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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Prashant Paudel; Rupesh Kalakheti; Tek Maraseni;

    Abstract Background: Volume, biomass and carbon of forest ecosystem are generally estimated using lookup tables or allometric equations known as models. These general equation-based models are usually exclusively based on dimensional measurement such as diameter at breast height (DBH) and/or height, which sometimes makes it difficult to judge applicability of equation to given forest condition or types. It is therefore important to estimate carbon stock and develop models to predict biomass or carbon stock with stratification by categorical variables like crown cover, slope, forest types, etc. Stratification of forest by remote sensing approach while designing forest inventory not only improves the reliability of the estimation but also reduces the cost of measurement and uncertainty in estimation. Taking crown coverage (<25%, 25-50%, 50-75% and >75%) and slope (0-8.5%, 8.5-19%, 19-31% and >31%) as a categorical variable, this study assessed the status of carbon stock and develop a regression model to predict carbon stock for each canopy class of Sal (Shorea robusta) forest in Nepal. DBH and height were measured for trees with more than 7 cm DBH in 82 sample plots (18, 22, 22 and 20 for <25%, 25-50%, 50-75% and >75 % respectively).Results: On average 297 stands per hectare were recorded with 94.80 m3/ha growing stock. Carbon stock was highest for >75% crown cover class (89.83 ton C/ha) and lowest for <25% crown cover class (27.47 ton C/ha) with average 60.41 ton C/ha, where per tree carbon stock was lowest in crown cover class 25-50% (0.16 ton C/tree). TukeyHSD shows that four pairs of crown cover classes have significant difference in carbon stock at 95% confidence interval. However, with increase in slope carbon stock per hectare was decreasing. Regression model with natural logarithm of DBH2 and total tree height (i.e. log transformed polynomial equation) was best fitted for estimation of carbon stock per tree in different crown cover class with adjusted R2 >0.99 and residuals were normally distributed. Conclusions: Adjustment of model (natural logarithm of DBH2 and height) with high accuracy (R2 >0.99) shows the importance of stratification especially by crown cover for accurate estimation of carbon stock for optimization of carbon benefits.

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    https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
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    https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2....
    Preprint . 2019
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      https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
      Preprint . 2020
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      https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2....
      Preprint . 2019
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Anju Ranjit; Shailvi Gupta; Ritesh Shrestha; Adam L. Kushner; +2 Authors

    Abstract Objective To estimate awareness and prevalence of cervical smear testing among women in Nepal. Methods A secondary analysis of data obtained as part of a nationwide household survey between May 25 and June 14, 2015, was undertaken. Information obtained from women aged 21–65 years was included. Multiple regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with having undergone cervical smear testing. Results A total of 829 women were included. Among 816 women who answered the relevant survey question, 710 (87.0%) had no knowledge of cervical smear tests. Only 39 (4.7%) of the 829 women had ever undergone a cervical smear. In multivariate analysis, having undergone a cervical smear was associated with literacy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25–8.51; P = 0.016) and living in rural areas (aOR 0.48, 95% CI 0.24–0.96; P = 0.038). Conclusion Nepali women rarely undergo cervical smear screening, with the lowest prevalence recorded among the illiterate and those living in rural areas. To boost screening rates, educational campaigns and rural outreach are needed.

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    International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao International Journa...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Saugat Khanal; Pankaj Dhital; Stephen Christian;

    The authors conducted a study in December 2019 to investigate youth enthusiasm in Nepal for trans­forming the economy of the nation through farm­ing. A total of 320 respondents from four towns in three districts were selected for interviews that used a pretested questionnaire. Descriptive statis­tics were employed to analyze the data. Most of the youth had positive perceptions and enthusiasm toward farming, but many felt that farming was “burdensome,” due mainly to its perceived percep­tion to provide only a low income. Almost half the respondents (45%) were found to have a low level of contribution to economic transformation through farm involvement, with high (34%) and medium (21%) levels of contribution to the eco­nomy, respectively. There are several constraints hindering youth engagement with agriculture and overall agro-economic development. The major constraint is access to credit and markets, followed by poor social perception of farmers, inadequate government and extension service resources, access to modern technology, and other factors. The study authors recommend that the government and NGOs encourage youth engagement with agricul­ture by enhancing agricultural education, extension, financial support, and so forth. There is a need for extension program staff and policy-makers to bet­ter understand the role of youth in the community development process.

