independent test of the ability of these products to map degradation in East Africa from space. Our field data consist of 551 ‘degradation’ transects collected between 1996 and 2010, covering >600 ha across 86 forests in the Eastern Arc Mountains and coastal forests. Degradation was widespread, with over one‐third of the study forests—mostly protected areas—having more than 10% of their trees cut. Commonly used optical remote‐sensing maps of complete tree cover loss only detected severe impacts (≥25% of trees cut), that is, a focus on remotely‐sensed deforestation would have significantly underestimated carbon emissions and declines in forest quality. Radar‐based maps detected even low impacts (<5% of trees cut) in ~90% of cases. The field data additionally differentiated types and drivers of harvesting, with spatial patterns suggesting that logging and charcoal production were mainly driven by demand from major cities. Rapid degradation surveys and radar remote sensing can provide an early warning and guide appropriate conservation and policy responses. This is particularly important in areas where forest degradation is more widespread than deforestation, such as in eastern and southern Africa. Funder: Scottish Government’s Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division Funder: Danish International Development Agency; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011054 Funder: Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100013724 Funder: Global Environment Facility; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100011150 Funder: Leverhulme Trust; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000275 Funder: Finnish International Development Agency

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    Apollo
    Article . 2021
    Data sources: Datacite
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    Apollo
    Article . 2021
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Article . 2021
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Plants, People, Planet
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    Apollo
    Article . 2021
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Apollo
    Article . 2021
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CORE (RIOXX-UK Aggre...arrow_drop_down
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      Apollo
      Article . 2021
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Apollo
      Article . 2021
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      NARCIS
      Article . 2021
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Plants, People, Planet
      Article
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Apollo
      Article . 2021
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      Apollo
      Article . 2021
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Chris Funk; Will Turner; Amy McNally; Amy McNally; +7 Authors

    Sharing simple ideas across a broad community of practitioners helps them to work together more effectively. For this reason, drought early warning systems spend a considerable effort on describing how hazards are detected and defined. Well-articulated definitions of drought provide a shared basis for collaboration, response planning, and impact mitigation. One very useful measure of agricultural drought stress has been the “Water Requirement Satisfaction Index” (WRSI). In this study, we develop a new, simpler metric of water requirement satisfaction, the Phenological Water Balance. We describe this metric, compare it to WRSI and yield statistics in a food-insecure region (east Africa), and show how it can be easily combined with analog-based rainfall forecasts to produce end-of-season estimates of growing season water deficits. In dry areas, the simpler Phenological Water Balance metric is very similar to the WRSI. In these regions, we show that the coupling between rainfall deficits and increased reference evapotranspiration amplifies the impacts of droughts. In wet areas, on the other hand, our new metric provides useful information about water excess—seasons that are so wet that they may not be conducive to good agricultural outcomes. Finally, we present a Phenological Water Balance-based forecast example, demonstrating how this framework can be easily used to translate assumptions about seasonal rainfall outcomes into predictions of growing season water deficits. Effective humanitarian relief efforts rely on early projections of these deficits to design and deploy appropriate targeted responses. At present, it is difficult to combine gridded satellite-gauge precipitation forecasts with climate forecasts. Our new metric helps overcome this obstacle. Future extensions could use the water requirement framework to contextualize other water supply indicators, like Actual evapotranspiration (AET) values derived from satellite observations or hydrologic models.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Frontiers in Climatearrow_drop_down
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    Frontiers in Climate
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2021
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    Frontiers in Climate
    Article . 2021
    Data sources: DOAJ-Articles
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    Frontiers in Climate
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      Frontiers in Climate
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      DOAJ
      Article . 2021
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      Frontiers in Climate
      Article . 2021
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      Frontiers in Climate
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    Authors: Leopold Pascal Lusambo; Suzana Samson Nyanda; David Gongwe Mhando;

