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Quasi‐linear theory predicts that ions in resonance with transverse ion cyclotron waves suffer merely pitch angle diffusion while conserving their total kinetic energy in the frame moving with the wave phase speed. For the first time, direct observational evidence from Helios plasma data is shown for the occurrence of this pitch angle diffusion of solar wind protons, induced by resonance with parallel ion cyclotron waves propagating away from the Sun. Parts of the isodensity contours in velocity space are well outlined by a sequence of segments of circles centered at the adapted wave phase speed, which is assumed to vary slightly and to be due to dispersion smaller than the local Alfvén speed. This observation confirms the validity of basic concepts of resonant wave‐particle interactions as described by quasi‐linear theory. The solar wind proton velocity distributions show a “plateau” defined by a vanishing pitch angle gradient in the resonant regime, implying marginal stability of the distribution function. The implications of these results for solar wind ion heating and kinetic transport are discussed.

The paper discusses the need for use of information systems for intensification agricultural production. A describes is given of development and introduction of GIS management of agricultural enterprises on the basis of GIS «Panorama AGRO».

Divorce in late eighteenth-century France had two characteristics : it was used predominantly by women rather than men, and rates were considerably higher in the cities than rural areas. This article examines the reason why urban women should have been more ready to use divorce, and suggests that demographic and economic changes had so modified the traditional family economy that the corporate economic character of the French family had been undermined. The city offered women facilities for work and accommodation outside the family context, which were not offered in rural areas. The use of divorce may be seen as part of a broad process of individualization in France in the later eighteenth century, in which material changes in family life were reflected in changed views as to the relationship between the individual and the family Phillips Roderick G. Le divorce en France à la fin du XVIIIe siècle. In: Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations. 34ᵉ année, N. 2, 1979. pp. 385-398.

The SSM/SLSM (spliceosomal Smith (SM)/SM-like (LSM)) genes are the central components of the spliceosome in eukaryotes, which play an important role in regulating RNA splicing, participating in diverse biological processes. Although it has been detected in Arabidopsis and rice etc. plants, the members and significance of the SSM/SLSM gene family in wheat are still not reported. In this study, we identified the SSM/SLSM genes in wheat and its progenitors at genome-scale, where 57 SSM/SLSM genes were identified in wheat, together with 41, 17and 19 found in Triticum dicoccoides, Triticum urartu, and Aegilops tauschii. Furthermore, their phylogenetic relationship, gene structures, conserved motifs, and cis-regulatory elements were systematically analyzed. By synteny analysis, good collinearity of SSM/SLSM genes was found among bread wheat and its progenitors’ genomes, and the distribution of SMD2 genes in wheat chromosome 5A, 4B and 4D located in the 4AL-5AL-7BS chromosome model, due to the translocation. Then, the positively selected genes were further investigated based on the non-synonymous to synonymous (dN/dS) analysis of the orthologous pairs. Finally, the expression profiles of the SSM/SLSM genes were detected using RNA-seq datasets, and eight stress-responsive candidate genes were selected to validate their expression through qPCR (real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction). According to the co-expression network analysis, the correlation between the LSM7-7A gene and related genes was illustrated through Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. Furthermore, the LSM7-7A gene was related to the Arabidopsis homologous salt tolerance gene RCY1. This investigation systematically identified the complete candidates of SSM/SLSM genes and their characters in wheat and its progenitors, and provided clues to a better understanding of their contribution during the wheat polyploidy process.

For simulation-based prediction of buildings’ energy use or expected gains from building-integrated solar energy systems, information on both direct and diffuse component of solar radiation is necessary. Available measured data are, however, typically restricted to global horizontal irradiance. There have been thus many efforts in the past to develop algorithms for the derivation of the diffuse fraction of solar irradiance. In this context, the present paper compares eight models for estimating diffuse fraction of irradiance based on a database of measured irradiance from Vienna, Austria. These models generally involve mathematical formulations with multiple coefficients whose values are typically valid for a specific location. Subsequent to a first comparison of these eight models, three better performing models were selected for a more detailed analysis. Thereby, the coefficients of the models were modified to account for Vienna data. The results suggest that some models can provide relatively reliable estimations of the diffuse fractions of the global irradiance. The calibration procedure could only slightly improve the models’ performance. Highlights ► Comparison of eight different models for estimating diffuse fraction of irradiance. ► Three better performing models selected for a more detailed analysis. ► The coefficients of the models modified to account for Vienna data. ► Some models provide relatively reliable estimations of the diffuse fractions. ► Calibration procedure only slightly improvement of the models’ performance.

INTRODUCTION In field trials in Thailand, Mulato II produced significantly more amounts of green leaf, particularly in the dry season, than other brachiaria grasses (Hare et al 2009). Cayman produced more dry matter than Mulato II in one wet season out of three wet seasons, and BRO2/1794 produced similar dry matter yields compared to Mulato II (Pizarro et al 2013). The objective of this field study was to determine the effect of varying cutting interval on growth and forage quality of hybrid brachiaria grasses in Thailand on low fertility soils.

This article discusses the pros and cons of compliant actuation for rehabilitation robots on the example of LOPES, focusing on the cons. After illustrating the bandwidth limitations, a new result has been derived: if stability in terms of passivity of the haptic device is desired, the renderable stiffness is bounded by the stiffness of the SEA's elastic component. In practical experiments with the VMC, the aforementioned limitations affected the control performance. Desired gait modifications were not tracked exactly, because the subjects were able to deviate from the prescribed pattern even in the stiffest possible configuration. Despite the limitations, the practical experiments also demonstrated the general effectiveness of the realization. Manipulation of selected gait parameters is possible, whereby other parameters are left unaffected. This high selectivity is made possible by the low level of undesired interaction torques, which is achieved by elastic decoupling of motor mass and a lightweight exoskeleton. The discrepancy between theoretical bounds and rendered stiffness indicated that healthy subjects might represent a stabilizing component of the coupled system, which could be different for patients. In light of the theoretical stability analysis and with the focus on patients, the LOPES actuation was slightly modified. The robot was equipped with stiffer springs to obtain sufficient stiffness and to ensure stability without relying on stabilizing effects of the human. For this application, the disadvantages of compliant actuation can thus be tolerated or dealt with, and they are small compared with the advantages. Given that a rehabilitation robot, in the first place, is supposed to imitate therapist action, the limitations of bandwidth and stiffness do not pose severe problems. In contrast, safety and backdrivability are highly relevant, and they can be ensured easier with a compliant actuator. Therefore, we conclude that compliant actuation and a lightw- - eight exoskeleton provide effective means to accomplish the desired AAN behavior of a rehabilitation robot. The next step is to evaluate the robot behavior, control performance, and therapeutic effectiveness in patient studies.