• Rural Digital Europe
• 2013-2022close
• Doctoral thesis close

Bu araştırmanın temel amaçları IPARD programı kapsamında destek almış süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinin ekonomik yapısının ortaya konulması, IPARD desteklerinin süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde meydana getirdiği değişimin incelenmesi ve süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinin hibe desteklerinden yararlanma durumunun ve kazanımlarının belirlenmesidir. Araştırma verileri, Türkiye'de IPARD desteklerinden faydalanan ve 17 farklı ilde faaliyet gösteren işletmelerin tamamını oluşturan 100 süt sığırcılığı işletmesinden anket yoluyla elde edilmiştir. Benzer özelliklere sahip işletmelerin gruplandırılmasında kümeleme analizi kullanılmıştır. Süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinin ekonomik yapısının ortaya konulmasında klasik ekonomik analiz yaklaşımları kullanılmıştır. Süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinin hibelerden sağladığı kazanımlar fayda masraf analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, küçük süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde 21 baş, orta büyüklükteki süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde 61 baş ve büyük süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde 95 baş süt sığırı bulunduğunu göstermiştir. Ekonomik analizde, incelenen küçük ve orta ölçekli süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde karlılığın istenen düzeyde olmadığı, büyük işletmelerin ise karlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. IPARD desteği almanın incelenen süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinin üretim alışkanlığını, teknoloji kullanımını ve işletmecilik biçimini olumlu yönde değiştirdiği saptanmıştır. Fayda masraf analizi sonuçlarına göre, Türkiye'de faaliyet gösteren küçük ölçekli süt sığırcılığı işletmeleri kullandıkları hibe karşılığında, yeterli düzeyde fayda sağlayamamaktadırlar. IPARD desteklerinin orta ve büyük ölçekli süt sığırcılığı işletmelerine sağladığı fayda, katlanılan maliyetten daha yüksektir. İşletmelerin ekonomik sürdürülebilirliği ve verilen hibe tutarı karşılığında beklenen faydanın sağlanabilmesi için, TKDK tarafından işletme bazında bulundurulması gereken süt sığırı sayısının 'proje kabul aşamasında' belirlenmesi ve projenin uygulama dönemi boyunca bunun takibinin yapılması gerekmektedir. The main purposes of this study were to perform an economic analysis of dairy farms supported by ARDSI within the scope of IPARD; to reveal changes sourced by grant in dairy farms and to explore the utilization characteristics and benefits of dairy farms from IPARD grants. Research data were collected from 100 dairy farms benefited IPARD grants in 17 different provinces of Turkey. Cluster analysis was used to classify dairy farms. When performing economic analysis, classical economic analysis methods were followed. Cost- benefit analysis was used to explore benefits of dairy farms from IPARD grants. Research results showed that number of cattle in small, medium and large dairy farms were 21, 61 and 95, respectively. Economic analysis revealed that the profitability of small and medium dairy farms was unsatisfactory level, while that of large dairy farms was satisfactory level. Benefiting IPARD grants positively affected the production habits, technology usage and management type of dairy farms. Based on the results of cost-benefit analysis, small scale Turkish dairy farms was not benefited from IPARD grants effectively. However, benefits were larger than that of allocated grants in medium and large size dairy farms. In order to ensure economic sustainability of dairy farms and achieve the expected benefits from allocated grants, the number of cattle should be determined at the starting point of project and monitored throughout the project implementation period. 153

This work seeks to mitigate the effects of constraints on mobile robotic systems. To this end, auxiliary control loops and robust tuning techniques are proposed. The former are proposed to mitigate the effects of constraints on the input and output of the systems through the modification of the motion parameter in path following applications.Then, PID controllers are considered as a structural constraint, given its wide use in robotics particularly at low control level. A robust tuning methodology considering this constraint is proposed which achieves good performancelevels even when facing disturbances. Finally, to deal with robustness in presence of robots nonlinearity constraints, an analysis and tuning tool for sliding mode controllers is proposed. The particularity of this tuning method, based on global optimization and interval techniques,is that it allows generating tuning maps of the parameter regions where the desired performance criterion is fulfilled. All the proposed strategies are put into practice, through real experimentation or invalidated simulators, over the AUV Ciscrea available at ENSTA Bretagne.; Ce travail vise à atténuer les effets des contraintes sur les systèmes robotiques mobiles. À cette fin, des structures de commande auxiliaire et des techniques de réglage robuste sont proposées. Les structures sont proposées dans le cadre du suivi de chemin pour atténuer les effets des contraintes sur les entrées et les sorties des systèmes. Ensuite, étant donnée leur utilisation répandue en robotique, les contrôleurs de type PID sont considérés comme une contrainte structurelle. Une méthode de réglage robuste, tenant compte de cette contrainte, est proposée permettant d’atteindre de bons niveaux de performance même en présence de perturbations. Enfin, pour faire face à la robustesse en présence des contraintes de non-linéarité sur robots, un outil d’analyse et de réglage pour les contrôleurs de mode glissant est proposé. La particularité de cette méthode de réglage, basée sur des techniques d’optimisation globale et de calculs par intervalles, est qu’elle permet de générer des cartographies de réglage des paramètres pour lesquels le critère de performance souhaité est rempli.Toutes les stratégies proposées sont mises en pratique par des expérimentations réelles ou sur des simulateurs validés (AUV Ciscrea disponible à l’ENSTA Bretagne).