    This study aimed at determining the extent to which the smallholder tree growers benefit from tree growing activities. It strove to accomplish the following: (i) analyse costs and benefits associated with tree growing activities; (ii) determine profitability indices; and (iii) assess economic status of respondents in the study area. Stratified random sampling technique was used to draw respondents. Mixed research methods for data collection were employed: household survey using semistructured questionnaire, key informants’ interviews, focus group discussions, and researcher’s direct observation. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel computer programmes. Profitability was analysed by gross profit margin (GPM) and return on investment (ROI). Findings suggested that tree growing activities are profitable with GPM of 21% and ROI of 26%. ANOVA results showed no statistical difference within study districts between tree growers and non-tree growers. The possible explanation of this situation could be that tree growers have not invested much the benefits they get from tree growing into asset endowment. ANOVA results on household income revealed a similar pattern except in Njombe DC where there was a statistical significant difference in household income between tree growers and non-tree growers (F (1, 64) = 5.989, P = 0.017 ). The effect size of the difference is medium (Eta = 0.08). It is concluded that tree growing activities in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania are economically profitable.

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    Authors: Joseph Frank Mgaya;

    Poverty is a major problem Tanzania is facing, which depends on agriculture as the main economic activity. Different stakeholders have involved themselves in boosting agricultural productivity, especially in semiarid regions, where their main focus is on drought tolerant crops such as sorghum and millet. If this support is not linked with market opportunities, commodity prices may be depressed and discourage farmers. This paper determines prospect for increasing utilization of animal feed as the market opportunity for farmer by forecast consumption of livestock product such as eggs, milk, chicken and cow meat. Autoregressive integrated moving average models were used for forecasting with the data from FAOSTAT. The result shows that consumption of all livestock products will increase, hence expected demand for animal feed. This paper calls for more research works in analyzing factors that may affect consumption of livestock products such as population increase and change of consumption behavior toward livestock products.

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    Cogent Food &amp; Agriculture
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Cogent Food &amp; Agriculture
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    Authors: Abel Kinyondo; Riccardo Pelizzo;

    The literature has repeatedly emphasized that citizen participation is requisite for good governance. Indeed, when citizens participate in various public activities, they can voice their demands, they can invite the government to respond to their demands, and they can keep government accountable. In other words, in the presence of citizen engagement activities, voices can be raised to governments accountable. While the literature has clearly established this link, less is known about the levels of citizen engagement in rural areas in developing countries like Tanzania; precisely areas where good governance is most needed to secure some progress along the developmental path and take the population out of poverty. Using an original dataset comprising of 1,265 respondents, we find that citizen participation in rural Tanzania varies across various types of activities. We also find that that the participation rate for men is higher than that of women and that the participation rate for older people is higher than it is for younger ones. Given the fact that Tanzania’s population is largely youthful, and women are slightly more than men, we recommend for the removal of barriers that women and youths face as far as their civic rights to participate in developmental activities is concerned.

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    Otoritas: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan
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    Otoritas: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Otoritas: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan
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      Otoritas: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan
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    Authors: Solomon Hishe; James G. Lyimo; Woldeamlak Bewket;

    Community-based Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) practices have been adopted in the Tigray region since 1991 for restoration of the degraded landscape. The effects of those conservation measures on physico-chemical properties of soil were limitedly studied. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of SWC on selected soil properties in the Middle Silluh Valley, Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia. The study considered conserved landscapes (terraced hillside, terraced farmland and exclosure area) and non-conserved landscapes (non-terraced hillside, non-terraced farmland and open grazing land) for comparison using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). A total of 24 samples were collected from each landscape at a depth of 10–30 cm. The results indicated that mean bulk density (BD) was low on terraced hillside, non-terraced hillside and exclosure area. Sand and clay content were significantly different at P <0.05 for the six landscape categories. Higher mean organic matter was observed in the conserved landscape, as compared with the corresponding non-conserved landscape. Pearson's correlation between Soil Organic Matter (SOM) and clay content, SOM and Total Nitrogen (TN) showed strong positive relationships. Overall, the results show that SWC had significantly positive effects on soil's physical and chemical properties in the study area.

