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نهادهای مالی و اعتباری از جمله بانک کشاورزی با محدودیت منابع سرمایه ­ای مواجه ‏اند و از این‏رو، برای حفظ توان مالی خود در راستای حمایت پایدار از تولیدات کشاورزی و تخصیص بهینه منابع مالی، باید بر اساس بازده سرمایه، فعالیت ­ها را اولویت­ بندی کنند. در همین راستا، مطالعه حاضر با هدف تحلیل بازده سرمایه در تولید محصولات کشاورزی مختلف استان فارس انجام گرفت. بدین منظور، تابع تولید برای محصولات منتخب زیربخش­های زراعت، باغبانی و دام به­ طور مجزا و مشتمل بر سرمایه فیزیکی و انسانی با استفاده از داده ­های پنل دوره 93-1384 برآورد شد. یافته های مطالعه نشان داد که در مورد تمامی محصولات منتخب، سرمایه فیزیکی دارای بالاترین نقش در تولید است؛ اما از نظر بازده سرمایه، میان محصولات تفاوت وجود دارد. به ‏طور نسبی، بازده سرمایه فیزیکی در تولید محصولات باغی و دامی بالاتر از محصولات زراعی ارزیابی شد. این بازدهی برای محصولات زراعی اغلب در دامنه 8/0-45/0 در نوسان بوده، در حالی که برای محصولات دامی این دامنه 9/0-5/0 و برای اغلب محصولات باغی بالاتر از 7/0 است. افزون بر تفکیک سرمایه فیزیکی و انسانی، استفاده از شاخص اقلیمی دی ‏مارتن به‏ عنوان متغیر کنترل، نوآوری مطالعه حاضر در برآورد معادلات است. بر این اساس، نوعی از تقسیم ­بندی جغرافیایی نیز قابل استنباط است، بدین معنی که به اعتبار ضریب شاخص اقلیمی، مناطق دارای بارندگی بیشتر و به­ طور تلویحی، مناطق شمالی و غربی استان از موقعیت بهتری در تولید برخوردارند، که می­توان در توزیع منابع اعتباری تولید بدان توجه داشت. پیشنهاد می ­شود که بر اساس بازده سرمایه، از میان محصولات دامی به گوشت قرمز و از میان محصولات باغی به مرکبات، گردو، هلو، سیب، پسته و زردآلو اولویت بالاتری داده شود، در حالی که در مورد محصولات زراعی، به‏طور مشخص، اولویت با سرمایه گذاری روی ماشین ­آلات است.

This study was conducted to protect the genetic properties and propagation of 4000-year-old Abarkooh horizontal cypress (Cupressus semprvirens L. var. horizontalis (Mill.) Gord.) by tissue culture technique. In the first experiment, the effect of preparation time of explant (four seasons), medium culture (MS and WPM) and concentrations of BA (0, 0.1 and 1 mg/l) on proliferation of horizontal cypress explants was investigated. In second and third experiments the effect of culture media (MS and WPM), concentrations of BA (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/l) was studied alone or in combination with 0.01 mg/l IBA and type of explant (primary or secondary shoots) in a factorial experiment and completely randomized design with three replications. In first experiment, the maximum shoots number was obtained from spring and summer explants that were cultured in MS and WPM culture media, respectively. In second experiment, the maximum number and length of shoots was obtained in WPM culture medium and secondary shoots. The highest length of shoots was found in first shoots cultured in WPM medium containing 0.1 and 0.5 mg/l BA, followed by primary shoots cultured in MS medium culture without BA. In the third experiment, the maximum number of shoots (3) was observed in secondary shoots by using WPM medium containing 0 mg/l BA + 0.01 mg/l IBA. Conclusively the best time of preparing explant, type of culture media and explant were found to be spring, WPM medium and secondary shoots, respectively.