Since the introduction of maize into Europe, open-pollinated varieties of flint maize were cultivated across the continent. Natural selection promoted adaptation to the climatic conditions prevailing in the different regions. With the advent of hybrid breeding in Europe during the 1950’s, some of the genes responsible for the specific adaptations of the landraces to abiotic and biotic stress were captured in the first developed inbred lines, but most of their genetic diversity is still untapped. Development of inbred lines out of this material by recurrent selfing is very tedious due to strong inbreeding depression. In contrast, the doubled-haploid (DH) technology allows producing fully homozygous lines out of landraces in only one step. This allows their precise characterization in replicated trials and identification of new genes by genome wide association (GWA) mapping. In this study we genotyped a set of 132 DH lines derived from European Flint landraces and 364 elite European flint (EU-F), European dent (EU-D) and North-American dent (NA-D) inbred lines with 56,110 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The lines were evaluated in field trials for morphologic and agronomic traits and GWA mapping was performed to identify underlying quantitative trait loci (QTL). In particular, our objectives were to (1) develop a robust method for quantifying early growth with a non-destructive remote-sensing platform, (2) evaluate the importance of early growth performance of inbred lines with regard to their testcross performance, (3) determine the potential of GWA mapping to identify genes underlying early growth and cold tolerance related traits, (4) evaluate the phenotypic and genotypic diversity recovered in the DH lines derived from the landraces, (5) estimate the effect of the DH method on the recovered genetic diversity, (6) identify new genes by GWA mapping in the DH lines derived from landraces, and (8) discuss the potential of DH lines derived from landraces to improve the genetic diversity and performance of elite maize germplasm. A phenotyping platform using spectral reflectance and light curtains was used to perform repeated measurements of biomass and estimate relative growth rates (RGR) of the DH and inbred lines, as well as of two testcrosses of 300 dent inbred lines. The DH lines derived from the landraces Schindelmeiser and Gelber Badischer had the highest RGR followed by EU-F lines, DH lines derived from Bugard, EU-D lines and, finally, NA-D lines. For inbred lines, whole plant dry matter yield (DMY) was positively correlated with RGR (r = 0.49), whereas this relation was weaker in the testcrosses (r = 0.29). RGR of the inbred lines correlated with RGR of their testcrosses (r = 0.42), but it had no influence on testcross DMY. A set of 375 EU-F, EU-D and NA-D lines were further evaluated in growth chambers under chilling (16/13°C) and optimal (27/25°C) temperatures. Photosynthetic and early growth performance were estimated for each treatment and an adaptation index (AI) built as the chilling to optimal performance ratio. Nineteen QTL were identified by GWA mapping for trait performance and AI. Candidate genes involved in ethylene signaling, brassinolide, and lignin biosynthesis were found in their vicinity. Several QTL for photosynthetic performance co-located with previously reported QTL and the QTL identified for shoot dry wieght under optimal conditions co-located with a QTL for RGR. Comparison of the DH lines derived from landraces with the EU-F lines showed that genotypic variances in single DH populations were greater than in the EU-F breeding population. A high average genetic distance among the DH lines derived from the same landrace as well as a rapid decay of linkage disequilibrium suggests a high effective population size of the landraces. Because no systematic phenotypic differences were observed between the landraces and synthetic landraces obtained by intermating the corresponding DH lines, the expected purge of lethal recessive alleles during the DH production did neither improve grain yield performance nor affect the recovered genetic diversity. Performing GWA in the DH lines derived from landraces as well as the EU-F, and EU-D lines allowed the identification of 49 QTL for 27 traits. A larger set of DH lines derived from more landraces might solve problems arising from population structure and allow a much higher power for the detection of new alleles. In conclusion, the introgression of DH lines derived from landraces into the elite breeding material would strongly broaden its genetic base. However, grain yield performance was 22% higher in EU-F lines than in the DH lines derived from landraces. Selection of the best DH lines would allow partially bridging this yield gap and marker-assisted selection may allow introgression of positive QTL without introducing negative features by linkage drag. Seit der Einfuhr von Mais aus der „neuen“ Welt nach Europa, wurden offen abblühende Flint-Mais Populationen auf dem gesamten Kontinent angebaut. Durch natürliche Selektion passten sich diese Landsorten an die Klimate des Kontinents an. In den Anfängen der Hybridzüchtung wurden Gene und Allele, die für diese spezifische Anpassung an biotische und abiotische Stressfaktoren verantwortlich sind, in den ersten Inzuchtlinien nur teilweise fixiert. Der Grossteil der genetischen Vielfalt der Landsorten blieb jedoch ungenutzt, da die Entwicklung von Inzuchtlinien aus diesem Material wegen besonders starker Inzuchtdepression sehr mühsam ist. Demgegenüber erlaubt es die seit etwa 10 Jahre eingesetzte Methode der Erzeugung von Doppel-Haploiden (DH), vollständig homozygote Linien aus Landsorten in einem einzigen Schritt zu entwickeln. Diese DH-Linien können in wiederholten Feldversuchen sehr präzise evaluiert werden. Dies vereinfacht die Kartierung von Genen mithilfe der Genom-weiten Assoziations-Kartierung (GWA) enorm. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden 132 DH-Linien aus europäischen Landsorten, 364 Inzucht-linien aus Nordamerikanischem Dent (NA-D), europäischem Flint (EU-F) und europäischem Dent (EU-D) Zuchtmaterial mit 56110 genetischen Markern genotypisiert. Agronomische Eigenschaften der DH-Linien und Elite-Inzuchtlinien wurden in Feldversuchen evaluiert und mittels GWA kartiert, um vorteilhafte Gene zu identifizieren. Zu unseren Zielen gehörten insbesondere (1) die Entwicklung einer robusten, nicht-destruktiven Methode zur Erfassung der Jugendentwicklung mittels Sensoren, (2) die Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen der Jugendentwicklung der Linien per se und deren Testkreuzungen, (3) die Erforschung von GWA zur Identifikation von Kühletoleranz- und Jugendentwicklungs-Genen in Elite-Inzuchtlinien, (4) die Evaluierung der aus den Landsorten mittels der DH-Methode geborgene phänotypische und genetische Vielfalt, (5) die Abschätzung eines möglichen Einfluss der DH-Methode auf der genetischen Vielfalt der DH-Linien, (6) die Entdeckung neuer Gene in den DH-Linien aus Landsorten mittels GWA, und (7) die Ermittlung des Potentials von DH-Linien aus Landsorten, um die Leistung und genetische Diversität des modernen Zuchtmaterials zu verbessern. Die Biomasse und relative Wachstumsrate (RGR) der DH-Linien und Elite-Inzuchtlinien sowie je zwei Testkreuzungen von 300 Dent Inzuchtlinien wurden mit Lichtschranken und spektraler Reflektion geschätzt. Die DH-Linien aus den Landsorten Schindelmeiser und Gelber Badischer wiesen die höchste RGR auf, gefolgt von EU-F Linien, DH-Linien aus Bugard, EU-D Linien und zuletzt NA-D Linien. Die Gesamttrockenmasse der Linien war mit deren RGR positiv korreliert (r = 0.49), während diese Korrelationen für die Testkreuzungen schwächer ausfiel (r = 0.29). Die RGR der Linien korrelierte mit der RGR der Testkreuzungen (r = 0.42), hatte jedoch keinen Einfluss auf deren Gesamttrockenmasse. Ein Satz von 375 EU-F, EU-D und NA-D Linien wurde unter kühlen (16/13°C) und optimalen (27/25°C) Temperaturen in Klimakammern untersucht. Die photosynthetische Leistung und die Jugendentwicklung wurden für jedes Verfahren gemessen. Aus dem Verhältnis der Leistungen unter kühlen und optimalen Bedingungen wurde ein Adaptations-Index (AI) berechnet. Neunzehn Genorte (QTL) wurden für verschiedene Merkmale und deren AI mittels GWA identifiziert. Gene mit Beteiligung in der Äthylen-Signalkette, Brassinolid- und Lignin-Biosynthese wurden als Kandidaten identifiziert. Mehrere QTL für photosynthetische Leistung co-lokalisierten mit bereits beschriebenen QTL. Der Vergleich der genetischen Varianzen zeigte, dass diese innerhalb der einzelnen Landsorten grösser ist als innerhalb des EU-F Zuchtmaterials. Sowohl die hohe mittlere genetische Distanz zwischen den DH-Linien einer Landsorte, als auch das rasch abfallende Kopplungs-ungleichgewicht innerhalb der Landsorten deuten auf eine grosse Effektive Populationsgrösse hin. Die erwartete Eliminierung von rezessiven letalen Allelen durch die DH-Methode konnte den Ertrag synthetischer Landsorten nicht erhöhen und hatte auch keinen grossen Einfluss auf die genetische Diversität. Mittels GWA Analyse in den DH-Linien aus Landsorten und in Elite-Inzuchtlinien konnten 49 QTL für 27 Merkmale kartiert werden. Eine grössere Anzahl von DH-Linien aus Landsorten würde es erlauben, die durch Populationsstruktur verursachten Artefakte zu beseitigen und somit die Wahrscheinlichkeit, neue Allele zu entdecken, stark erhöhen. Zusammengefasst kann die genetische Diversität des Zuchtmaterials durch die Einkreuzung von DH-Linien aus Landsorten stark erhöht werden. Der grosse Abstand zwischen der Leistung des Zuchtmaterials und den DH-Linien aus Landsorten (22%) kann durch Selektion der besten DH-Linien teilweise ausgeglichen werden. Marker-gestützte Selektion könnte das Einkreuzen von positiven QTL ohne Introgression von unerwünschten negativen Eigenschaften erleichtern.

Seed reserves are the primary source of mineral nutrients for early seedling development. ?Nutrient seed priming? is a technique in which seeds are soaked in nutrient solution and subsequently dried back to initial moisture content for storage. It is an efficient approach to increase seed nutrient contents along with priming effects to improve seed quality, germination speed and seedling establishment. Various abiotic stresses, such as sub-optimal temperature, drought, submergence and soil pH extremes can seriously affect seedling establishment and nutrient acquisition at early growth stages. This thesis focused on the role and contribution of nutrient seed priming in plant growth and nutritional status in maize and soybean under conditions of limited nutrient availability and low root-zone temperature. Protocols for nutrient seed priming with Zn, Mn, Zn+Mn, B and P were optimised for application in maize and soybean seeds (B and P priming in maize only). Optimum priming durations of 24 h (maize) and 12 h (soybean) were identified for both plant species but in instead of submerging seeds in priming solutions slow imbibition between filter papers was essential for soybean to minimise development of abnormal seedlings to avoid imbibition damage. Nutrient concentrations were calculated according to water uptake to double the natural seed reserves of the respective micronutrients and 50% increase in phosphorus. However, final uptake of the micronutrients was generally much higher (+500-1000%) while it was lower for P (+20%). In case of soybean this could be attributed to a high Zn and Mn binding capacity of the seed coat, which adsorbed up to 60% of the primed nutrients. Particularly, Zn and Zn+Mn priming stimulated plant growth in hydroponic culture systems and to a lower extent also on a soil with low availability of P, Zn and Fe. This was associated with a high shoot translocation of the primed nutrients (Zn and Mn), which was most expressed in the hydroponic culture system. Combined priming treatments with Zn and Mn were usually less effective than Zn priming alone, suggesting an antagonistic interaction. By contrast, mobility of primed B was extremely low and B priming was completely ineffective. In soil culture also P priming moderately increased shoot biomass production by 10-20 %. However the efficiency of P priming was largely limited by the