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    International Soil and Water Conservation Research
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      International Soil and Water Conservation Research
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    Authors: Victoria B. Bulegeya; Mark W. Jones; Tryphone G. Muhamba; Biswanath Das; +3 Authors

    Maize lethal necrosis (MLN) disease caused by a combined infection of Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and any cereal infecting potyvirus is a threat to food security in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Resistance to potyvirus has been extensively studied and Mdm1 gene for potyvirus resistance on chromosome 6 of maize is linked to Y1 gene for maize endosperm colour. This study is aimed at se- lecting for coupling-phase recombination of potyvirus resistance and white endosperm colour. White susceptible maize lines CML333 and CML277 were crossed with a yellow resistant line, Pa405, to produce F1 and F2 progenies. Progenies were screened using molecular markers to recover 22 white endosperm recombinants. 22 selections were advanced to F3 recombinant families, and 10 were as- sayed for their responses to Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) and Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). Four families segregated for SCMV resistance, selection of homozygous recombinants within these families will provide lines appropriate for improving lines with resistance to SCMV and MLN resistance in SSA. KEY WORDS: MAIZE LETHAL NECROSIS (MLN), WHITE MAIZE, POTYVIRUS RESISTANCE, GENETIC RECOMBINATION, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA.

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    Authors: Wenjun Zhu; Si Zhu; Bruno F. Sunguya; Jiayan Huang;

    Our study aims to examine the disparity of under-5 child stunting prevalence between urban and rural areas of Tanzania in the past three decades, and to explore factors affecting the rural–urban disparity. Secondary analyses of Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys (TDHS) data drawn from 1991–1992, 1996, 1999, 2004–2005, 2009–2010, and 2015–2016 surveys were conducted. Under-5 child stunting prevalence was calculated separately for rural and urban children and its decline trends were examined by chi-square tests. Descriptive analyses were used to present the individual-level, household-level, and societal-level characteristics of children, while multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine determinants of stunting in rural and urban areas, respectively. Additive interaction effects were estimated between residence and other covariates. The results showed that total stunting prevalence was declining in Tanzania, but urban–rural disparity has widened since the decline was slower in the rural area. No interaction effect existed between residence and other determinants, and the urban–rural disparity was mainly caused by the discrepancy of the individual-level and household-level factors between rural and urban households. As various types of determinants exist, multisector nutritional intervention strategies are required to address the child stunting problem. Meanwhile, the intervention should focus on targeting vulnerable children, rather than implementing different policies in rural and urban areas.

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    Authors: Arvola, Anne; Brockhaus, Maria; Kallio, Maarit; Thu Thuy Pham; +6 Authors

    Attempts to encourage smallholder tree growing with policies and incentives have had variable outcomes, and earlier research and theories have identified various important factors in the enabling environment and in promotional policies. Outcome effectiveness of policies and incentives depends on the socioeconomic context where they are applied, the overall political and market environment, policy perseverance, and relevancy of incentives to target the actual hindrances for tree growing. A systematic analysis was carried out to complement previous qualitative research, and to clarify which factor combinations produce increased smallholder commercial tree growing in developing country contexts. We applied two-step Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to identify necessary and sufficient factors related to tree growing between 1990 and 2015 in Indonesian Java, Kalimantan & Sumatra, Lao PDR, Tanzania, Uganda, and Vietnam. Data were collected through field research in Tanzania and Lao PDR, and through a literature review covering all the countries. Strong tenure rights and demand were identified as necessary factors for tree growing and, in a few cases, they were also the only sufficient factors needed to trigger tree growing. Well-functioning wood markets or a strong tree growing knowledge base combined with direct incentives played their role as sufficient conditions, as they were present in most cases when tree growing area expanded. Indirect incentives were insignificant as an enabling factor in our case countries. A key message to policymakers is that governments are in a central role: firstly, in ensuring tenure rights, and secondly as knowledge service and incentive providers to set up sufficient enabling environments for smallholder tree growing to take off.