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      DOAJ
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    Authors: Umesh Prasad Shrivastava;

    Eliminating open defecation is increasingly seen as a key health outcome, improved educational and positive health outcomes for people. Several countries including Nepal have set aggressive targets for elimination of Open Defecation in urban and rural areas, which often include not only safe disposal of feces, but handwashing facilities, cleanliness and solid waste management. This paper is prepared based on the evaluation of representative water reservoirs of six sites of Birgunj municipality with an objective to examine fecal microorganisms. Presence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Escherichia etc were observed. Although these wards have been declared ODF by municipality. This paper report the partial success toward ODF in Birgunj metropolitan and recommend post monitoring for ODF for sustainable ODF is required.Academic Voices Vol.6 2016: 55-62

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    Academic Voices A Multidisciplinary Journal
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Academic Voices A Multidisciplinary Journal
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Benedikt G. Ófeigsson; Andrew Hooper; Freysteinn Sigmundsson; Erik Sturkell; +1 Authors

    [1] Hekla volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in Iceland. The most recent eruption occurred from 26 February to 8 March 2000 when about 0.19 km3 of magma was erupted. We present deformation data from multitemporal analyses of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired between 1993 and 2008, focusing on pixels with low-phase variance (using persistent scatterer and small baseline approaches). Prior to and after the 2000 eruption, we find a broad area of inflation around the volcano (radius about 20 km), with satellite line-of-sight (LOS) shortening of up to 5 mm/yr. We interpret this signal as the result of pressure increase in a deep-seated magma chamber, which we model as a spherical source at 14–20 km depth increasing in volume by 0.003–0.02 km3/yr. Within a ∼6 km radius of the summit of the volcano, a LOS lengthening is superimposed on the broad inflation signal, which correlates partly with recent lava flows. We interpret this signal as the result of thermally contracting lava flows, combined with viscoelastic yielding due to the load of the volcano and its lavas. Coeruptive deflation during the 2000 eruption was similar to the cumulative inflation from 1993 to 2000 and is consistent with a spherical magma chamber at 14–18 km depth that decreases in volume by 0.04–0.08 km3. Interferograms spanning the 2000 eruption show a local coeruptive deformation signal near the eruptive fissure. This is consistent with a dike opening from the surface to depths up to 5.8 km with a volume of 0.005–0.006 km3.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
      Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Bharat Prashad Bhatt; Sagar Godar Chhetri; Thakur Silwal; Megharaj Poudel;

    Forests are major sources of energy, timber and non-timber forest products, medicinal and aromatic plants, hydrological functions, biodiversity conservation, and also fundamental sources of revenue collection to the nation. Studies indicate that forests could significantly enhance economic growth and create employment opportunities for local communities under intensive management. This paper aims to predict the contribution of the forest sector to the national economy. The economic facets of forestry considered in this paper are revenue generated from timber, non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), and protected areas. The ARIMA model was used to forecast the economic contribution of the forestry sector. The study found that the total revenue generated from the selling of timber and fuelwood (USD 50.19 million) was higher than the total revenue collected from protected areas (USD 37.58 million) and NTFPs/MAPs (USD 6.9 million) in the past 15 years. The model projected that the mean revenue for the timber and fuelwood sale will USD 3.5 million for the next ten years. Similarly, the mean revenue will be generated about USD 0.5 million and USD 6.2 million from NTFPs/MAPs and protected areas, respectively, for the next ten years. The study limits to take account the in-kind use of forest products such as timber, fodder, fuelwood, etc., as used by community people within a forest users' groups. Thus, practicing sustainable forest management, enabling policy documents, establishing forest-based industries, establishing forestry nurseries, conducting agroforestry practices, and tenure security could enhance the forestry sector's economic aspects.

