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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Eva Abramuszkinová Pavlíková; Jitka Meňházová; Kristaps Lešinskis;

    This paper introduces the KABADA (Knowledge Alliance of Business Idea Assessment: Digital Approach) tool, together with the opinions of young people about entrepreneurship, their skills, and their experience with this tool. The focus is on non-business students who study natural sciences, engineering, and other areas at the Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology at Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic. The KABADA tool has been developed and tested by a team of international experts. It can be used by a wide audience, including forester management specialists. This structured, web-based platform is based on theoretical research, relevant statistics, and artificial intelligence insights. It guides entrepreneurs through business idea assessment including challenges and opportunities. The research included survey answers from 60 university students before and after using the KABADA tool. The results show that students are interested in entrepreneurship but do not have the knowledge or experience, or support from the curriculum. The majority of the students had no or very low experience with entrepreneurship, no entrepreneurship training, and had not studied entrepreneurship. After using the tool, students declared that they had a higher knowledge of entrepreneurship and the number of students who intended to become an entrepreneur increased. The tool is available online, free of charge. info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

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    Forests
    Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    https://doi.org/10.20944/prepr...
    Preprint . 2023
    License: CC BY
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    Article . 2023
    License: CC BY
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    Forests
    Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Forestsarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Forests
      Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      https://doi.org/10.20944/prepr...
      Preprint . 2023
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      MENDELU Repository
      Article . 2023
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      Forests
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Janis Judvaitis; Artis Mednis; Valters Abolins; Ansis Skadins; +4 Authors

    Technologies, such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT), have captured the imagination of researchers, businesses, and general public, due to breakthroughs in embedded system development, sensing technologies, and ubiquitous connectivity in recent years. That resulted in the emergence of an enormous, difficult-to-navigate body of work related to WSN and IoT. In an ongoing research effort to highlight trends and developments in these technologies and to see whether they are actually deployed rather than subjects of theoretical research with presumed potential use cases, we gathered and codified a dataset of scientific publications from a five-year period from 2013 to 2017 involving actual sensor network deployments, which will serve as a basis for future in-depth analysis of the field. In the first iteration, 15,010 potentially relevant articles were identified in SCOPUS and Web of Science databases; after two iterations, 3059 actual sensor network deployments were extracted from those articles and classified in a consistent way according to different categories, such as type of nodes, field of application, communication types, etc. We publish the resulting dataset with the intent that its further analysis may identify prospective research fields and future trends in WSN and IoT.

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    Article . 2020
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    Article . Preprint
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    https://doi.org/10.20944/prepr...
    Preprint . 2020
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    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2020
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      Article . Preprint
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      https://doi.org/10.20944/prepr...
      Preprint . 2020
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      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sandija Zeverte-Rivza; Laura Girdziute; Agnieszka Parlińska; Peteris Rivza; +2 Authors

    The agricultural and food production sectors have a predominant role in the bioeconomy of the European Union (EU), followed by wood production. These sectors make significant contributions not only to national economies but also to local areas, in particular the rural ones. Although the digitalisation of businesses within the bioeconomy sector transforms the enterprises, improving the value chains and creating benefits for the rural communities where these enterprises are situated, there are still many barriers to digitalisation. This study has a dual aim: first, to analyse bioeconomy in the EU and the state of digitalisation in the EU, and second, to assess the barriers of the bioeconomy sector and ways to support digital transformation within this sector, focusing on agriculture as the main contributor to bioeconomy in the EU, taking Lithuania, Latvia, and Poland as the case studies. The cluster analysis was explored for the study of the digitalisation and R&D indicators of the EU. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to determine digitalisation scenarios of the bioeconomy sector in Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. Four stakeholder groups were selected as experts for the study: (i) national government, (ii) advisory and extension, (iii) research, and (iv) entrepreneurship. The findings of the cluster analysis identified 4 clusters in the EU, showing different levels of digitalisation. Strong links between digitalisation and R&D were also found. In this context, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland were assigned to the low-performing cluster. The results of the AHP for the case studies of Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland indicate the overall need for prioritization of support for digital transformation using national and EU funding to achieve better results. Nonetheless, AHP findings also suggested that the opinions of the national government, consulting, and research experts were more aligned throughout all three countries, but the entrepreneurs’ opinions differed from these groups. These findings provide quantitative information regarding digitalisation in the bioeconomy of the EU. They also offer additional qualitative information about scenarios and criteria for increasing the level of digitalisation in the bioeconomy sector in Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland, which could be useful for policy-makers. This research could also have practical implications for shaping the future trajectory of the bioeconomy policy. Keywords: AHP; bioeconomy; cluster analysis; digitalisation; digital transformation; entrepreneurship.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainability; “Lit...arrow_drop_down
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    https://doi.org/10.20944/prepr...
    Preprint . 2023
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainability; “Lit...arrow_drop_down
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      https://doi.org/10.20944/prepr...
      Preprint . 2023
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      Sustainability
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Carly Howett; Alex Parker; Catherine B. Olkin; D. C. Reuter; +34 Authors