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    Forest Policy and Economics
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      Forest Policy and Economics
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Samora M. Andrew; Siwa A. Kombo; Shabani A.O. Chamshama;

    Abstract Entandrophragma bussei (wooden banana) is a high value indigenous multipurpose tree species prioritized for domestication in Tanzania. However, we lack adequate information on genetic and phenotypic variation to support domestication processes, while utilization pressure on the remaining stocks and deforestation are intensified. The study evaluated the diversity in fruit and seed morphology of three wild populations of E. bussei found in three agroecological zones of Tanzania. Data on fruit (length, width, weight and number of seeds per fruit) and seed (length, width and weight) traits were evaluated. To detect differences in means among the populations, one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed. There were variations in fruit and seed morphological traits among the studied populations. Ruaha population had significantly higher fruit length (19.31 ± 0.1 cm), width (7.71 ± 0.12 cm) and number of seeds per fruit (22 ± 0.48) than Kigwe (15.65 ± 0.14 cm, 4.85 ± 0.17 cm, 20 ± 0.45), and Tarangire (16.84 ± 0.1 cm, 5.40 ± 0.12 cm, 20 ± 0.37) populations. Ruaha (62.46 ± 1.37 g) and Tarangire (60.71 ± 1.12 g) had significantly heavier fruits than Kigwe (56.53 ± 1.28 g). Kigwe population had significantly higher seed width (1.80 ± 0.01 cm) and weight (0.83 ± 0.01 g) than Ruaha (1.75 ± 0.01 cm, 0.75 ± 0.01 g) and Tarangire (1.65 ± 0.01 cm, 0.77 ± 0.01 g) populations. Among the populations Tarangire had higher seed length (9.60 ± 0.06 cm) than the rest. Overall, there is a considerable fruit and seed morphological diversity among the E. bussei populations offering opportunities for selection of domestication cultivars and gene pool conservation.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DOAJarrow_drop_down
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2021
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    Trees, Forests and People
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
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      Article . 2021
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      Trees, Forests and People
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Antje Ahrends; Mark T. Bulling; Philip J. Platts; Ruth D. Swetnam; +24 Authors

    Societal Impact Statement: Large areas of tropical forest are degraded. While global tree cover is being mapped with increasing accuracy from space, much less is known about the quality of that tree cover. Here we present a field protocol for rapid assessments of forest condition. Using extensive field data from Tanzania, we show that a focus on remotely‐sensed deforestation would not detect significant reductions in forest quality. Radar‐based remote sensing of degradation had good agreement with the ground data, but the ground surveys provided more insights into the nature and drivers of degradation. We recommend the combined use of rapid field assessments and remote sensing to provide an early warning, and to allow timely and appropriately targeted conservation and policy responses. Summary: Tropical forest degradation is widely recognised as a driver of biodiversity loss and a major source of carbon emissions. However, in contrast to deforestation, more gradual changes from degradation are challenging to detect, quantify and monitor. Here, we present a field protocol for rapid, area‐standardised quantifications of forest condition, which can also be implemented by non‐specialists. Using the example of threatened high‐biodiversity forests in Tanzania, we analyse and predict degradation based on this method. We also compare the field data to optical and radar remote‐sensing datasets, thereby conducting a large‐scale, independent test of the ability of these products to map degradation in East Africa from space. Our field data consist of 551 ‘degradation’ transects collected between 1996 and 2010, covering >600 ha across 86 forests in the Eastern Arc Mountains and coastal forests. Degradation was widespread, with over one‐third of the study forests—mostly protected areas—having more than 10% of their trees cut. Commonly used optical remote‐sensing maps of complete tree cover loss only detected severe impacts (≥25% of trees cut), that is, a focus on remotely‐sensed deforestation would have significantly underestimated carbon emissions and declines in forest quality. Radar‐based maps detected even low impacts (<5% of trees cut) in ~90% of cases. The field data additionally differentiated types and drivers of harvesting, with spatial patterns suggesting that logging and charcoal production were mainly driven by demand from major cities. Rapid degradation surveys and radar remote sensing can provide an early warning and guide appropriate conservation and policy responses. This is particularly important in areas where forest degradation is more widespread than deforestation, such as in eastern and southern Africa. Funder: Scottish Government’s Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division Funder: Danish International Development Agency; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011054 Funder: Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100013724 Funder: Global Environment Facility; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100011150 Funder: Leverhulme Trust; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000275 Funder: Finnish International Development Agency