IntroductionHarsh ecological conditions, including water scarcity, have limited vegetation life in desert areas. Consequently, the cultivation of drought-resistant plants compatible with desert areas and their expansion, while creating suitable vegetation, increases biodiversity, controls desertification and is oriented towards the sustainability of desert ecosystems. Cannabis is a drought-tolerant plant which, because of its great genetic diversity, has the ability to grow in different climates, particularly in semi-desert areas. Appropriate agricultural management enhances the vegetation, production and productivity of agricultural products. In this context, it is important to study planting date and plant density as factors impacting production. Planting dates must be chosen to allow sufficient time for each stage of growth and development. The use of optimal plant density may improve plant growth and increase plant yield by reducing intra-plant competition. Results of search on two densities of cannabis plants of 8 and 16 plants per m-2 in Birjand, the highest seed yield was obtained from a density of 16 plants per m-2. Finding on densities of 50, 150, and 250 plants per m-2 in Mashhad, and 30, 90, and 150 plants per m-2 in Shirvan reported that as the density of cannabis plants increased, the flowering date decreased in both regions. Given the arid and semi-arid climate of South Khorasan, planting plants compatible with the climate of the region, such as cannabis, can increase vegetation cover while producing an acceptable yield. The objectives of the current research are to study the effect of agricultural management on the growth characteristics of the forgotten cannabis plant in semi-arid climate of Birjand. Material and MethodsThe current research was carried out in Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research if South Khorasan, located at 59′ 13° east longitude and 53° 32′north latitude, and 1491m above sea level. South Khorasan province has a desert and semi-desert climate. Before preparing the soil to determine the required amount of chemical and organic fertilizers, the soil in the field was analyzed. Data on temperature changes and the total number of sunny hours of various months during the cannabis growing period were received from the Birjand weather station. The experiment was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments investigated included planting date on three levels of May 12, May 27 and June 11 as the main plot and plant density at three levels of 22.2, 11.1 and 7.4 plants per m-2 as the sub plot. In this research, the phenological characteristics including the number of days to emergency, days to flowering, days to seed filling, days to physiological maturity, length of vegetative period, length of reproductive period, length of flowering period, and morphological characteristics including plant height, number of main stem branches, stem diameter and seed yield were investigated. Statistical analysis of the data was done using SAS software and the comparison of averages was done based on Duncan's 5% multiple range test. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the impact of planting date on all morphophenological traits was significant, with the exception of stem diameter. The delay in planting between May 12 and June 11 significantly reduced the length of phenological stages, and vegetative growth of cannabis, and ultimately caused a 48% decrease in seed yield. Late cultivation, due to the increase in temperature, the plant completes its vegetative growth faster. The delay in planting by shortening the period of effective growth, reducing the photosynthetic potential of the plant, and coinciding with the period of seed filling with low temperatures and shortening of the day has led to a decrease in the quantity and the filling speed of the seeds, and subsequently the yield of the seeds decreases. It has been reported that a 20-day delay in seeding from 10 May led to a 46% decrease in seed yield under climatic conditions in Azerbaijan. The effect of plant density on morphological traits, number of days until flowering of female plants, days until seed set, days until physiological maturity, length of vegetative period, length of flowering period and seed yield were significant. The increase in density from 7.4 to 22.2 plants per m-2, while delaying flowering, increased seed yield by 15.4%. Increased plant density due to higher plant height and increased number of plants per unit area increased seed yield. Results of search on two densities of cannabis plants of 8 and 16 plants per m-2 in Birjand, the highest seed yield was obtained from a density of 16 plants per m-2. To achieve proper yield performance, and develop cannabis cultivation- as a plant compatible with the semi-desert region- the planting date of May 12 and the density of 22.2 plants per m-2 can be used.