    International audience; We discuss two semi-independent calibration techniques used to determine the inflight radiometric calibration for the New Horizons' Multi-spectral Visible Imaging Camera (MVIC). The first calibration technique compares the measured number of counts (DN) observed from a number of well calibrated stars to those predicted using the component-level calibration. The ratio of these values provides a multiplicative factor that allows a conversation between the preflight calibration to the more accurate inflight one, for each detector. The second calibration technique is a channel-wise relative radiometric calibration for MVIC's blue, near-infrared and methane color channels using Hubble and New Horizons observations of Charon and scaling from the red channel stellar calibration. Both calibration techniques produce very similar results (better than 7% agreement), providing strong validation for the techniques used. Since the stellar calibration described here can be performed without a color target in the field of view and covers all of MVIC's detectors, this calibration was used to provide the radiometric keyword values delivered by the New Horizons project to the Planetary Data System (PDS). These keyword values allow each observation to be converted from counts to physical units; a description of how these keyword values were generated is included. Finally, mitigation techniques adopted for the gain drift observed in the near-infrared detector and one of the panchromatic framing cameras are also discussed.

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    DSpace@MIT
    Article . 2017
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    arXiv.org e-Print Archive
    Other literature type . Preprint . 2016
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    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Oxford University Re...arrow_drop_down
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      Other literature type . Preprint . 2016
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      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Roland Olbrich; Martin F. Quaas; Stefan Baumgärtner;

    Studying the sustainable use of ecosystem services under uncertainty requires the consideration of the stochastic dynamics of the system under study, risk and time preferences, risk management strategies and normative views pertaining to sustainability. To gather this information for an important ecological-economic system, we conducted a survey of commercial cattle farmers in semi-arid rangelands of Namibia, a system that features risks on various space and time scales. Here we present a description of the research aims, design and conduction of the survey, and analyze and discuss the homogeneity and representativeness of our survey population. The survey consisted of a mail-in questionnaire and in-field experiments. We combined two existing farm-address databases, reaching 77% of the estimated 2,500 cattle farmers. The return rate of questionnaires exceeded 20%, and response rate to individual questions surpassed 95% and 90% for the majority of non-sensitive and sensitive questions, respectively. Distinct sub-sample groups within the survey population did not differ in the analyzed characteristics with the exception of ethnicity, regional location of farmland and an intentionally induced bias for residency on farm. It has turned out that we have undersampled distinct population segments of farmers, such as indigenous farmers or farmers not belonging to the main interest group of commercial cattle farming. Notwithstanding, we consider the survey to be highly successful, yielding a rich dataset which allows diverse analyses.