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    Apollo
    Article . 2021
    Data sources: Datacite
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    Article . 2021
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    Article . 2021
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    Plants, People, Planet
    Article
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
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    Apollo
    Article . 2021
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Apollo
    Article . 2021
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      Apollo
      Article . 2021
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      Apollo
      Article . 2021
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      Article . 2021
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      Plants, People, Planet
      Article
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      Apollo
      Article . 2021
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      Apollo
      Article . 2021
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    Authors: Chris Funk; Will Turner; Amy McNally; Amy McNally; +7 Authors

    Sharing simple ideas across a broad community of practitioners helps them to work together more effectively. For this reason, drought early warning systems spend a considerable effort on describing how hazards are detected and defined. Well-articulated definitions of drought provide a shared basis for collaboration, response planning, and impact mitigation. One very useful measure of agricultural drought stress has been the “Water Requirement Satisfaction Index” (WRSI). In this study, we develop a new, simpler metric of water requirement satisfaction, the Phenological Water Balance. We describe this metric, compare it to WRSI and yield statistics in a food-insecure region (east Africa), and show how it can be easily combined with analog-based rainfall forecasts to produce end-of-season estimates of growing season water deficits. In dry areas, the simpler Phenological Water Balance metric is very similar to the WRSI. In these regions, we show that the coupling between rainfall deficits and increased reference evapotranspiration amplifies the impacts of droughts. In wet areas, on the other hand, our new metric provides useful information about water excess—seasons that are so wet that they may not be conducive to good agricultural outcomes. Finally, we present a Phenological Water Balance-based forecast example, demonstrating how this framework can be easily used to translate assumptions about seasonal rainfall outcomes into predictions of growing season water deficits. Effective humanitarian relief efforts rely on early projections of these deficits to design and deploy appropriate targeted responses. At present, it is difficult to combine gridded satellite-gauge precipitation forecasts with climate forecasts. Our new metric helps overcome this obstacle. Future extensions could use the water requirement framework to contextualize other water supply indicators, like Actual evapotranspiration (AET) values derived from satellite observations or hydrologic models.

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    Frontiers in Climate
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2021
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    Frontiers in Climate
    Article . 2021
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    Frontiers in Climate
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      Frontiers in Climate
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      DOAJ
      Article . 2021
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      Frontiers in Climate
      Article . 2021
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      Frontiers in Climate
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    Authors: Leopold Pascal Lusambo; Suzana Samson Nyanda; David Gongwe Mhando;

    This study aimed at determining the extent to which the smallholder tree growers benefit from tree growing activities. It strove to accomplish the following: (i) analyse costs and benefits associated with tree growing activities; (ii) determine profitability indices; and (iii) assess economic status of respondents in the study area. Stratified random sampling technique was used to draw respondents. Mixed research methods for data collection were employed: household survey using semistructured questionnaire, key informants’ interviews, focus group discussions, and researcher’s direct observation. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel computer programmes. Profitability was analysed by gross profit margin (GPM) and return on investment (ROI). Findings suggested that tree growing activities are profitable with GPM of 21% and ROI of 26%. ANOVA results showed no statistical difference within study districts between tree growers and non-tree growers. The possible explanation of this situation could be that tree growers have not invested much the benefits they get from tree growing into asset endowment. ANOVA results on household income revealed a similar pattern except in Njombe DC where there was a statistical significant difference in household income between tree growers and non-tree growers (F (1, 64) = 5.989, P = 0.017 ). The effect size of the difference is medium (Eta = 0.08). It is concluded that tree growing activities in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania are economically profitable.

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    Authors: Joseph Frank Mgaya;

    Poverty is a major problem Tanzania is facing, which depends on agriculture as the main economic activity. Different stakeholders have involved themselves in boosting agricultural productivity, especially in semiarid regions, where their main focus is on drought tolerant crops such as sorghum and millet. If this support is not linked with market opportunities, commodity prices may be depressed and discourage farmers. This paper determines prospect for increasing utilization of animal feed as the market opportunity for farmer by forecast consumption of livestock product such as eggs, milk, chicken and cow meat. Autoregressive integrated moving average models were used for forecasting with the data from FAOSTAT. The result shows that consumption of all livestock products will increase, hence expected demand for animal feed. This paper calls for more research works in analyzing factors that may affect consumption of livestock products such as population increase and change of consumption behavior toward livestock products.