high P demand of the plants. Low root zone temperature (RZT) at early spring is a limiting factor for maize production in Central and Northern Europe. Nutrient acquisition, nutrient uptake and particularly root growth are severely affected at low RZT and the consequences of these growth depressions are often not completely compensated until final harvest. Model experiments in hydroponics and soil culture revealed that maize nutrient seed priming with Zn, Mn and Fe is a promising strategy to diminish the deficiency of specific nutrients, such as Zn, Mn and also P and to maintain plant growth under low RZT stress. This was mainly attributed to significantly increased root growth and particularly fine root production in plants grown from nutrient-primed seeds. Improved net photosynthesis of primed plants was mainly related with increased leaf area and preliminary results suggest a higher tolerance to oxidative damage due to increased production of protective phenolics. Two independent field experiments under conditions of suboptimal temperatures during germination and early growth revealed an increase in grain yield of 10 ? 15 % for plants derived from Zn+Mn and Fe primed seeds. This finding demonstrates long-lasting persistence of priming effects. The molecular and physiological mechanisms behind require further investigation. Samenreserven sind die primäre Quelle für die Mineralstoffversorgung während der frühen Keimlingsentwicklung. Nährstoffpriming ist ein methodischer Ansatz, bei dem Saatgut in Mineralstofflösungen vorgequollen und anschließend zur weiteren Lagerung auf Ausgangsfeuchte zurückgetrocknet wird. Hierdurch ist es möglich, neben vorquellungsbedingten Primingeffekten auch die Mineralstoffreserven zur Verbesserung der Saatgutqualität zu erhöhen sowie die Auflauf-Geschwindigkeit und die Keimlingsentwicklung zu verbessern, die durch verschiedenste Stressfaktoren, wie suboptimale Temperaturbedingungen, Trockenheit, Staunässe und pH-Extreme beeinträchtigt werden kann. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Wirkung von Nährstoffpriming auf das Wachstum und den Ernährungsstatus von Mais und Soja unter Bedingungen eingeschränkter Nährstoffverfügbarkeit und niedriger Wurzelraumtemperatur. Für die Saatgutapplikation von Zink (Zn), Mangan (Mn), Mn+Zn, Bor (B), Eisen (Fe) und Phosphat (P) bei Mais und Soja wurden Primingprotokolle entwickelt. Bei beiden Pflanzenarten ergab sich eine optimale Behandlungsdauer von 24 h. Jedoch war es notwendig, das Soja-Saatgut anstelle von submerser Inkubation in den Nährlösungen, langsam in Nährlösungsgetränktem Filterpapier einzuquellen, um die Entwicklung abnormaler Keimlinge aufgrund von Quellungsschäden zu vermeiden. Anhand der Wasseraufnahme der Keinlinge wurden die Nährlösungskonzentrationen so berechnet, das sich nach Einquellen eine Verdopplung der natürlichen Mineralstoffreserven im Samen ergeben sollte. Jedoch wurden für die Mikronährstoffe erheblich höhere Aufnahmeraten gemessen (+500 - 1000%), während die Aufnahme von P geringer war (+ 20%). Bei Soja konnte gezeigt werden, das die erhöhten Mikronährstoffgehalte auf eine hohe Bindungskapazität der Zwei unabhängige Feldversuche bei suboptimaler Temperatur während der Keimphase und des Jugendwachstums ergaben Kornertragssteigerungen von 10-15 % bei Mais nach Saatgutpriming mit Zn+Mn oder Fe. Diese Ergebnisse belegen die Langzeitwirkung der Primingeffekte. Die molekularen und physiologischen Grundlagen erfordern allerdings noch weitere Untersuchungen.

This research contributes to countering a large city research bias by focusing on the food, farming and health experiences of two secondary cities of Uganda: Mbale and Mbarara. It is not an apocalyptic story. Like anywhere in the world, for some residents things were going well; for others, less well. My research explores the varied geometries of advantage and disadvantage in diets, food security, and livelihood circumstances to shed light on why things were more secure for some than for others. I used multiple methods including a household survey, focus groups with local healthcare professionals, and in-depth interviews with varied city residents. A geographic perspective explored intersections of food, farming and health with aspects of identity (such as gender, class, tribe), and with place (the city itself, but also with rural areas, or other urban areas). The starting point was the theorised food system, nutritional and epidemiologic transitions predicted to occur with urban development, often called nutrition transition theory. My research suggests caution with dominant models of how urban life shifts food and farming systems towards a food system and diet pattern focused around large retailer supermarkets, processed foods, fast foods, more meat, less agriculture, less movement. Nutrition transition theory postulates these changes causing a shift in epidemiology from infectious to non-infectious diseases in urban areas. Instead of the suggestion from nutrition transition theory, my work presents evidence of non-communicable disease (obesity, diabetes, hypertension) experience in Mbale and Mbarara’s residents, but without evidence of advanced change in food and farming systems. Findings revealed relatively low dietary diversities and common food insecurity. Diets remained predominantly traditional, as did the main food sources (traditional markets and neighbourhood shops), across diverse residents. The more food secure had regular salaried employment and strong relational links with rural farms and family, supporting work on multi-spatial livelihoods. This contrasts with earlier ideas of who farms the African city, or retains farming livelihoods. Most vulnerable to food insecurity and low diet diversity were those who were most dependent on purchasing all their food. In conclusion, this research suggests that food system, nutritional and epidemiologic transitions in Mbale and Mbarara may be less linked than previously thought, or linked in more complex ways. Other drivers of epidemiologic change are likely. Findings highlight the importance of local data and specific city investigations.

