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[1] The ability of a three-dimensional sigma coordinate free surface model to reproduce the interfacial layer between the Atlantic and Mediterranean waters in the Strait of Gibraltar is verified. The model uses a coastal-following curvilinear orthogonal grid that includes the Gulf of Cadiz and the Alboran Sea, with very high resolution in the strait (less than 500 m). It is forced by imposing the two major semidiurnal tidal components (M2 and S2) along the Atlantic and the Mediterranean open boundaries. The main experiment covers an entire spring-neap cycle (fortnight period). Results show that the model is able to reproduce a thick interfacial layer that carries a substantial fraction of the total transport. The interfacial thickness is strongly modulated by tidal forcing that enhances the vertical exchanges between layers. In order to take into account the thick interfacial layer, a three-layer approximation is used to study the hydraulics. Results show that the exchange regime is intermittently maximal due to cyclically controlled regions over Camarinal Sill and within Tarifa Narrows. The analysis has been repeated in a two-layer framework to evaluate the impact of the introduction of an interfacial layer on the calculation of hydraulics. In the two-layer approximation, there is not any controlled region extending on the whole cross section, so the exchange is always submaximal. Concluding, the two-layer approximation underestimates hydraulic controls in the strait respect to the three-layer approach.

Статья поступила в редакцию 25.08.2022 г. Статья посвящена теме использования в современной медийной практике возможностей так называемых сквозных технологий. Это - одно из ключевых научно-технических направлений, поскольку при их посредстве разрушаются границы использования тех или иных цифровых компонентов лишь в отдельных отраслях (поэтому они именуются «сквозными»). При этом радикально меняется ситуация на существующих рынках, в том числе медийном, формируются принципиально новые его сегменты. На основе достаточно обширного теоретического материала, опросов, социологических данных и публикаций в массмедиа авторами выделены и проанализированы основные тренды развития в России и в регионах процесса повсеместной цифровизации контента, а также конкретные технологии организации эффективных диалоговых отношений с аудиторией. Особенностью анализа практик является обращение в том числе и к опыту одного из новых медиа, обладающего довольно скромным бюджетом. Сравнение подходов к изучаемому вопросу разноформатных массмедиа делает результаты представленного анализа более убедительными, а выводы - по-настоящему прикладными. The article is devoted to the topic of using the capabilities of so called end toend technologies in modern media practice. This is one of the key scientific and technical directions, since through them the boundaries of the use of certain digital components are destroyed only in certain industries (therefore they are called “end-to end”). At the same time, the situation in the existing markets, including the media market, is radically changing, fundamentally new segments are emerging. Based on quite extensive theoretical material, surveys, sociological data and publications in the mass media, the authors have identified and analyzed - main trends in the development of the process of widespread digitalization of the content in Russia and in the regions, as well as specific technologies for organizing effective open dialogue with the audience. One of the features of the analysis of practices is the appeal, among other things, to the experience of one of the new media, which has a rather modest budget. A comparison of approaches to the studied issue of multi-format mass media makes the results of the presented analysis more convincing, and the conclusions are truly applied for future use in real life.

Le Shiitake, Lentinula edodes, est un champignon comestible asiatique qui est produit actuellement en occident grâce au developpement de nouvelles methodes de culture. L'une des limites principales de la methode de culture sur paille de ble pasteurisee qui est utilisee en France et dans les autres pays europeens est la croissance de champignons antagonistes, Trichoderma spp., dans les substrats de culture. En prenant en compte des connaissances sur les interactions entre L. edodes and Trichoderma spp., nous avons teste deux ameliorations de la methode de culture : la supplementation du substrat avec de la tourbe et l'utilisation d'un nouveau support d'inoculum active. Un cumul des donnees recueillies avec sept souches de L. edodes dans des conditions de contamination naturelles par Trichoderma spp. est reporte. Les deux changements apportes a la methode de culture ameliorent l'aptitude competitive de L. edodes, diminuent l'impact de Trichoderma spp., et augmentent le rendement en champignons.

Selecting cost-effective measures to regulate agricultural water pollution to conform to the Water Framework Directive presents multiple challenges. A bio-economic modelling approach is presented that has been used to explore the water quality and economic effects of the 2003 Common Agricultural Policy Reform and to assess the cost-effectiveness of input quotas and emission standards against nitrate leaching, in a representative case study catchment in Scotland. The approach combines a biophysical model (NDICEA) with a mathematical programming model (FSSIM-MP). The results indicate only small changes due to the Reform, with the main changes in farmers’ decision making and the associated economic and water quality indicators depending on crop price changes, and suggest the use of target fertilisation in relation to crop and soil requirements, as opposed to measures targeting farm total or average nitrogen use.; La sélection des mesures coût-efficacité pour régler la pollution de l'eau en agriculture conformément à la Directive Cadre sur l'eau présente de multiples défis. Une approche de modélisation bioéconomique est utilisée pour étudier la qualité de l'eau et les effets économiques de la réforme de la PAC de 2003 et évaluer le rapport coût-efficacité des quotas d'entrée et de normes d'émission contre le lessivage des nitrates, à travers une étude de cas représentative d’un bassin versant en Ecosse. L'approche combine un modèle biophysique (NDICEA) et un modèle de programmation mathématique (FSSIM-MP). Les résultats montrent seulement de petits changements en raison de la réforme de la PAC et suggèrent l'utilisation de la fertilisation ciblée en relation aux cultures et aux besoins du sol, par opposition à des mesures visant le niveau total ou moyen d'utilisation d’azote dans l’exploitation.