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    Journal of Resources and Ecology
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Resources and Ecology
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Ping Liu; Yahong Zhang; Ningchuan Feng; Meilin Zhu; +1 Authors

    Abstract Background Industrial and agricultural activities result in elevated levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the local environment. PTEs can enter the human body through the food chain and pose severe health risks to inhabitants. In this study, PTE levels in maize, soil, and irrigation water were detected, and health risks through maize consumption were evaluated. Methods Maize, soil, and irrigation water samples were collected in northern Ningxia, China. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry was applied to determine the contents of six PTEs. Bioaccumulation factor was used to reflect the transfer potential of a metal from soil to maize. Health risks associated with maize consumption were assessed by deterministic and probabilistic estimation. Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine variables that pose the greatest effect on health risk results. Results The levels of Pb and Cr in maize exceeded the standards, while the PTE levels in soil and irrigation water did not exceed the corresponding standards. The bioaccumulation factor values of the six PTEs in maize were all lower than 1 and followed the order of Cd > Zn = As > Cr > Cu > Pb. The hazard index (0.0986) was far less than 1 for all inhabitants implying no obvious non-carcinogenic risk. The carcinogenic risk value was 3.261 × 10− 5, which was lower than the maximum acceptable level of 1 × 10− 4 suggested by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Females were at greater risk than males, and the age group of below 20 years had the greater risk among all the groups evaluated. Approximately 0.62% of inhabitants exceeded the level for non-carcinogenic risk, while 8.23% exceeded the level for carcinogenic risk. The As concentration and daily intake of maize contributed 35.8, and 29.4% for non-carcinogenic risk results as well as 61.0 and 18.5% for carcinogenic risk results. Conclusions Maize was contaminated by Pb and Cr, whereas the associated soil and irrigation water were not contaminated by PTEs. Inhabitants would not suffer obvious harmful health risks through maize consumption. Arsenic level and daily intake of maize were the most sensitive factors that impact health risks.

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    BMC Public Health
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    Article . 2020
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    Authors: ul Haq Muhammad Aziz; Kozieł Sławomir;

    Abstract Internet of Things (IoT) will play an important role in modern communication systems. Thousands of devices will talk to each other at the same time. Clearly, smart and efficient hardware will play a vital role in the development of IoT. In this context, the importance of antennas increases due to them being essential parts of communication networks. For IoT applications, a small size with good matching and over a wide frequency range is preferred to ensure reduced size of communication devices. In this paper, we propose a structure and discuss design optimization of a wideband antenna for IoT applications. The antenna consists of a stepped-impedance feed line, a rectangular radiator and a ground plane. The objective is to minimize the antenna footprint by simultaneously adjusting all geometry parameters and to maintain the electrical characteristic of antenna at an acceptable level. The obtained design exhibits dimensions of only 3.7 mm × 11.8 mm and a footprint of 44 mm2, an omnidirectional radiation pattern, and an excellent pattern stability. The proposed antenna can be easily handled within compact communication devices. The simulation results are validated through measurements of the fabricated antenna prototype.

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    Metrology and Measurement Systems
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Metrology and Measurement Systems
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Jón Eðvald Halldórsson; Björn Björnsson; Stefan B. Gunnlaugsson;

    Abstract The feasibility of ranching wild cod in ‘herds’ was compared with three other scenarios: on-growing of wild cod in sea cages, full-cycle cod farming with hatchery produced juveniles, and commercial cod fishery. In the calculations it was assumed that an existing fishing company could either fish, ranch or on-grow 200 tons of cod quota to increase the quota yield or sell it to invest in full-cycle farming. The results indicate ranching to be the most profitable, fishing as the second and on-growing as the third, whereas full-cycle farming appears to be unrewarding. The net present value (NPV) of the four scenarios was €754 000, €532 000, €198 000 and €−95 000, respectively. Ranching based on aggregating and growing wild cod in a reserved coastal area with anthropogenic feeding thus has the potential of decreasing the cost of fishing, improving growth rate and enhancing quota yield without the investments required in conventional farming. As cod ranching is in the initial stages of development the risks are higher than in the well established cod fishery.