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    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2009 . Peer-reviewed
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      SSRN Electronic Journal
      Article . 2009 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Mihails Hazans; Ija Trapeznikova;

    When judged either by educational attainment of adult population or by secondary and tertiary enrollment rates, by 2002 Albania compared very unfavorably to most European countries, including its neighbors. This study examines the determinants of secondary enrollment applying unobserved family effect probit model to data from Living Standards Measurement Survey 2002- 2003. The focus of the paper is to investigate the importance of access to school and to further education for enrollment. We find that both absence of a secondary school in the community and the distance from the residence location to a secondary school have strong negative effect on enrollment, controlling for family background. In order to alleviate potential endogeneity bias of distance and community characteristics effects, we control for migration history of individuals since 1990. In rural areas, enrollment is impeded also by absence of a pre-school in the community, and by higher transportation cost from the community to its “main” secondary school. Proximity to a university city (as opposed to other urban centers) substantially increases likelihood of secondary enrollment in rural areas. In urban areas, a similar effect has emerged in 2003, plausibly as a response to opening the market for private universities. The above findings suggest that developing tertiary education and child-care system may have positive spillover effects on secondary enrollment.

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    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2006 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Kabir, Muhammad Mohsin; Ohi, Abu Quwsar; Mridha, M. F.;

    A disease that limits a plant from its maximal capacity is defined as plant disease. From the perspective of agriculture, diagnosing plant disease is crucial, as diseases often limit plants' production capacity. However, manual approaches to recognize plant diseases are often temporal, challenging, and time-consuming. Therefore, computerized recognition of plant diseases is highly desired in the field of agricultural automation. Due to the recent improvement of computer vision, identifying diseases using leaf images of a particular plant has already been introduced. Nevertheless, the most introduced model can only diagnose diseases of a specific plant. Hence, in this chapter, we investigate an optimal plant disease identification model combining the diagnosis of multiple plants. Despite relying on multi-class classification, the model inherits a multilabel classification method to identify the plant and the type of disease in parallel. For the experiment and evaluation, we collected data from various online sources that included leaf images of six plants, including tomato, potato, rice, corn, grape, and apple. In our investigation, we implement numerous popular convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures. The experimental results validate that the Xception and DenseNet architectures perform better in multi-label plant disease classification tasks. Through architectural investigation, we imply that skip connections, spatial convolutions, and shorter hidden layer connectivity cause better results in plant disease classification. Comment: Accepted in book chapter "CVML in Agriculture"

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    arXiv.org e-Print Archive
    Other literature type . Preprint . 2020
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    http://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.0515...
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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-98...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2020
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      Other literature type . Preprint . 2020
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      http://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.0515...
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      https://doi.org/10.1007/978-98...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2020
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    Authors: Lirong Liu; Brian Piper;

    This paper lays out a framework for predicting the agricultural losses caused by an impeding invasion of a non-native species and for estimating the total economic impacts associated with the invasion, including direct, indirect and induced economic impacts. Along with the establishment of predicted total economic impacts, effects on employment and tax revenues are estimated using an input-output model. These estimates are essential for policy-makers to formulate appropriate responses. The framework is then applied to the case of the Red Streaked Leafhopper in the sugarcane producing regions of Louisiana. Results show that total annual impacts can be as high as $75 million from the leafhopper or as high as $956 million from the leafhopper carrying a specific phytoplasm after 25 years. State and local governments would lose $683,000 annually while federal revenues would be reduced by $3.3 million after 25 years. Employment effects from the leafhopper’s spread range from 821 lost jobs with just the leafhopper to 10,397 lost jobs with the leafhopper and phytoplasm at 25 years, an almost 0.1% point increase in Louisiana’s unemployment at current employment levels.

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    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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      SSRN Electronic Journal
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    Authors: Karla Stepanova; Tomas Pajdla; Matej Hoffmann;