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    Cogent Food &amp; Agriculture
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      Cogent Food &amp; Agriculture
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Abel Kinyondo; Riccardo Pelizzo;

    The literature has repeatedly emphasized that citizen participation is requisite for good governance. Indeed, when citizens participate in various public activities, they can voice their demands, they can invite the government to respond to their demands, and they can keep government accountable. In other words, in the presence of citizen engagement activities, voices can be raised to governments accountable. While the literature has clearly established this link, less is known about the levels of citizen engagement in rural areas in developing countries like Tanzania; precisely areas where good governance is most needed to secure some progress along the developmental path and take the population out of poverty. Using an original dataset comprising of 1,265 respondents, we find that citizen participation in rural Tanzania varies across various types of activities. We also find that that the participation rate for men is higher than that of women and that the participation rate for older people is higher than it is for younger ones. Given the fact that Tanzania’s population is largely youthful, and women are slightly more than men, we recommend for the removal of barriers that women and youths face as far as their civic rights to participate in developmental activities is concerned.

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    DOAJ
    Article . 2019
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    Otoritas: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan
    Article
    License: CC BY SA
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    Otoritas: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      DOAJ
      Article . 2019
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      Otoritas: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan
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      Otoritas: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Solomon Hishe; James G. Lyimo; Woldeamlak Bewket;

    Community-based Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) practices have been adopted in the Tigray region since 1991 for restoration of the degraded landscape. The effects of those conservation measures on physico-chemical properties of soil were limitedly studied. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of SWC on selected soil properties in the Middle Silluh Valley, Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia. The study considered conserved landscapes (terraced hillside, terraced farmland and exclosure area) and non-conserved landscapes (non-terraced hillside, non-terraced farmland and open grazing land) for comparison using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). A total of 24 samples were collected from each landscape at a depth of 10–30 cm. The results indicated that mean bulk density (BD) was low on terraced hillside, non-terraced hillside and exclosure area. Sand and clay content were significantly different at P <0.05 for the six landscape categories. Higher mean organic matter was observed in the conserved landscape, as compared with the corresponding non-conserved landscape. Pearson's correlation between Soil Organic Matter (SOM) and clay content, SOM and Total Nitrogen (TN) showed strong positive relationships. Overall, the results show that SWC had significantly positive effects on soil's physical and chemical properties in the study area.

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    Article . 2017
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    International Soil and Water Conservation Research
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      International Soil and Water Conservation Research
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Victoria B. Bulegeya; Mark W. Jones; Tryphone G. Muhamba; Biswanath Das; +3 Authors

    Maize lethal necrosis (MLN) disease caused by a combined infection of Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and any cereal infecting potyvirus is a threat to food security in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Resistance to potyvirus has been extensively studied and Mdm1 gene for potyvirus resistance on chromosome 6 of maize is linked to Y1 gene for maize endosperm colour. This study is aimed at se- lecting for coupling-phase recombination of potyvirus resistance and white endosperm colour. White susceptible maize lines CML333 and CML277 were crossed with a yellow resistant line, Pa405, to produce F1 and F2 progenies. Progenies were screened using molecular markers to recover 22 white endosperm recombinants. 22 selections were advanced to F3 recombinant families, and 10 were as- sayed for their responses to Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) and Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). Four families segregated for SCMV resistance, selection of homozygous recombinants within these families will provide lines appropriate for improving lines with resistance to SCMV and MLN resistance in SSA. KEY WORDS: MAIZE LETHAL NECROSIS (MLN), WHITE MAIZE, POTYVIRUS RESISTANCE, GENETIC RECOMBINATION, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA.