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    Marine Policy
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      Marine Policy
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    Authors: Bikram Manandhar; Shenghui Cui; Lihong Wang; Sabita Shrestha;

    Urban flooding is a frequent disaster in cities. With the increasing imperviousness caused by rapid urbanization and the rising frequency and severity of extreme events caused by climate change, the hydrological status of the urban area has changed, resulting in urban floods. This study aims to identify trends and gaps and highlight potential research prospects in the field of urban flooding in South Asia. Based on an extensive literature review, this paper reviewed urban flood hazard assessment methods using hydraulic/hydrological models and urban flood management practices in South Asia. With the advancement of technology and high-resolution topographic data, hydrologic/hydraulic models such as HEC-RAS/HMS, MIKE, SWMM, etc., are increasingly used for urban flood hazard assessment. Urban flood management practices vary among countries based on existing technologies and infrastructures. In order to control urban flooding, both conventional physical structures, including drainage and embankments, as well as new innovative techniques, such as low-impact development, are implemented. Non-structural flood mitigation measures, such as improved flood warning systems, have been developed and implemented in a few cities. The major challenge in using process-based hydraulic models was the lack of high-resolution DEM and short-duration rainfall data in the region, significantly affecting the model’s simulation results and the implementation of flood management measures. Risk-informed management must be implemented immediately to reduce the adverse effects of climate change and unplanned urbanization on urban flooding. Therefore, it is crucial to encourage emergency managers and local planning authorities to consider a nature-based solution in an integrated urban planning approach to enhances urban flood resilience.

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    Authors: Prashant Paudel; Rupesh Kalakheti; Tek Maraseni;

    Abstract Background: Volume, biomass and carbon of forest ecosystem are generally estimated using lookup tables or allometric equations known as models. These general equation-based models are usually exclusively based on dimensional measurement such as diameter at breast height (DBH) and/or height, which sometimes makes it difficult to judge applicability of equation to given forest condition or types. It is therefore important to estimate carbon stock and develop models to predict biomass or carbon stock with stratification by categorical variables like crown cover, slope, forest types, etc. Stratification of forest by remote sensing approach while designing forest inventory not only improves the reliability of the estimation but also reduces the cost of measurement and uncertainty in estimation. Taking crown coverage (<25%, 25-50%, 50-75% and >75%) and slope (0-8.5%, 8.5-19%, 19-31% and >31%) as a categorical variable, this study assessed the status of carbon stock and develop a regression model to predict carbon stock for each canopy class of Sal (Shorea robusta) forest in Nepal. DBH and height were measured for trees with more than 7 cm DBH in 82 sample plots (18, 22, 22 and 20 for <25%, 25-50%, 50-75% and >75 % respectively).Results: On average 297 stands per hectare were recorded with 94.80 m3/ha growing stock. Carbon stock was highest for >75% crown cover class (89.83 ton C/ha) and lowest for <25% crown cover class (27.47 ton C/ha) with average 60.41 ton C/ha, where per tree carbon stock was lowest in crown cover class 25-50% (0.16 ton C/tree). TukeyHSD shows that four pairs of crown cover classes have significant difference in carbon stock at 95% confidence interval. However, with increase in slope carbon stock per hectare was decreasing. Regression model with natural logarithm of DBH2 and total tree height (i.e. log transformed polynomial equation) was best fitted for estimation of carbon stock per tree in different crown cover class with adjusted R2 >0.99 and residuals were normally distributed. Conclusions: Adjustment of model (natural logarithm of DBH2 and height) with high accuracy (R2 >0.99) shows the importance of stratification especially by crown cover for accurate estimation of carbon stock for optimization of carbon benefits.