In this thesis we address the problem of multichannel audio source separa- tion (MASS) for underdetermined convolutive mixtures through probabilistic modeling. We focus on three aspects of the problem and make three contri- butions. Firstly, inspired from the empirically well validated representation of an audio signal, that is know as local Gaussian signal model (LGM) with non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), we propose a Bayesian extension to this, that overcomes some of the limitations of the NMF. We incorporate this representation in a MASS framework and compare it with the state of the art in MASS, yielding promising results. Secondly, we study how to separate mix- tures of moving sources and/or of moving microphones. Movements make the acoustic path between sources and microphones become time-varying. Ad- dressing time-varying audio mixtures appears is not so popular in the MASS literature. Thus, we begin from a state of the art LGM-with-NMF method designed for separating time-invariant audio mixtures and propose an exten- sion that uses a Kalman smoother to track the acoustic path across time. The proposed method is benchmarked against a block-wise adaptation of that state of the art (ran on time segments), and delivers competitive results on both simulated and real-world mixtures. Lastly, we investigate the link between MASS and the task of audio diarisation. Audio diarisation is the detection of the time intervals where each speaker/source is active or silent. Most state of the art MASS methods consider the sources to emit continuously; A hypothe- sis that can result in spurious signal estimates for a source, in intervals where that source was silent. Our aim is that diarisation can aid MASS by indicat- ing the emitting sources at each time frame. To that extent we design a joint framework for simultaneous diarisation and MASS, that incorporates a hidden Markov model (HMM) to track the temporal activity of the sources, within a state of the art LGM-with-NMF MASS framework. We compare the proposed method with the state of the art in MASS and audio diarisation tasks. We ob- tain performances comparable, with the state of the art, in terms of separation while winning in terms of diarisation.; Dans cette thèse nous abordons le problème de la séparation de sources audio dans des mélanges convolutifs multicanaux et sous-déterminés, en utilisant une modélisation probabiliste. Nous nous concentrons sur trois aspects, et nous apportons trois contributions. D’abord, nous nous inspirons du modèle Gaussien local par factorisation en matrices non-négatives (LGM-with-NMF), qui est un modèle empiriquement validé pour représenter un signal audio. Nous proposons une extension Bayésienne de ce modèle, qui permet de sur- passer certaines limitations du modèle NMF. Nous incorporons cette représentation dans un cadre de separation audio multicanaux, et le comparons avec l’état de l’art sur des tâches de séparation. Nous obtenons des résultats prometteurs. Deuxièment, nous étudions comment séparer des mélanges audio de sources et/ou des capteurs en mouvement. Ces déplacements rendent le chemin acoustique entre les sources et les microphones variant en cours du temps. L’adressage des mélanges convolutifs variant au cours du temps est peu exploré dans la littérature. Ainsi, nous partons d’une méthode de l’état de l’art développée pour la séparation de mélanges invariant (sources et microphones statiques) et utilisant LGM-with-NMF. Nous proposons à ceci une extension qui utilise un filtre de Kalman pour suivre le chemin acoustique au cours du temps. La technique proposée est comparée à une adaptation block-par-block d’une technique de l’état de l’art appliquée sur des intervalles de temps, et a donné des résultats exceptionels sur les mélanges simulés et les mélanges du monde réel. Enfin, nous investiguons les similitudes entre la séparation et la journalisation audio. La journalisation est le problème de détection des intervalles auxquels chaque locuteur/source est émettant. La plupart des méthodes de séparation supposent toutes les sources émettent continuellement. Cette hypothèe peut donner lieu à de fausses estimations durant les intervalles au cours desquels cette source n’a pas émis. Notre objectif est que la journalisation puisse aider à résoudre la séparation, en indiquant les sources qui émettent à chaque intervalle de temps. Dans cette mesure, nous concevons une cadre commun pour traiter simultanément la journalisation et la séparation du mélange audio. Ce cadre incorpore un modèle de Markov caché pour suivre les activités des sources au sein d’une technique de séparation LGM-with-NMF. Nous comparons l’algorithme proposé à l’état de l’art sur des tâches de séparation et de journalisation. Nous obtenons des performances comparables avec l’état de l’art pour la séparation, et supériures pour la journalisation.

Objective: In this study, we aimed to train agricultural consultants with agricultural practices by distance education, and to improve the knowledge and practice of farmers who have manufacturer status through the educated agricultural consultants. Material & Methods: The study is a randomized controlled interference study that was performed between September 2013 and December 2015, in city of Aydın. It was performed based on a previous study titled `Pesticide Awareness in Aydın city`. The study was scheduled in three stages. The first phase of the study was for determining of the villages (problematic villages about safe pesticide practices according to the preliminary results) that includes in the interference group (10 villages + a village for backup) and the control group (10 villages + a village for backup); and for establishing a distance education curriculum related to the subjects with supports of specialist consultants, and improving an unique e-learning model by loading questions and lecture record videos of agriculture experts into the education management system (LMS) as modules. At the second stage, we aimed to train 11 agricultural consultants in distance interference group via LMS system and to determine educational efficiency by performing both pre-test and post-test. At the third stage, we aimed to educate the consultants through WEB, and afterwards we evaluated safe agricultural practice of manufacturers through face to face questionnaire of both the interference and control group. As a data collection instrument, questionnaire were consisted with 5 parts (1-identifying information of the participants, 2-grown product, pesticides and the factors affecting choice of pesticide, 3-knowledge related pesticide effects on the environment and people's health, 4-elements to be considered at pesticide preparation and implementation phase, 5-health problems and symptoms depending on influence of pesticide) through law explanations of `Regulations about Application Procedures and Principles of Plant Protection Products` and in 2011 `Drug-tool` book section of T.C. Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, titled ` Programmes and Principles of Phytosanitary and Quarantine Work`. The total scores were calculated, after each correct answer for questions of pesticide preparation and applications or practice was scored as `1 point`, while the incorrect or missed answers were scored as `0 point`. We interviewed to 340 manufacturers in the intervention group, while to 378 in the control group. In order to conduct the study in the specified villages, the approval was obtained from Governor of Aydın, Aydın Agriculture Livestock and Food Directorate, and the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine with the Protocol No.2013/254. All study data were analyzed with SPSS v23 software package. Numbers and percentage distribution are shown in descriptive statistics and mean±standard deviation is also given. A Kolmogorov-Smirnow test was done to check variables for normal distribution. Chi-square test, Student's t-test, chi-square test for dependent groups, Paired t-test and Wilcoxon tests were used in analytical analysis. Type 1 error level was considered as 0,05. Results: Both the interference and control groups were similar in terms of socio-demographic characteristics (age, sex, marital status, education, social security) and safe pesticide practices (attention issues when preparing and implementing drug, and risk status)(p>0.05). Pre-test mean score of agricultural consultants (64.00 ± 14,05) significantly increased after education (78.12± 11.19) (p=0.42). Before manufacturer training, adaptation to the points that should be considered for preparation, applying and storing of medicine varied between minimum 16.9% and maximum 98.5%; while after training varied from 47,2% to 100%. Before training, adaptation ranged between 66.1% and 10,5% for drug self-preparation and points that should be considered; as ranged from 98.4% to 37,5% after the training. There was significant increase at taking all measures of preparation medicine in the interference group after the training (p<0,001). During drug administration, compliance with issues they care when pre-applied drug itself ranged between 74.6% and 11,4% for those; as it was found to vary between 70% and 100% after the training. There was a statistically significant increase at knowledge scores related the effects of pesticides after training in the intervention group, at total score for pesticide applications, and at total score related preparing pesticides (p<0,001).Conclusion: Knowledge level of agricultural consultants increased with module that was improved by researchers and used in training of agricultural consultants. We experienced that the training which is applied through agricultural consultants improved knowledge and practices of manufacturer regarding safe agricultural practice. Distance education methods should be applied with success for ensuring sustainability of the training and for sharing the updated information with agricultural consultants and manufacturers as soon as possible. Keywords: distance education, pesticides, safe agriculture Amaç: Bu çalışmada, uzaktan eğitim yöntemi ile tarım danışmanlarının güvenli tarım uygulamaları ile ilgili eğitilmesi ve eğitimli tarım danışmanları yoluyla üretici durumunda bulunan çiftçilerin bilgi ve uygulamalarının geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.Gereç-Yöntem: Çalışma Eylül 2013-Aralık 2015 tarihleri arasında Aydın ili sınırları içerisinde gerçekleştirilmiş randomize kontrollü bir müdahale araştırmasıdır. Çalışma daha önce gerçekleştirilen `Aydın ili pestisit farkındalığı` çalışmasına dayanılarak geliştirilmiştir. Çalışma üç aşamalı olarak planlanmıştır. Çalışmanın ilk aşamasında müdahale (10 köy+1 yedek köy) ve kontrol (10 köy+1 yedek köy) grubu köylerinin belirlenmesi (ön çalışma bulgularına göre güvenli pestisit uygulamaları konusunda sorunlu olan köyler), konu ile ilgili uzman hocaların katılımıyla uzaktan eğitim müfredatının oluşturulması ve öğretim yönetim sistemi (LMS)'ne uzmanların ders kayıt video ve sorularının modüler olarak yüklenerek özgün bir E-Eğitim Modelinin geliştirilmesi; ikinci aşamada LMS sistemi ile uzaktan müdahale grubundaki 11 Tarım Danışmanının Eğitilmesi ve ÖnTest-SonTest yapılarak eğitimin etkinliğinin belirlenmesi, üçüncü aşamada; web yoluyla eğitilen danışmanların üreticileri eğitmesi ve sonrasında gerek müdahale gerek kontrol gruplarına üreticilerin güvenli tarım uygulamaları yüz yüze anket yöntemi yoluyla değerlendirilmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak 5 bölümden oluşan (1-katılımcıların tanımlayıcı bilgileri, 2-yetiştirilen ürün, kulanılan pestisitler ile pestisit tercihini etkileyen faktörler, 3-pestisitlerin çevreye ve canlı sağlığı üzerine etkileri ile ilgili bilgi düzeyi, 4-pestisit hazırlama ve uygulama aşamalarında dikkat edilen unsurlar, 5-pestisit etkilenimine bağlı sağlık sorunları ve semptomlar) anket formu; `Bitki Koruma Ürünlerinin Uygulama Usul ve Esasları Hakkında Yönetmelik` maddeleri ve T.C. Gıda,Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı, `2011 Yılı Bitki Sağlığı ve Karantina Çalışma Program ve Prensipleri` kitabındaki `İlaç-Alet` bölümünden yararlanarak oluşturulmuştur. İlaç uygulama ve hazırlamaya ilişkin sorular için her bir doğru cevap yada uygulama `1 puan`, yanlış veya cevapsiz yanıtlar `0 puan` olarak kodlanmış ve tarım ilacı hazırlama, uygulama ve ilacın etkileri ile ilgili verilen yanıtlar için toplam puanlar hesaplanmıştır. Müdahale grubunda 340 , kontrol grubunda 378 üreticiyle görüşülmüştür. Çalışmanın belirlenen köylerde gerçekleştirilebilmesi için Aydın Valiliği'nden ve Aydın Tarım Hayvancılık ve Gıda Müdürlüğünden ve ADÜ Tıp Fakültesi Etik Kurulundan Protokol No:2013/254 ile onay alınmıştır. Veriler SPSS 23 paket programı ile değerlendirilmiştir. Tanımlayıcı istatistiklerde sayı ve yüzde dağılımlar gösterilmiş, ortalama±standart sapma verilmiştir. Normal dağılıma uygunluk için Kolmogorov –Smirnow testi yapılmıştır. Analitik analizlerde ki-kare testi, Student-t testi, bağımlı gruplarda ki-kare testi, iki eş arasındaki farkın önemlilik testi ve Wilcoxon testleri kullanılmıştır.Tip 1 hata düzeyi=0,05 olarak alınmıştır.Bulgular: Müdahale ve kontrol grupları sosyo-demografik özellikler (yaş, cinsiyet, medeni durum, eğitim durumu, sosyal güvence) ve güvenli pestisit uygulamaları konusunda (ilaç hazırlarken ve uygularken dikkat edilen hususlar, risk durumu) bakımından benzerdir (p>0.05). Tarım danışmanlarının öntest puan ortalamaları (64,00±14,05), eğitim sonrasında (78,12±11,19) anlamlı olarak artmıştır (p=0.42). Üretici eğitimleri öncesi ilaçların hazırlanması, uygulanması ve saklanmasında dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlara uyumun (en düşük %16,9 -en yüksek %98,5 ) arasında değiştiği; eğitim sonrasında (%47,2 -%100) arasında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. Eğitim öncesi, ilaç hazırlamada