    Mechanism calibration is an important and non-trivial task in robotics. Advances in sensor technology make affordable but increasingly accurate devices such as cameras and tactile sensors available, making it possible to perform automated self-contained calibration relying on redundant information in these sensory streams. In this work, we use a simulated iCub humanoid robot with a stereo camera system and end-effector contact emulation to quantitatively compare the performance of kinematic calibration by employing different combinations of intersecting kinematic chains -- either through self-observation or self-touch. The parameters varied were: (i) type and number of intersecting kinematic chains used for calibration, (ii) parameters and chains subject to optimization, (iii) amount of initial perturbation of kinematic parameters, (iv) number of poses/configurations used for optimization, (v) amount of measurement noise in end-effector positions / cameras. The main findings are: (1) calibrating parameters of a single chain (e.g. one arm) by employing multiple kinematic chains ("self-observation" and "self-touch") is superior in terms of optimization results as well as observability; (2) when using multi-chain calibration, fewer poses suffice to get similar performance compared to when for example only observation from a single camera is used; (3) parameters of all chains (here 86 DH parameters) can be subject to calibration simultaneously and with 50 (100) poses, end-effector error of around 2 (1) mm can be achieved; (4) adding noise to a sensory modality degrades performance of all calibrations employing the chains relying on this information. Comment: 8 pages; 8 figures; substantially revised version compared to previous - all data and results are new

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    arXiv.org e-Print Archive
    Other literature type . Preprint . 2018
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    https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.20...
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2018
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      https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.20...
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Mall Leinsalu; Aleksei Baburin; Domantas Jasilionis; Juris Krumins; +2 Authors

    We examined urban-rural differences in educational inequalities in mortality in the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) and Finland in the context of macroeconomic changes. Educational inequalities among 30-74 year olds were examined in 2000-2003, 2004-2007, 2008-2011 and 2012-2015 using census-linked longitudinal mortality data. We estimated age-standardized mortality rates and the relative and slope index of inequality. Overall mortality rates were larger in rural areas except among Finnish women. Relative educational inequalities in mortality were often larger in urban areas among men but in rural areas among women. Absolute inequalities were mostly larger in rural areas excepting Finnish men. Between 2000-2003 and 2012-2015 relative inequalities increased in most countries while absolute inequalities decreased except in Lithuania. In the Baltic countries the changes in both relative and absolute inequalities tended to be more favorable in urban areas; in Finland they were more favorable in rural areas. The overall pattern changed during the reccessionary period from 2004-2007 to 2008-2011 when relative inequalities often diminished or the increase slowed, while the decrease in absolute inequalities accelerated with larger improvements observed in urban areas. Despite substantial progress in reducing overall mortality rates in both urban and rural areas in all countries, low educated men and women in rural areas in the Baltic countries are becoming increasingly disadvantaged in terms of mortality reduction. Peer reviewed

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    https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
    Preprint . 2020
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    https://www.researchsquare.com...
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      https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
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    Authors: Eva Abramuszkinová Pavlíková; Jitka Meňházová; Kristaps Lešinskis;

    This paper introduces the KABADA (Knowledge Alliance of Business Idea Assessment: Digital Approach) tool, together with the opinions of young people about entrepreneurship, their skills, and their experience with this tool. The focus is on non-business students who study natural sciences, engineering, and other areas at the Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology at Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic. The KABADA tool has been developed and tested by a team of international experts. It can be used by a wide audience, including forester management specialists. This structured, web-based platform is based on theoretical research, relevant statistics, and artificial intelligence insights. It guides entrepreneurs through business idea assessment including challenges and opportunities. The research included survey answers from 60 university students before and after using the KABADA tool. The results show that students are interested in entrepreneurship but do not have the knowledge or experience, or support from the curriculum. The majority of the students had no or very low experience with entrepreneurship, no entrepreneurship training, and had not studied entrepreneurship. After using the tool, students declared that they had a higher knowledge of entrepreneurship and the number of students who intended to become an entrepreneur increased. The tool is available online, free of charge. info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

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    Forests
    Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.20944/prepr...
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      https://doi.org/10.20944/prepr...
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    Authors: Janis Judvaitis; Artis Mednis; Valters Abolins; Ansis Skadins; +4 Authors