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    https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2....
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      https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
      Preprint . 2020
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      https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2....
      Preprint . 2019
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    Authors: Anju Ranjit; Shailvi Gupta; Ritesh Shrestha; Adam L. Kushner; +2 Authors

    Abstract Objective To estimate awareness and prevalence of cervical smear testing among women in Nepal. Methods A secondary analysis of data obtained as part of a nationwide household survey between May 25 and June 14, 2015, was undertaken. Information obtained from women aged 21–65 years was included. Multiple regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with having undergone cervical smear testing. Results A total of 829 women were included. Among 816 women who answered the relevant survey question, 710 (87.0%) had no knowledge of cervical smear tests. Only 39 (4.7%) of the 829 women had ever undergone a cervical smear. In multivariate analysis, having undergone a cervical smear was associated with literacy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25–8.51; P = 0.016) and living in rural areas (aOR 0.48, 95% CI 0.24–0.96; P = 0.038). Conclusion Nepali women rarely undergo cervical smear screening, with the lowest prevalence recorded among the illiterate and those living in rural areas. To boost screening rates, educational campaigns and rural outreach are needed.

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    International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Saugat Khanal; Pankaj Dhital; Stephen Christian;

    The authors conducted a study in December 2019 to investigate youth enthusiasm in Nepal for trans­forming the economy of the nation through farm­ing. A total of 320 respondents from four towns in three districts were selected for interviews that used a pretested questionnaire. Descriptive statis­tics were employed to analyze the data. Most of the youth had positive perceptions and enthusiasm toward farming, but many felt that farming was “burdensome,” due mainly to its perceived percep­tion to provide only a low income. Almost half the respondents (45%) were found to have a low level of contribution to economic transformation through farm involvement, with high (34%) and medium (21%) levels of contribution to the eco­nomy, respectively. There are several constraints hindering youth engagement with agriculture and overall agro-economic development. The major constraint is access to credit and markets, followed by poor social perception of farmers, inadequate government and extension service resources, access to modern technology, and other factors. The study authors recommend that the government and NGOs encourage youth engagement with agricul­ture by enhancing agricultural education, extension, financial support, and so forth. There is a need for extension program staff and policy-makers to bet­ter understand the role of youth in the community development process.

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    DOAJ
    Article . 2021
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    Authors: Umesh Prasad Shrivastava;

    Eliminating open defecation is increasingly seen as a key health outcome, improved educational and positive health outcomes for people. Several countries including Nepal have set aggressive targets for elimination of Open Defecation in urban and rural areas, which often include not only safe disposal of feces, but handwashing facilities, cleanliness and solid waste management. This paper is prepared based on the evaluation of representative water reservoirs of six sites of Birgunj municipality with an objective to examine fecal microorganisms. Presence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Escherichia etc were observed. Although these wards have been declared ODF by municipality. This paper report the partial success toward ODF in Birgunj metropolitan and recommend post monitoring for ODF for sustainable ODF is required.Academic Voices Vol.6 2016: 55-62

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    Academic Voices A Multidisciplinary Journal
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Academic Voices A Multidisciplinary Journal
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Benedikt G. Ófeigsson; Andrew Hooper; Freysteinn Sigmundsson; Erik Sturkell; +1 Authors

