• Rural Digital Europe
• Social Science and Humanities close

Using a sample of community studies, the interrelationships between land tenure, agricultural regime, and ecological zone in the Central Andes are explored. Communal control is found to be associated with grazing and sectorial fallowing, while private control is found to be associated with permanent irrigation, specialized horticulture, and long-term fallowing. These patterns are shown to be produced by population pressure and market relations interacting with the vertical ecology of the Central Andean area. The importance of these findings to the debate over the “Tragedy of the Commons” and the degradation of mountain environment is discussed. [land tenure, “Tragedy of the Commons,” Central Andes, mountain agriculture, vertical ecology]

Research on English late medieval economic history has neglected the evidence of tithes as indicators of agrarian output. In this article, methods used by historians of continental Europe have been developed and applied to the Durham Priory accounting material in order to create the first series of tithe-based production indicators for medieval England. The data are manipulated, and presented, to provide insight into long- and short-term trends in aggregate levels of arable production. The series of indicators are then used to examine the evidence for falling output in the late middle ages in the light of our understanding of demographic, economic, and climatic factors.

Abstract The aim of the study is to find out the educational potential of studying Robotics in STEM educational system as a factor in mastering learners’ engineering and creative skills. For the pedagogical experiment, the authors arranged the control and experimental groups of children at the age of 9 to 12 years old (30 people each) in the 2019/2020 academic year. The study included testing, evaluating intelligent background criteria, and a survey among learners and educators. It resulted in the conclusions made. Robotics is a key activity in developing engineering thinking. The technique used for conducting classes in learning Robotics consists of the following components: initiating relationships, design engineering, reflection/after-action review, and development. STEM education can be based on LEGO constructing. LEGO constructing academic studies are focused on the development of verbal, creative, and engineering skills. An instructor can introduce some software to learners that allow them to design constructions and models using the tools of manual and computer-assisted three-dimensional constructional LEGO Digital Designer. This part of the course is aimed at developing general learning skills. Further development of engineering design is connected with the Arduino microprocessor control unit. It targets schoolchildren well for their study. They can launch small electronic projects. Students can master programming skills through ‘learning by doing’, as well as learn the basics of circuit technology using this platform.

Em Portugal, as ciências sociais têm estudado a agricultura familiar a partir de um modelo de interpretação dualista que acentua as diferenças inter-regionais, marginalizando, até certo ponto, o significado sociológico de algumas continuidades que se estabeleciam (e se estabelecem) entre as zonas do Norte e do Sul ou entre o Litoral e o Interior. O presente estudo pretende, assim, construir uma perspectiva diferente sobre as modalidades de agricultura familiar em Portugal, procurando identificar, num primeiro momento, uma série de proximidades sociológicas entre os diferentes modos de organização (tradicionais e modernos) das famílias agrícolas e, consequentemente, traçar os eixos para um modelo mais complexo na análise dessas mesmas modalidades.The main goal of this paper is to produce a critical analysis regarding the conception of multiple activities in the Portuguese rural society. This work questions the classic vision of the country that delineates a rigid territorial and sociological divisions (for instance, the distinction between Northern and the Southern region) from which it tends to characterize different types of agriculture. Considering this conception, the paper proposes a different perspective that is capable to integrate differences and resemblances, between some of the social and the economic aspects that have redefined the family organization and their work activities.

Introduction Nous allons presenter la vie et l’œuvre de Leonard de Marande. Sur cet adversaire de Port-Royal, on sait peu de choses. Cependant, comme nous allons le voir, les divers ecrits qu’il a laisses dans sa vie, dont le nombre s’eleve a plus de vingt-cinq, nous offrent souvent des sujets interessants pour l’histoire religieuse et philosophique et notamment, sur le probleme janseniste. En general ses premiers ecrits sur la philosophie et la theologie scolastique et ceux concernant la pol...