    Technologies, such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT), have captured the imagination of researchers, businesses, and general public, due to breakthroughs in embedded system development, sensing technologies, and ubiquitous connectivity in recent years. That resulted in the emergence of an enormous, difficult-to-navigate body of work related to WSN and IoT. In an ongoing research effort to highlight trends and developments in these technologies and to see whether they are actually deployed rather than subjects of theoretical research with presumed potential use cases, we gathered and codified a dataset of scientific publications from a five-year period from 2013 to 2017 involving actual sensor network deployments, which will serve as a basis for future in-depth analysis of the field. In the first iteration, 15,010 potentially relevant articles were identified in SCOPUS and Web of Science databases; after two iterations, 3059 actual sensor network deployments were extracted from those articles and classified in a consistent way according to different categories, such as type of nodes, field of application, communication types, etc. We publish the resulting dataset with the intent that its further analysis may identify prospective research fields and future trends in WSN and IoT.

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    Article . 2020
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    https://doi.org/10.20944/prepr...
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    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.20944/prepr...
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    Authors: Sandija Zeverte-Rivza; Laura Girdziute; Agnieszka Parlińska; Peteris Rivza; +2 Authors

    The agricultural and food production sectors have a predominant role in the bioeconomy of the European Union (EU), followed by wood production. These sectors make significant contributions not only to national economies but also to local areas, in particular the rural ones. Although the digitalisation of businesses within the bioeconomy sector transforms the enterprises, improving the value chains and creating benefits for the rural communities where these enterprises are situated, there are still many barriers to digitalisation. This study has a dual aim: first, to analyse bioeconomy in the EU and the state of digitalisation in the EU, and second, to assess the barriers of the bioeconomy sector and ways to support digital transformation within this sector, focusing on agriculture as the main contributor to bioeconomy in the EU, taking Lithuania, Latvia, and Poland as the case studies. The cluster analysis was explored for the study of the digitalisation and R&D indicators of the EU. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to determine digitalisation scenarios of the bioeconomy sector in Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. Four stakeholder groups were selected as experts for the study: (i) national government, (ii) advisory and extension, (iii) research, and (iv) entrepreneurship. The findings of the cluster analysis identified 4 clusters in the EU, showing different levels of digitalisation. Strong links between digitalisation and R&D were also found. In this context, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland were assigned to the low-performing cluster. The results of the AHP for the case studies of Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland indicate the overall need for prioritization of support for digital transformation using national and EU funding to achieve better results. Nonetheless, AHP findings also suggested that the opinions of the national government, consulting, and research experts were more aligned throughout all three countries, but the entrepreneurs’ opinions differed from these groups. These findings provide quantitative information regarding digitalisation in the bioeconomy of the EU. They also offer additional qualitative information about scenarios and criteria for increasing the level of digitalisation in the bioeconomy sector in Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland, which could be useful for policy-makers. This research could also have practical implications for shaping the future trajectory of the bioeconomy policy. Keywords: AHP; bioeconomy; cluster analysis; digitalisation; digital transformation; entrepreneurship.

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    https://doi.org/10.20944/prepr...
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      https://doi.org/10.20944/prepr...
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    Authors: Carly Howett; Alex Parker; Catherine B. Olkin; D. C. Reuter; +34 Authors

    International audience; We discuss two semi-independent calibration techniques used to determine the inflight radiometric calibration for the New Horizons' Multi-spectral Visible Imaging Camera (MVIC). The first calibration technique compares the measured number of counts (DN) observed from a number of well calibrated stars to those predicted using the component-level calibration. The ratio of these values provides a multiplicative factor that allows a conversation between the preflight calibration to the more accurate inflight one, for each detector. The second calibration technique is a channel-wise relative radiometric calibration for MVIC's blue, near-infrared and methane color channels using Hubble and New Horizons observations of Charon and scaling from the red channel stellar calibration. Both calibration techniques produce very similar results (better than 7% agreement), providing strong validation for the techniques used. Since the stellar calibration described here can be performed without a color target in the field of view and covers all of MVIC's detectors, this calibration was used to provide the radiometric keyword values delivered by the New Horizons project to the Planetary Data System (PDS). These keyword values allow each observation to be converted from counts to physical units; a description of how these keyword values were generated is included. Finally, mitigation techniques adopted for the gain drift observed in the near-infrared detector and one of the panchromatic framing cameras are also discussed.

