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European beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria [L] Link), introduced to stabilize sand, is fully naturalized in central and northern California and has supplanted populations of native dune plants in many areas, including the North Spit of Humboldt Bay. We interpreted air photos of the North Spit for the presence of Ammophila arenaria at three points in time: 1939/1942, 1962, and 1989. To quantify the spread and to detect invasion patterns of Ammophila, we then compiled maps using a geographic information system. We documented introduction dates and locations to improve the accuracy of our photo interpretation. Interpretation of the three photo series revealed invasion and expansion of Ammophila in both foredunes and inland dunes. The most dramatic increase in cover was found in the foredunes, whereas documented and presumed plantings were found mostly on inland dunes. Adjusting for intentional eradication, Ammophila cover on the North Spit was found to have increased between 1939 and 1989 by 574%. The square root of the area occupied by Ammophila on the North Spit increased linearly with time, conforming to biological invasion theory. Ammophila arenaria (L) Link, esta plenamente establecida en et norte y centra de California, donde ha suplantado as poblaciones de vegetacion autoctona de dunas en muchas areas, incluyendo la de “North Spit” en la Bahia de Humboldt. Interpretamos fotografias aereas del “North Spit” para detectar la presencia de Ammophila arenaria en tres momentos: 1939/42, 1962 y 1989. Los mapas fueron compliados utilizando sistemas de informacion geografica para cuantificar la expansion de Ammophila en et “North Spit” y detector patrones de invasion. Se documentaron fechas y lugares de introducion con la cinalidad del aumentar la presicion en la interpretacion de las fotografias aereas. La interpretacion de las tres series defotografias revelaron la invasion y expansion de Ammophila tanto en las dunas costeras como en las interiores. El aumento de cobertura mas pronunciado se detecto en las dunas costeras mientras que las plantaciones documentadas o supuestas fueron halladas principalmente en las dunas interiores. Ajustando para la erradicacion intencional, la cobertura de Ammophila en el area se incremento en un 574% entre 1939 y 1989. De acuerdo con la teori de invasion biologica, la raiz cuadrada del area ocupada por Ammophila en el “North Spit” aumento en forma lineal con respecto al tiempo.

Globally, attention has been drawn to the increasingly alarming rates of food loss and waste (FLW) along the food supply chain (FSC) and its contributions to the depletion of the natural resources and rise in greenhouse gas emissions. Within the past decade, discovery of the rippling impacts of this interrelationship has generated an increased sense of urgency in efforts amongst scholars, global leaders, government and non-government agencies to research, and formulate comprehensive plans and goals to address and reduce the rates of global FLW. Not only does FLW lessen the quantity of available food, but also, the availability of the many natural resources required to produce food. This will become an important factor when the world population increases by more than 30% by the year 2050. Although advances have been made, still 1.3 billion tons of food are wasted every year due to various underlying causes and challenges. This enormous quantity of wasted food also represents an increase in usage of natural resources. In the United States (U.S.), food and agriculture consume up to 16% of energy, almost half of the land, and account for 67% of the nation's freshwater use (NRDC, 2017). The rate of natural resource depletion is not sustainable, and it endangers the ecosystem. Multiple reports have cited the first and last stages of the FSC as the most significant contributors of FLW and environmental resource depletion. This literature review attempts to provide a comprehensive assessment of the intricacies of the FSC, the multi-variable causes of global FLW at the production and consumption stages, its environmental implications and the necessary sustainability compliant actions. Keywords: Global sustainability, Food loss and waste, Food security, Environmental impact, Sustainable food future, Food supply chain, Natural resources

Rotating modulation collimators (RMCs) are one member of a family of techniques for X-ray imaging that do not require focusing optics. Instead such techniques use opaque material to create temporal or spatial variations in the detected signal from a source from which its image can be reconstructed. We discuss the RMC imaging technique and its relation to other members of that family, its application for the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager, and potential future missions such as Cyclone, a proposed NASA Small Explorer mission, and GRIFFIN, a hybrid technology combining RMCs with focusing optics.