dikkat edilecek konulara uyumunun (%10,5-%66,1) arasında değiştiği; eğitim sonrasında (%37,5-%98,4) arasında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. Müdahale grubunda eğitim sonrası ilaç hazırlamada tüm önlemlerin alınmasında anlamlı artış tespit edilmiştir (p<0,001). İlaç uygulama boyutunda da, eğitim öncesi ilaçları uygularken dikkat ettikleri hususlara uyumun (%11,4-%74,6 ) arasında değiştiği, eğitim sonrasında (%70-%100) arasında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. Müdahale grubunda eğitim sonrasında tarım ilaçlarının etkileri ile ilgili bilgi puanı, tarım ilacı uygulamaları ile ilgili toplam puan, tarım ilacı hazırlama ile ilgili toplam puanlarda istatistiksel olarak anlamlı artış saptanmıştır (p<0,001).Sonuç: Araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilip tarım danışmanlarının eğitiminde kullanılan modül ile tarım danışmanlarının bilgi düzeyi artırılmıştır. Tarım danışmanları aracılığı ile uygulanan eğitimin güvenli tarım uygulamaları hususunda üretici bilgi ve uygulamalarını iyileştirdiği tespit edilmiştir. Eğitimlerin sürekliliğinin sağlanması, güncel bilgilerin en kısa süre içinde tarım danışmanları ve dolayısı ile üreticilerle paylaşılması için uzaktan eğitim yöntemlerinin başarı ile uygulanabileceği söylenebilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: uzaktan eğitim, pestisitler, güvenli tarım  196

Orientador: Hilton Silveira Pinto Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola Resumo: Foram utilizadas séries de imagens diurnas e noturnas captadas pelos sensores AVHRR a bordo do satélite NOAA-14 para a obtenção dos valores finais de temperatura de superfície do dossel vegetativo. O processamento das imagens incluiu o geo-referenciamento e as correções quanto aos efeitos atmosféricos e de emissividade, para as quais se utilizou o método de correção split window. A equação de split window usada considerou o parâmetro de emissividade da superfície cultivada estimada diretamente no campo pelo método da caixa. Este método foi comparado a um método alternativo de estimativa de emissividade no campo baseado na proporção de cobertura vegetal e solo descoberto. Os dois métodos apresentaram resultados equivalentes quanto à estimativa de emissividade da superfície. A alta correlação entre a temperatura de superfície medida no campo e a obtida a partir das imagens indicou que as equações de split window usadas corrigiram satisfatoriamente as imagens quanto aos efeitos atmosféricos e de emissividade Abstract: Diurnal and nocturnal image series have been used in this work. These images were processed on suitable software to the treatment of NOAA-AVHRR products, for Surface temperature final value obtaining. The processing work includes both the images geo-referencing and their atmospheric correction applying the "split window method". The split window equation used takes into account the crop surface emissivity parameter, estimated directly on the field by the "box method". This one was compared to an alternative emissivity estimate on the field method, which is based on the crop covering/bared soil relation. Both methods when compared presented similar results. A terrestrial radiometer was used to the surface temperature measurements carried out in situ, during the satellite passes. The correct surface temperature satellite data were submitted to a regression analysis against the terrestrial data about the same parameter. High association level between surface temperature measured at the field and the near air temperature was observed. The high correlation between surface temperature measured at the field and that one from the images shown that the split window equation corrected satisfactorily the atmosphere effects over the images Doutorado Água e Solo Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

This project consists of two parts, namely the field experiment, and the area survey. In the field experiment, having beetarlan conducted under the ecologic conditions of Antalya, Oregano (O. onites L.) farming was made and harvested for three terms. Six different fertilizer ratios (Control, K2O, 5K2O/N,3K2O/N,K2O/N, and N) were applied in two different fertilizer levels (at 10 kg/decare and 20 kg/decare) throughout each farming period, and the influence of the trial subjects on the plant yield and soil properties was thereby investigated. The trial was constituted with 4 repetitions according to randomized blocks in factorial order. Among the fertilizers having been applied in different ratios, N applications were found as having increased the plant lengths, herbal yield, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and NO3-N contents, and the essential oil yield as well more than the other applications. In the farming of the said plant, nitrogenous fertilization was deemed important particularly for the herbal and essential oil yields. Among the fertilizer mixes having been applied in different ratios in all three harvest terms, those with higher potassium content, such as 5K2O/N, was found as having increased the total phenolic substance, total flavonoid substance, antioxidant, and vitamin C contents of the plants. That is why fertilizers with potassium and nitrogen mixes should be taken into consideration for the increase of particular herbal quality features in the Oregano (O. onites L.) farming. Having the fertilizers levels examined among the trial subjects, it was found out that, 20 kg/decare fertilizer applications had made the plant length, spad chlorophyll values and NO3-N contents increased in all three harvests, while total phenolic and flavonoid contents had decreased in the meantime. In terms of the plant yields, and many other quality features, different fertilizer ratios were found to be effective more than the fertilizer levels. While the nitrogenous fertilization was important in terms of its yield increasing feature, potassium fertilization was important in terms of its quality increasing feature. In comparison to controls, different fertilizer ratios had increased the carvacrol content (as being the main constituent) of the essential oil of the Oregano (O. onites L.). While the highest carvacrol content in the plants had been attained from the 3K2O/N fertilizer application in the first harvest term, from the K2O fertilizer application in the second harvest term, and from the other fertilizer applications other than control in the third harvest term. Elevation of 0-100 m in Kaş, Demre and Serik-Aksu Districts of the City of Antalya in comparison of all three districts, despite Kaş District had been found in much better condition in terms of both plant nutrient contents, and soil features, such quality contents as phenol, flavonoid, antioxidant, etc. had been found to be low. On the other hand, the aforesaid quality contents, namely as phenol, flavonoid, antioxidant, etc. had been found higher in the Serik-Aksu Districts in comparison to the other districts. Upon