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    DSpace@MIT
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    Other literature type . Preprint . 2016
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    Authors: Roland Olbrich; Martin F. Quaas; Stefan Baumgärtner;

    Studying the sustainable use of ecosystem services under uncertainty requires the consideration of the stochastic dynamics of the system under study, risk and time preferences, risk management strategies and normative views pertaining to sustainability. To gather this information for an important ecological-economic system, we conducted a survey of commercial cattle farmers in semi-arid rangelands of Namibia, a system that features risks on various space and time scales. Here we present a description of the research aims, design and conduction of the survey, and analyze and discuss the homogeneity and representativeness of our survey population. The survey consisted of a mail-in questionnaire and in-field experiments. We combined two existing farm-address databases, reaching 77% of the estimated 2,500 cattle farmers. The return rate of questionnaires exceeded 20%, and response rate to individual questions surpassed 95% and 90% for the majority of non-sensitive and sensitive questions, respectively. Distinct sub-sample groups within the survey population did not differ in the analyzed characteristics with the exception of ethnicity, regional location of farmland and an intentionally induced bias for residency on farm. It has turned out that we have undersampled distinct population segments of farmers, such as indigenous farmers or farmers not belonging to the main interest group of commercial cattle farming. Notwithstanding, we consider the survey to be highly successful, yielding a rich dataset which allows diverse analyses.

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    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2009 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Mihails Hazans; Ija Trapeznikova;

    When judged either by educational attainment of adult population or by secondary and tertiary enrollment rates, by 2002 Albania compared very unfavorably to most European countries, including its neighbors. This study examines the determinants of secondary enrollment applying unobserved family effect probit model to data from Living Standards Measurement Survey 2002- 2003. The focus of the paper is to investigate the importance of access to school and to further education for enrollment. We find that both absence of a secondary school in the community and the distance from the residence location to a secondary school have strong negative effect on enrollment, controlling for family background. In order to alleviate potential endogeneity bias of distance and community characteristics effects, we control for migration history of individuals since 1990. In rural areas, enrollment is impeded also by absence of a pre-school in the community, and by higher transportation cost from the community to its “main” secondary school. Proximity to a university city (as opposed to other urban centers) substantially increases likelihood of secondary enrollment in rural areas. In urban areas, a similar effect has emerged in 2003, plausibly as a response to opening the market for private universities. The above findings suggest that developing tertiary education and child-care system may have positive spillover effects on secondary enrollment.

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    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2006 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Kabir, Muhammad Mohsin; Ohi, Abu Quwsar; Mridha, M. F.;

    A disease that limits a plant from its maximal capacity is defined as plant disease. From the perspective of agriculture, diagnosing plant disease is crucial, as diseases often limit plants' production capacity. However, manual approaches to recognize plant diseases are often temporal, challenging, and time-consuming. Therefore, computerized recognition of plant diseases is highly desired in the field of agricultural automation. Due to the recent improvement of computer vision, identifying diseases using leaf images of a particular plant has already been introduced. Nevertheless, the most introduced model can only diagnose diseases of a specific plant. Hence, in this chapter, we investigate an optimal plant disease identification model combining the diagnosis of multiple plants. Despite relying on multi-class classification, the model inherits a multilabel classification method to identify the plant and the type of disease in parallel. For the experiment and evaluation, we collected data from various online sources that included leaf images of six plants, including tomato, potato, rice, corn, grape, and apple. In our investigation, we implement numerous popular convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures. The experimental results validate that the Xception and DenseNet architectures perform better in multi-label plant disease classification tasks. Through architectural investigation, we imply that skip connections, spatial convolutions, and shorter hidden layer connectivity cause better results in plant disease classification. Comment: Accepted in book chapter "CVML in Agriculture"

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    arXiv.org e-Print Archive
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    http://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.0515...
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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-98...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      http://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.0515...
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      https://doi.org/10.1007/978-98...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Lirong Liu; Brian Piper;