Synthesis of colloidal silver nano-particles, as well as the effect of combined colloidal nano-silver and hydrothermal modification, on weight and chemical changes of wood particles through spectroscopic FTIR were investigated. Treatment levels were divided in 4 groups namely, control, nano- impregnated, hydrothermal and nano-hydrothermal. Hydrothermal and nano-hydrothermal treatments were separated in two temperatures (150 and 170 °C) and two times (30 and 45 min) with total of 10 treatment levels. Colloidal Nano silver with 100 ppm concentration was prepared. The scanning electron microscope images proved the presence, size and appropriate distribution of colloidal nanoparticles silver in wood particles clearly. With regard to the results, increasing time and temperature hydrothermal treatment had significant effect on weight changes. Also, colloidal nano silver intensified weight loss, that maximum weight loss was measured at 170°C. The FTIR spectra indicated that increase in the temperature and time of hydrothermal treatment, declined absorbance intensities in wave numbers of 3422.25, 2922.38, 1740.55, 1330.50, 1243.39 and 1053.05cm-1 due to breakdown of acetyl groups in hemicelluloses and decrease in hydrophilic sites. These reduction in nano hydrothermal treatment were more obvious than those for hydrothermal.

In this research with the aim of using a natural component, renewable and environmentally friendly which is not environmental pollution, the physical and mechanical properties of plywood manufactured by populous with urea formaldehyde resin and silk cocoon were studied. For this purpose, silk cocoon was used as filler and reinforcement for four levels of 0, 10, 20 and 30 percent according to dry weight of urea formaldehyde resin. The physical and mechanical properties of samples including water absorption and thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours immersion in water, bending strength parallel and perpendicular to the surface layer grain and shear strength were measured. The results show that increasing the amount of silk cocoon, decreased water absorption and thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours immersion in water and increased bending strength parallel and perpendicular to the surface layer grain and shear strength. So that, using 30 percent of silk cocoon, dimensional stability, bending strength and shear strength, were improved.

This research was carried out to determine LC50 for Zataria multiflora essential oil in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fries at 96 hours. In the process, we used the static O.E.C.D method for 180 rainbow trout fries weighing 5±1 grams in five treatments and one control with three replicates. During the experiments, the mean (±SD) of water temperature was kept at 16±1 C, dissolved oxygen (DO) was 7±0.2mg/l and pH was 8±0.4. We used 5- 25ppm of the essential oil and the results were analyzed using probit analysis procedure. The LC50 96h of Zataria multiflora essential oil was determined as 13.6ppm for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry. Based on the results, the useful maximum concentration of Zataria multiflora essential oil was less than 10ppm in rainbow trout fry. The results indicated a narrow therapeutic index for Zataria multiflore essential oil.

According to the effects of climate change on evapotranspiration and using of water resources, climate change prediction is vital due to water resources management improvement and decreasing damages of drought. The first rank of mango production in Iran belonged to Hormozgan province and the most amount of mango produced in Minab plain. In the present study, the amount of evapotranspiration of mango plants was calculated with FAO Penman-Monteith from 1985 to 2020 using meteorological data at Minab station. The evapotranspiration values of the plant were estimated from 2021 to 2100 with two optimistic and pessimistic scenarios using the last version of CMIP (CMIP6), atmospheric-ocean general circulation models, and performing statistical deviation corrections by the Python software. The results showed that the values of annual evapotranspiration will increase by 0.31 and 1.23 mm on average in the optimistic and pessimistic scenario, respectively in the future due to the increase in annual temperature.

The purpose of this study was to identifying the M. avium paratuberculosis (MAP), investigating its outbreaks and optimizing a fast, accurate and simple method based on PCR and RFLP for detection of this subspecies and their strains. This pathogen cause a chronic infection called Johne's disease. Johne's disease a ruminant chronic infection and economically, is one of the most important disease in livestock industry. 243 fecal samples and 56 raw milk samples of suspected cattle, from some farms of Mashhad were gathered. After DNA extraction, in order to identifying contaminated samples, a specific MAP insertion segment called IS900, with length of 413bp was amplified with PCR using P90 and P91 primers. Then, in order to determining the cow and sheep strains of MAP, 268bp fragment of insertion segment IS1311 was amplified with PCR using M56 and M94 primers. The resulting fragments were digested with HinfI restriction enzyme. 107 of 243 stool samples (44%) and 10 of 56 raw milk samples (18%) were identified as infected with MAP. Among 56 Milk and feces samples taken from the same animal, 19 stools and 10 milk samples were identified as infected (18% vs. 34%). Results of enzymatic digestion also showed that all detected MAP were from bovine isolates.