We present the results of a detailed study of the high‐pressure behavior of anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) between ambient pressure and 30 GPa under static conditions, using in situ Raman spectroscopy and energy‐dispersive X ray diffraction. On increasing pressure under hydrostatic conditions, the transition occurs first at 2.6 GPa. At 10 GPa, a reversible polymorphic transition is observed which transforms the polymorph into a phase of higher symmetry. With further pressure increase, large changes occur in the Raman and X ray spectra between 14 and 16 GPa, premonitory to the onset of pressure‐induced amorphization. Above 16 GPa, anorthite is fully amorphous. However, only samples pressurized to above 22 GPa remain amorphous on recovery to ambient conditions. The high‐pressure behavior of anorthite is highly sensitive to deviatoric stresses. Under less hydrostatic conditions, the 10‐GPa transition described above occurs below 9 GPa, amorphization begins below 11.2 GPa, and samples decompressed from peak pressures as low as 17 GPa are fully amorphous. We have also carried out a thermodynamic analysis of the pressure‐induced amorphization of anorthite, using a two state model for the equation of state (EOS) of CaAl2Si2O8 glass in order to account for the increase in Al coordination. With this EOS, we calculate that the free energies of the crystalline and amorphous materials are equal at about 30 GPa, or slightly lower when effects of structural relaxation in the glass are taken into account, well above the observed crystalline‐amorphous transition at 16 GPa.

In this paper, we consider use of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to provide absolute platform position information in scenarios where GPS signals may be degraded, jammed, or spoofed. Two algorithms are presented, and both leverage known 3D ground structure in an area of interest, e.g. provided by LIDAR data, to provide georeferenced position information to airborne SAR platforms. The first approach is based on the wide-aperture layover properties of elevated reflectors, while the second approach is based on correlating backprojected imagery with digital elevation imagery. Building on 3D backprojection, localization solutions result from non-convex optimization problems based on image sharpness or correlation measures. Results using measured GOTCHA data demonstrate localization errors of only a few meters with initial uncertainty regions as large as 16 km2.

AbstractThis article challenges some previous assessments of agricultural extension relying on simple measures of costs per farmer trained. Taking the case of Egypt, five pilot projects that aim to transform the existing agricultural extension system to a participatory system are analysed as regards their cost‐effectiveness and prospective cost–benefits. It is shown that the intensity and likely impact of participatory approaches among the different projects vary. Hence, it is insufficient to judge extension programmes by their cost‐effectiveness alone. In the case of cotton, for example, the costs per farmer trained are considerably lower than in horticultural crops but there are large differences in prospective benefits which would make investment in participatory extension in the latter more promising. The article calls for a more careful analysis of the costs of extension programmes in agricultural development and identifies four major cost categories, namely base costs, start‐up costs, recurrent and farmers' costs. The article also submits that in the context of the debate on privatization of agricultural extension there is a role to be played for the public sector in agriculture. The success of participatory approaches to extension will depend on the quality of services provided in connection with farmer training programmes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

<p class="CORPOICA"><span lang="ES-CO">Se obtuvieron predicciones acerca de los efectos genéticos aditivos y no aditivos relativos al peso al destete en terneros pertenecientes a un rebaño multirracial Angus x Brahman, valiéndose de un procedimiento de evaluación animal multirracial; estos valores se compararon frente a predicciones de los efectos genéticos basadas en evaluaciones que contemplaban únicamente los efectos aditivos. Se encontraron cambios substanciales en las predicciones de los efectos genéticos cuando se incluyeron los efectos genéticos no aditivos en la evaluación. Éstos originaron diferencias en el ordenamiento de los toros para los efectos genéticos aditivos y totales. Por lo tanto, en la selección de toros destinados a programas de cruzamiento, se recomienda usar evaluaciones genéticas multirraciales que involucren los efectos genéticos no aditivos.</span></p><p class="CORPOICA"> </p><p class="CORPOICA"><strong>Prediction of Additive and Nonadditive Genetic Effects for Weight at Weaning Using a Multibreed Animal Evaluation Procedure</strong></p><p class="CORPOICA"><span lang="EN-US">Additive and nonadditive genetic effects were predicted for weaning weight in an Angus-Brahman multibreed herd by using a multibreed animal evaluation procedure and were compared to the predictions of genetic effects based only on additive genetic effects. Changes in the prediction of genetic effects were found when nonadditive genetic efects were included in the genetic evaluation procedure. </span><span lang="ES-CO">These changes caused differences in the ranking of sires for additive and total genetic effects. </span><span lang="EN-US">Therefore, when bulls used in crossbreeding programs are to be chosen, it should be valuable to use multibreed genetic evaluations that involve nonadditive genetic effects.</span></p>

Domestic wastewater pollution in environmental waters or water reuse supplies represents a threat to public health because of high concentrations of diverse pathogens associated with human excreta [1]. Since it is difficult to directly measure waterborne pathogens of concern, microbial water quality monitoring efforts often use surrogates or indicator organisms that are easily detected and whose presence reflects pathogen persistence [2]. Here, we describe an unconventional viral indicator of wastewater pollution, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), a plant pathogen that was first proposed as a water quality indicator in 2009 [3] and promises to improve microbial water quality management worldwide [4].