    This paper lays out a framework for predicting the agricultural losses caused by an impeding invasion of a non-native species and for estimating the total economic impacts associated with the invasion, including direct, indirect and induced economic impacts. Along with the establishment of predicted total economic impacts, effects on employment and tax revenues are estimated using an input-output model. These estimates are essential for policy-makers to formulate appropriate responses. The framework is then applied to the case of the Red Streaked Leafhopper in the sugarcane producing regions of Louisiana. Results show that total annual impacts can be as high as $75 million from the leafhopper or as high as $956 million from the leafhopper carrying a specific phytoplasm after 25 years. State and local governments would lose $683,000 annually while federal revenues would be reduced by $3.3 million after 25 years. Employment effects from the leafhopper’s spread range from 821 lost jobs with just the leafhopper to 10,397 lost jobs with the leafhopper and phytoplasm at 25 years, an almost 0.1% point increase in Louisiana’s unemployment at current employment levels.

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    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Karla Stepanova; Tomas Pajdla; Matej Hoffmann;

    Mechanism calibration is an important and non-trivial task in robotics. Advances in sensor technology make affordable but increasingly accurate devices such as cameras and tactile sensors available, making it possible to perform automated self-contained calibration relying on redundant information in these sensory streams. In this work, we use a simulated iCub humanoid robot with a stereo camera system and end-effector contact emulation to quantitatively compare the performance of kinematic calibration by employing different combinations of intersecting kinematic chains -- either through self-observation or self-touch. The parameters varied were: (i) type and number of intersecting kinematic chains used for calibration, (ii) parameters and chains subject to optimization, (iii) amount of initial perturbation of kinematic parameters, (iv) number of poses/configurations used for optimization, (v) amount of measurement noise in end-effector positions / cameras. The main findings are: (1) calibrating parameters of a single chain (e.g. one arm) by employing multiple kinematic chains ("self-observation" and "self-touch") is superior in terms of optimization results as well as observability; (2) when using multi-chain calibration, fewer poses suffice to get similar performance compared to when for example only observation from a single camera is used; (3) parameters of all chains (here 86 DH parameters) can be subject to calibration simultaneously and with 50 (100) poses, end-effector error of around 2 (1) mm can be achieved; (4) adding noise to a sensory modality degrades performance of all calibrations employing the chains relying on this information. Comment: 8 pages; 8 figures; substantially revised version compared to previous - all data and results are new

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    arXiv.org e-Print Archive
    Other literature type . Preprint . 2018
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    https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.20...
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.20...
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Mall Leinsalu; Aleksei Baburin; Domantas Jasilionis; Juris Krumins; +2 Authors

    We examined urban-rural differences in educational inequalities in mortality in the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) and Finland in the context of macroeconomic changes. Educational inequalities among 30-74 year olds were examined in 2000-2003, 2004-2007, 2008-2011 and 2012-2015 using census-linked longitudinal mortality data. We estimated age-standardized mortality rates and the relative and slope index of inequality. Overall mortality rates were larger in rural areas except among Finnish women. Relative educational inequalities in mortality were often larger in urban areas among men but in rural areas among women. Absolute inequalities were mostly larger in rural areas excepting Finnish men. Between 2000-2003 and 2012-2015 relative inequalities increased in most countries while absolute inequalities decreased except in Lithuania. In the Baltic countries the changes in both relative and absolute inequalities tended to be more favorable in urban areas; in Finland they were more favorable in rural areas. The overall pattern changed during the reccessionary period from 2004-2007 to 2008-2011 when relative inequalities often diminished or the increase slowed, while the decrease in absolute inequalities accelerated with larger improvements observed in urban areas. Despite substantial progress in reducing overall mortality rates in both urban and rural areas in all countries, low educated men and women in rural areas in the Baltic countries are becoming increasingly disadvantaged in terms of mortality reduction. Peer reviewed

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
    Preprint . 2020
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Europe PubMed Centra...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
      Preprint . 2020
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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