Resumen El presente artículo tiene por objeto el estudio del cuento en el ciberespacio dentro del cambio radical que suponen la comunicación virtual, la robótica y la inteligencia artificial. A partir de un enfoque metodológico de cariz teórico y mediante una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica interdisciplinar, el trabajo reflexiona sobre las particularidades del nuevo escenario comunicativo digital y su impacto en la ideación y generación de nuevos tipos de relatos. Partimos de la hipótesis de que no existe un diálogo adecuado entre programadores informáticos, neurocientíficos y especialistas en narrativa que actúan como campos estancos y autorreferenciales que producen saberes interesantes pero paralelos. El estudio destaca que la narrativa programada utiliza solo técnicas unidireccionales de acción-respuesta propias de la psicología conductista y de una narratología exclusivamente modélica que repite sin innovar. A modo de conclusión, el trabajo incide en la necesidad de articular un marco teórico nuevo que contraste los avances y los inconvenientes de la bibliografía antropotecnológica. Por ello, la propuesta planteada propone cambiar el paradigma y aplicar las reglas derivadas de los continuadores de la escuela formalista y de los analistas de las estructuras del cuento tradicional. El artículo, como aporte original, enfatiza la necesidad de generar escenarios vibrantes mediante una apuesta creativa que introduzca en el cuento participativo en red la utilización de nuevas nociones como enjambre, inteligencia colectiva o psicología robótica para producir escenarios vibrantes. Este conjunto variado de elementos posibilita la creación de historias que potencien progresivamente la participación de los usuarios y recuperen su el rol activo. Abstract This article aims to study storytelling in cyberspace within the radical shift that virtual communication, robotics and artificial intelligence imply. Based on a theoretical methodological approach, and through a comprehensive interdisciplinary literature review, the paper reflects on the particularities of the new digital communication setting and its impact on the ideas and creation of new types of stories. We start from the hypothesis that there is no appropriate dialog among computer programmers, neuroscientists and narrative specialists who act as hermetic and self-referential fields that produce interesting but parallel knowledge. The study highlights that programmed narrative only uses one-way action-response techniques from behavioral psychology and an exclusively exemplary narratology that repeats without innovating. As a conclusion, the article emphasizes the need to construct a new theoretical framework that matches the advances and drawbacks of the anthropotechnological literature. For this, we propose to change the paradigm and apply the rules derived from the continuators of formalism and the analysts of traditional storytelling structures. The article, as an original contribution, stresses the need to create vibrant settings through a creative initiative that introduces the use of new notions such as crowdsourcing, collective intelligence or robotic psychology into participatory storytelling online. This varied set of elements enables the creation of stories that progressively enhance the involvement of users and recover their active role. Resumo O presente artigo tem como objetivo estudar o conto no ciberespaço dentro da mudança radical que a comunicação virtual, a robótica e a inteligência artificial implicam. Com base em uma abordagem teórico-metodológica e através de uma exaustiva revisão bibliográfica interdisciplinar, o trabalho reflete sobre as particularidades do novo cenário da comunicação digital e seu impacto no desenho e geração de novos tipos de relatos. Partimos da hipótese de que não há diálogo adequado entre programadores de computador, neurocientistas e especialistas em narrativa que atuem como campos estanques e autorreferenciais que produzem conhecimento relevante, mas paralelo. O estudo destaca que a narrativa programada utiliza apenas técnicas unidirecionais de ação-resposta da psicologia comportamental e uma narratologia exclusivamente exemplar que se repete sem inovar. A título de conclusão, o trabalho enfatiza a necessidade de articular um novo marco teórico que contraponha os avanços e inconvenientes da bibliografia antropotecnológica. Por esta razão, a proposta propõe mudar o paradigma e aplicar as regras derivadas dos continuadores da escola formalista e dos analistas das estruturas do conto tradicional. O artigo, como uma contribuição original, enfatiza a necessidade de criar cenários vibrantes através de uma aposta criativa que introduza no conto participativo em rede a utilização de novos conceitos, como enxame, inteligência coletiva ou psicologia robótica para produzir cenários vibrantes. Esse conjunto variado de elementos permite a criação de histórias que aumentam progressivamente a participação dos usuários e recuperam seu papel ativo.

Health research has shown that overweight and obesity in children and adults are becoming significant public health problems in the developing world. Evidence suggests that this phenomenon is more marked in urban than rural areas and may be associated with modernization. However, the underlying reasons for this nutrition transition remain unclear. Dietary shifts, often in conjunction with income and time constraints in urban environments, may entail a greater reliance on more convenient sugar and fat-dense food. Also, the necessity of labor-intensive agricultural work to meet rural subsistence needs is supplanted in urban environments by sedentary work. This paper extends the application of human behavioral ecology theory into the realm of international development and policy by applying Kaplan's embodied capital theory to explore differences in food habits and nutritional status of Indo-Fijian children within the context of urbanization. Urban high-embodied-capital women demonstrate higher rates of wage-earning employment than urban low-embodied-capital or rural women. Findings indicate that urban high-embodied-capital households spend significantly more on food purchases, purchase a greater proportion of processed foods, and have children with higher body mass indexes (BMI) than do urban low-embodied-capital or rural households. This suggests that urban high-embodied-capital mothers, who tend to be employed, may be making trade-offs between income and food choices.