examining the nitrate contents of the plants both from the field, and from the nature as well, despite the fertilizer application on the plants in the field, it was found out that, the plants from the field had been possessing nitrate contents similar to those of the plants collected from Serik-Aksu Districts, and that the fertilizer applications had no risky effect on the nitrate contents of the plants. Bu proje, tarla denemesi ve saha çalışması olarak iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Antalya ekolojik koşullarında yürütülen tarla denemesinde, İzmir kekiği (O. onites L.) yetiştiriciliği yapılmış ve üç dönem hasat edilmiştir. Yetiştiricilik sırasında her dönemde altı farklı gübre oranı (Kontrol, K2O, 5K2O/N, 3K2O/N, K2O/N ve N) iki farklı gübre düzeyinde (10 kg/da ve 20 kg/da) uygulanmış ve deneme konularının bitki verimine, kalitesine ve toprak özellikleri üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Deneme, faktöriyel düzende tesadüf bloklarına göre, 4 tekrarlamalı olarak kurulmuştur. Farklı oranlarda uygulanan gübreler içinde N uygulamalarının, her üç hasat döneminde bitki boyunu, herba verimini, toplam klorofil, klorofil a, klorofil b ve NO3-N içeriklerini ve uçucu yağ verimini diğer uygulamalara göre artırdığı gözlenmiştir. Bitkinin yetiştiriciliğinde azotlu gübrelemenin özellikle herba ve uçucu yağ verimi için önemli bir yere sahip olduğu düşünülmektedir. Her üç hasat döneminde farklı oranlarda uygulanan gübre karışımları içinde 5K2O/N gibi potasyum oranı yüksek gübre karışımlarının bitkilerin toplam fenolik madde, toplam flavonoid madde, antioksidan ve vitamin C içeriklerini arttırdığı belirlenmiştir. Bu nedenle İzmir kekiği (O. onites L.) yetiştiriciliğinde bitkinin bazı kalite özelliklerinin artışı için potasyum ve azot karışımlı gübrelerin dikkate alınması gerekmektedir. Deneme konularından gübre düzeyleri incelendiğinde, her üç hasatta da 20 kg/da gübre uygulamaları ile bitki boyu, spad klorofil değerleri, ve NO3-N içerikleri artarken, bitkilerin toplam fenol ve flavonoid içerikleri azaldığı gözlenmiştir. Bitkilerin verimi ve birçok kalite özellikleri üzerine farklı gübre oranlarının, gübre düzeylerinden daha etkili olduğu görülmektedir. Azotlu gübrelemenin verimi arttırıcı etkisi önemli iken potasyumlu gübrelemenin ise kaliteyi arttırıcı etkisi önemlidir. Farklı oranlarda uygulanan gübreler İzmir kekiği (O. onites L.)'nin uçucu yağındaki ana bileşen olan karvakrol içeriğini kontrollere göre arttırmıştır. Bitkilerde en yüksek karvakrol içeriği, birinci hasat döneminde 3K2O/N gübre uygulamasından, ikinci hasat döneminde K2O gübre uygulamasından ve üçüncü hasat döneminde kontrol hariç diğer gübre uygulamalarından elde edilmiştir. Projenin saha çalışmasında, Antalya'nın Kaş, Demre ve Serik-Aksu ilçelerinde 0-100 m rakım aralığında doğal olarak yetişen İzmir kekiği (O. onites L.)'ne ait toprak ve bitki özellikleri ortaya konmuştur. Her üç ilçe karşılaştırıldığında Kaş ilçesi diğer ilçelere göre bitki besin içerikleri ve toprak özellikleri bakımından daha iyi durumda olmasına rağmen bitkilerin fenol, flavonoid ve antioksidan gibi kalite içerikleri düşük bulunmuştur. Serik-Aksu ilçelerinde ise bitkilerin fenol, flavonoid ve antioksidan gibi kalite içeriklerinin diğer ilçelere göre yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Tarladaki ve doğadaki bitkilerin nitrat içerikleri karşılaştırıldıklarında, tarlada yetişen bitkilere gübre uygulanmasına rağmen nitrat içeriklerinin Serik-Aksu ilçelerinden toplanan bitkilerin nitrat içerikleri ile benzer olduğu ve gübre uygulamalarının bitkilerin nitrat içerikleri üzerine risk yaratacak bir etkisinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir. 177

Natural lowland rivers are dynamic environments with a high ecological value. However, 90% of the European and North-American river floodplains are in a degraded state. The functions of floodplains are strongly determined by land cover and they often compete for space in narrowed floodplains. Integrated river management (IRM) tries to take care of floodplains in such way that land cover is optimized for multiple functions. For IRM, monitoring is essential to capture the dynamics, to evaluate changes, and to document the state of floodplains over time. The main objective of this thesis was to establish remote-sensing methods for the monitoring of floodplain land cover over multiple spatial and temporal scales. Several remote-sensing based solutions have been developed for the monitoring of land-cover dynamics in river floodplains and tested in floodplains of the lower Rhine. The phenological change of floodplain vegetation over the course of one year was studied using temporal profiles of its height and greenness. Using multitemporal UAV images, vegetation height was determined with an accuracy similar to much more expensive airborne LiDAR data. Multitemporal elevation models yielded meaningful profiles of greenness and vegetation height over time, which enabled discriminating the different land-cover types. The same dataset combined with a powerful machine learning model (Random Forest) yielded unprecedented high classification accuracies for floodplain vegetation (> 90%), even for similar vegetation types such as grassland and herbaceous vegetation. This method is a practical and highly accurate solution for monitoring areas of a few square kilometres. For large-scale monitoring of floodplains, the same method is recommended, but with data from airborne platforms covering larger extents. Land-cover change over the course of five years was studied for a 100-km river section using satellite images. Using an object-based approach, a sequential deviation of a land-cover object from its class mean was used to detect land-cover change. For most classes the method was unsuccessful (accuracy 75%. The developed method has important advantages, such as high observation frequency, independence of repeated land-cover classification, and fast processing. At sub-daily frequency, it was assessed how accurate water temperature in a floodplain side channel can be documented from thermal UAV maps. The associated habitat suitability for native and alien fish assemblages was estimated based on the produced temperature maps. Water surface temperatures were mapped four times during a hot summer day with an overall RMSE of 0.53 oC. During the day, temperatures in the side channel increased rapidly to values detrimental for many fish species. The study showed that thermal imagery from UAVs is an efficient and accurate information source to monitor spatiotemporal patterns of thermal habitat suitability. The presently available range of spaceborne and airborne platforms and sensors offers great opportunities to collect information on land-cover change across a range of spatial and temporal scales. This may advance our management of floodplains and help us recovering and protecting these rich ecosystems and the benefits they provide us.