The different deposition periods in sedimentary geological environment have made the build-up and estimation of soil organic matter ambiguous to study. Soil organic matter has received global attention in the ambience of international policy regarding environmental health and safety. This research was to understand the inter-relationship between soil organic matter and bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), total, air-filled and capillary porosities for organic matter estimation, via different multiple linear regression functions (i.e., leapbackward, leap forward, leapseq and lmStepAIC), in soils developed over the sedimentary geological environment. Eight mapping units were obtained in Ishibori, Agoi Ibami and Mfamosing via digital elevation model. Two pits were sited within each mapping unit, and 53 soil samples were used for the study. In soils over shale–limestone–sandstone, two pits were sited, six in alluvium, four in sandstone–limestone and four in limestone. Overall correlation between SOM with Ksat (r = 0.626) and BD (r = − 0.588) was significant (p < 0.001). The strongest correlation was obtained for SOM with BD (r = − 0.783) and Ksat (r = 0.790) in soils over limestone. In contrast, soils over shale–limestone and sandstone geological environment gave the weakest relationship (r < 0.6). Linear regression gave a similar prediction output. The best performing was leapbackward (RMSE = 11.50%, R2 = 0.58, MAE = 8.48%), which produced a smaller error when compared with leap forward, leapseq and lmStepAIC functions in organic matter estimation. Therefore, we recommend applying leapback linear regression when estimating soil organic variation with physical soil properties for solving soil–environmental issues towards sustainable crop production in southeast Nigeria.

It is common knowledge that the 18th century is defined as the ‘century of enlightenment ’, as the period of the application of the scientific method to economic, social and political problems and to the development of advanced technologies affecting agriculture, commerce and industry. It is the period in which the ‘capitalist spirit’ expressed itself, first in England and to a lesser extent in France and the Netherlands. With the stimulus of profit, it pushed men to adopt behaviour guided by rational criteria to pursue objectives that were often very risky.1

International audience; Identification of materials in a planetological scene observed by an imaging spectrometer is a common problem in remote sensing. Usually the pixel size is larger than the typical size of material change over planets, leading to a linear spatial mixing. We propose here an unsupervised approach based on source separation methods to estimate the pure spectra of the components present in the observed scene and their abundances in each pixel. Previous studies have shown that this approach is interesting for Martian ices. This method assumes the positivity of both the pure spectra and the mixing coefficients. We propose here to apply this technique to detect Martian minerals and we show that adding the sum-to-one constraint (or additivity constraint) on the abundance vectors allows one to improve the estimation performance.

International audience; This paper proposes a unified optimization framework to solve the time-parameterization problem of humanoid-robot paths. Even though the time-parameterization problem is well known in robotics, the application to humanoid robots has not been addressed. This is because of the complexity of the kinematical structure as well as the dynamical motion equation. The main contribution of this paper is to show that the time parameterization of a statically stable path to be transformed into a dynamically stable trajectory within the humanoid-robot capacities can be expressed as an optimization problem. Furthermore, we propose an efficient method to solve the obtained optimization problem. The proposed method has been successfully validated on the humanoid robot HRP-2 by conducting several experiments. These results have revealed the effectiveness and the robustness of the proposed method.

Ecosystem modeling is a critical process for understanding complex systems at spatiotemporal scales needed to conserve, manage, and restore ecosystem services (ESs). Although mangrove wetlands are sources of ESs worth billions of dollars, there is a lack of modeling tools. This is reflected in our lack of understanding of mangroves’ functional and structural attributes. Here, we discuss the “state of the art” of mangrove models used in the planning and monitoring of R/R projects during the last 30 years. The main objectives were to characterize the most frequent modeling approach, their spatiotemporal resolution, and their current utility/application in management decisions. We identified 281 studies in six broad model categories: conceptual, agent-based (ABM), process-based (PBM), spatial, statistical, and socioeconomic/management (ScoEco). The most widely used models are spatial and statistical, followed by PBM, ScoEco, and conceptual categories, while the ABMs were the least frequently used. Yet, the application of mangrove models in R/R projects since the early 1990s has been extremely limited, especially in the mechanistic model category. We discuss several approaches to help advance model development and applications, including the targeted allocation of potential revenue from global carbon markets to R/R projects using a multi-model and integrated approach.