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    Afrika Focus
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2019
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    Authors: Wenjun Zhu; Si Zhu; Bruno F. Sunguya; Jiayan Huang;

    Our study aims to examine the disparity of under-5 child stunting prevalence between urban and rural areas of Tanzania in the past three decades, and to explore factors affecting the rural–urban disparity. Secondary analyses of Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys (TDHS) data drawn from 1991–1992, 1996, 1999, 2004–2005, 2009–2010, and 2015–2016 surveys were conducted. Under-5 child stunting prevalence was calculated separately for rural and urban children and its decline trends were examined by chi-square tests. Descriptive analyses were used to present the individual-level, household-level, and societal-level characteristics of children, while multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine determinants of stunting in rural and urban areas, respectively. Additive interaction effects were estimated between residence and other covariates. The results showed that total stunting prevalence was declining in Tanzania, but urban–rural disparity has widened since the decline was slower in the rural area. No interaction effect existed between residence and other determinants, and the urban–rural disparity was mainly caused by the discrepancy of the individual-level and household-level factors between rural and urban households. As various types of determinants exist, multisector nutritional intervention strategies are required to address the child stunting problem. Meanwhile, the intervention should focus on targeting vulnerable children, rather than implementing different policies in rural and urban areas.

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    Authors: Arvola, Anne; Brockhaus, Maria; Kallio, Maarit; Thu Thuy Pham; +6 Authors

    Attempts to encourage smallholder tree growing with policies and incentives have had variable outcomes, and earlier research and theories have identified various important factors in the enabling environment and in promotional policies. Outcome effectiveness of policies and incentives depends on the socioeconomic context where they are applied, the overall political and market environment, policy perseverance, and relevancy of incentives to target the actual hindrances for tree growing. A systematic analysis was carried out to complement previous qualitative research, and to clarify which factor combinations produce increased smallholder commercial tree growing in developing country contexts. We applied two-step Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to identify necessary and sufficient factors related to tree growing between 1990 and 2015 in Indonesian Java, Kalimantan & Sumatra, Lao PDR, Tanzania, Uganda, and Vietnam. Data were collected through field research in Tanzania and Lao PDR, and through a literature review covering all the countries. Strong tenure rights and demand were identified as necessary factors for tree growing and, in a few cases, they were also the only sufficient factors needed to trigger tree growing. Well-functioning wood markets or a strong tree growing knowledge base combined with direct incentives played their role as sufficient conditions, as they were present in most cases when tree growing area expanded. Indirect incentives were insignificant as an enabling factor in our case countries. A key message to policymakers is that governments are in a central role: firstly, in ensuring tenure rights, and secondly as knowledge service and incentive providers to set up sufficient enabling environments for smallholder tree growing to take off.

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    Forest Policy and Economics
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forest Policy and Economics
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    Authors: Samora M. Andrew; Siwa A. Kombo; Shabani A.O. Chamshama;

    Abstract Entandrophragma bussei (wooden banana) is a high value indigenous multipurpose tree species prioritized for domestication in Tanzania. However, we lack adequate information on genetic and phenotypic variation to support domestication processes, while utilization pressure on the remaining stocks and deforestation are intensified. The study evaluated the diversity in fruit and seed morphology of three wild populations of E. bussei found in three agroecological zones of Tanzania. Data on fruit (length, width, weight and number of seeds per fruit) and seed (length, width and weight) traits were evaluated. To detect differences in means among the populations, one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed. There were variations in fruit and seed morphological traits among the studied populations. Ruaha population had significantly higher fruit length (19.31 ± 0.1 cm), width (7.71 ± 0.12 cm) and number of seeds per fruit (22 ± 0.48) than Kigwe (15.65 ± 0.14 cm, 4.85 ± 0.17 cm, 20 ± 0.45), and Tarangire (16.84 ± 0.1 cm, 5.40 ± 0.12 cm, 20 ± 0.37) populations. Ruaha (62.46 ± 1.37 g) and Tarangire (60.71 ± 1.12 g) had significantly heavier fruits than Kigwe (56.53 ± 1.28 g). Kigwe population had significantly higher seed width (1.80 ± 0.01 cm) and weight (0.83 ± 0.01 g) than Ruaha (1.75 ± 0.01 cm, 0.75 ± 0.01 g) and Tarangire (1.65 ± 0.01 cm, 0.77 ± 0.01 g) populations. Among the populations Tarangire had higher seed length (9.60 ± 0.06 cm) than the rest. Overall, there is a considerable fruit and seed morphological diversity among the E. bussei populations offering opportunities for selection of domestication cultivars and gene pool conservation.

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    Trees, Forests and People
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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