    [1] Hekla volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in Iceland. The most recent eruption occurred from 26 February to 8 March 2000 when about 0.19 km3 of magma was erupted. We present deformation data from multitemporal analyses of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired between 1993 and 2008, focusing on pixels with low-phase variance (using persistent scatterer and small baseline approaches). Prior to and after the 2000 eruption, we find a broad area of inflation around the volcano (radius about 20 km), with satellite line-of-sight (LOS) shortening of up to 5 mm/yr. We interpret this signal as the result of pressure increase in a deep-seated magma chamber, which we model as a spherical source at 14–20 km depth increasing in volume by 0.003–0.02 km3/yr. Within a ∼6 km radius of the summit of the volcano, a LOS lengthening is superimposed on the broad inflation signal, which correlates partly with recent lava flows. We interpret this signal as the result of thermally contracting lava flows, combined with viscoelastic yielding due to the load of the volcano and its lavas. Coeruptive deflation during the 2000 eruption was similar to the cumulative inflation from 1993 to 2000 and is consistent with a spherical magma chamber at 14–18 km depth that decreases in volume by 0.04–0.08 km3. Interferograms spanning the 2000 eruption show a local coeruptive deformation signal near the eruptive fissure. This is consistent with a dike opening from the surface to depths up to 5.8 km with a volume of 0.005–0.006 km3.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
      Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Bharat Prashad Bhatt; Sagar Godar Chhetri; Thakur Silwal; Megharaj Poudel;

    Forests are major sources of energy, timber and non-timber forest products, medicinal and aromatic plants, hydrological functions, biodiversity conservation, and also fundamental sources of revenue collection to the nation. Studies indicate that forests could significantly enhance economic growth and create employment opportunities for local communities under intensive management. This paper aims to predict the contribution of the forest sector to the national economy. The economic facets of forestry considered in this paper are revenue generated from timber, non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), and protected areas. The ARIMA model was used to forecast the economic contribution of the forestry sector. The study found that the total revenue generated from the selling of timber and fuelwood (USD 50.19 million) was higher than the total revenue collected from protected areas (USD 37.58 million) and NTFPs/MAPs (USD 6.9 million) in the past 15 years. The model projected that the mean revenue for the timber and fuelwood sale will USD 3.5 million for the next ten years. Similarly, the mean revenue will be generated about USD 0.5 million and USD 6.2 million from NTFPs/MAPs and protected areas, respectively, for the next ten years. The study limits to take account the in-kind use of forest products such as timber, fodder, fuelwood, etc., as used by community people within a forest users' groups. Thus, practicing sustainable forest management, enabling policy documents, establishing forest-based industries, establishing forestry nurseries, conducting agroforestry practices, and tenure security could enhance the forestry sector's economic aspects.

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    Journal of Resources and Ecology
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Resources and Ecology
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    Authors: Ping Liu; Yahong Zhang; Ningchuan Feng; Meilin Zhu; +1 Authors

    Abstract Background Industrial and agricultural activities result in elevated levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the local environment. PTEs can enter the human body through the food chain and pose severe health risks to inhabitants. In this study, PTE levels in maize, soil, and irrigation water were detected, and health risks through maize consumption were evaluated. Methods Maize, soil, and irrigation water samples were collected in northern Ningxia, China. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry was applied to determine the contents of six PTEs. Bioaccumulation factor was used to reflect the transfer potential of a metal from soil to maize. Health risks associated with maize consumption were assessed by deterministic and probabilistic estimation. Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine variables that pose the greatest effect on health risk results. Results The levels of Pb and Cr in maize exceeded the standards, while the PTE levels in soil and irrigation water did not exceed the corresponding standards. The bioaccumulation factor values of the six PTEs in maize were all lower than 1 and followed the order of Cd > Zn = As > Cr > Cu > Pb. The hazard index (0.0986) was far less than 1 for all inhabitants implying no obvious non-carcinogenic risk. The carcinogenic risk value was 3.261 × 10− 5, which was lower than the maximum acceptable level of 1 × 10− 4 suggested by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Females were at greater risk than males, and the age group of below 20 years had the greater risk among all the groups evaluated. Approximately 0.62% of inhabitants exceeded the level for non-carcinogenic risk, while 8.23% exceeded the level for carcinogenic risk. The As concentration and daily intake of maize contributed 35.8, and 29.4% for non-carcinogenic risk results as well as 61.0 and 18.5% for carcinogenic risk results. Conclusions Maize was contaminated by Pb and Cr, whereas the associated soil and irrigation water were not contaminated by PTEs. Inhabitants would not suffer obvious harmful health risks through maize consumption. Arsenic level and daily intake of maize were the most sensitive factors that impact health risks.