سامانه‌های تولیدی در صنایع زیستی بر مدیریت منابع و تبدیل صور مختلف انرژی استوار است. این پژوهش به بررسی و مدل‌سازی غیرپارامتریک انرژی تولید مرغ ‌گوشتی پرداخته است. نمونه‌های مورد بررسی، مشتمل بر 70 تولیدکننده مرغ ‌گوشتی استان اردبیل بود که به‌طور تصادفی از جامعه آماری منطقه انتخاب شدند. در این مطالعه، معادل انرژی مصرفی در صنعت مذکور برآورد شد و سپس شاخص‌های انرژی محاسبه شد. سپس با استفاده از مدل‌های شبکه عصبی مصنوعی میزان معادل انرژی ستانده و عملکرد سیستم، مدل‌سازی و برآورد شد. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از پژوهش، میزان کل انرژی معادل نهاده و ستانده در تولید مرغ‌ گوشتی به ترتیب در حدود 79/153 و 45/27 گیگاژول بر 1000 قطعه مرغ محاسبه شد. بیشترین انرژی نهاده مصرفی در تولید مرغ ‌گوشتی منطقه متعلق به سوخت فسیلی با 48/61 درصد از کل معادل انرژی بود. بر اساس نتایج شبکه عصبی مصنوعی بهترین ساختار برای مدل‌سازی انرژی مصرفی تولید مرغ گوشتی ساختار 2-14-5 با 5 ورودی، یک لایه مخفی با 14 نرون و یک لایه خروجی با دو پارامتر خروجی تخمین زده شد. ضرایب تبیین مناسب‌ترین ترکیب وزن برای تخمین معادل انرژی تولید گوشت مرغ و کود بستر به ترتیب 93 و 91 درصد برای داده‌های آزمون و 98 و 95 درصد برای داده‌های اعتبارسنجی به‌دست آمد. در ارزیابی تاثیرپذیری خروجی از نهاده‌های ورودی، سوخت فسیلی بالاترین حساسیت را در بین نهاده‌های تولیدی از خود نشان داد که لزوم بازنگری در منابع انرژی را بیش از پیش آشکار می‌سازد.

The present experimental research was carried out to study the histology the inflammatory response and circumstance of wound healing process in the inflicted skin and underlying muscle of common carp. A number of 30 fishes with average length of 22cm in a recirculating glass aquaria system, at an average temperature at 27°C, were used for this study. A surgical wound (1.5-2.0cm long x 0.5cm deep) without complication of secondary infections, was made by sterilized scalpel blade into the left dorsal muscle of each anaesthetized fish. At least one wounded fish was sacrificed and sampled at 30 minutes, I, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24 hours and thereafter at 2, 4,6, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 50 and 60 days after wounding. The samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and 5µ sections were prepared using standard histological method. The sections were stained by the standard H&E staining method. Also periodic acid schiff (PAS) with tartrazin were used for specific tissue features. The stained sections were examined using light microscope. Re-epithelialization of wounded epidermis was completed within 4 hours after wounding. Macrophage infiltration began at 2 hours, and myophagia at 6 hours. Fibroplasia and muscle regeneration were initiated at 2 days after wounding. After 16 days, epidermis was normal and dermis was completely linked. The wounded area restored its main components by 16 to 24 days after wounding. This study revealed that a healthy carp is able to have a rapid and effective inflammatory response and also high potential of repairing against surgical wound.