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    BMC Public Health
    Article
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    BMC Public Health
    Article . 2020
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    BMC Public Health
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2020
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      BMC Public Health
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    Authors: ul Haq Muhammad Aziz; Kozieł Sławomir;

    Abstract Internet of Things (IoT) will play an important role in modern communication systems. Thousands of devices will talk to each other at the same time. Clearly, smart and efficient hardware will play a vital role in the development of IoT. In this context, the importance of antennas increases due to them being essential parts of communication networks. For IoT applications, a small size with good matching and over a wide frequency range is preferred to ensure reduced size of communication devices. In this paper, we propose a structure and discuss design optimization of a wideband antenna for IoT applications. The antenna consists of a stepped-impedance feed line, a rectangular radiator and a ground plane. The objective is to minimize the antenna footprint by simultaneously adjusting all geometry parameters and to maintain the electrical characteristic of antenna at an acceptable level. The obtained design exhibits dimensions of only 3.7 mm × 11.8 mm and a footprint of 44 mm2, an omnidirectional radiation pattern, and an excellent pattern stability. The proposed antenna can be easily handled within compact communication devices. The simulation results are validated through measurements of the fabricated antenna prototype.

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    Metrology and Measurement Systems
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    Metrology and Measurement Systems
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    Article . 2017
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      Metrology and Measurement Systems
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      Metrology and Measurement Systems
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Jón Eðvald Halldórsson; Björn Björnsson; Stefan B. Gunnlaugsson;

    Abstract The feasibility of ranching wild cod in ‘herds’ was compared with three other scenarios: on-growing of wild cod in sea cages, full-cycle cod farming with hatchery produced juveniles, and commercial cod fishery. In the calculations it was assumed that an existing fishing company could either fish, ranch or on-grow 200 tons of cod quota to increase the quota yield or sell it to invest in full-cycle farming. The results indicate ranching to be the most profitable, fishing as the second and on-growing as the third, whereas full-cycle farming appears to be unrewarding. The net present value (NPV) of the four scenarios was €754 000, €532 000, €198 000 and €−95 000, respectively. Ranching based on aggregating and growing wild cod in a reserved coastal area with anthropogenic feeding thus has the potential of decreasing the cost of fishing, improving growth rate and enhancing quota yield without the investments required in conventional farming. As cod ranching is in the initial stages of development the risks are higher than in the well established cod fishery.

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    Marine Policy
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Marine Policy
      Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Bikram Manandhar; Shenghui Cui; Lihong Wang; Sabita Shrestha;

    Urban flooding is a frequent disaster in cities. With the increasing imperviousness caused by rapid urbanization and the rising frequency and severity of extreme events caused by climate change, the hydrological status of the urban area has changed, resulting in urban floods. This study aims to identify trends and gaps and highlight potential research prospects in the field of urban flooding in South Asia. Based on an extensive literature review, this paper reviewed urban flood hazard assessment methods using hydraulic/hydrological models and urban flood management practices in South Asia. With the advancement of technology and high-resolution topographic data, hydrologic/hydraulic models such as HEC-RAS/HMS, MIKE, SWMM, etc., are increasingly used for urban flood hazard assessment. Urban flood management practices vary among countries based on existing technologies and infrastructures. In order to control urban flooding, both conventional physical structures, including drainage and embankments, as well as new innovative techniques, such as low-impact development, are implemented. Non-structural flood mitigation measures, such as improved flood warning systems, have been developed and implemented in a few cities. The major challenge in using process-based hydraulic models was the lack of high-resolution DEM and short-duration rainfall data in the region, significantly affecting the model’s simulation results and the implementation of flood management measures. Risk-informed management must be implemented immediately to reduce the adverse effects of climate change and unplanned urbanization on urban flooding. Therefore, it is crucial to encourage emergency managers and local planning authorities to consider a nature-based solution in an integrated urban planning approach to enhances urban flood resilience.

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    Article . 2023
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    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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