• Rural Digital Europe

In opdracht van de Europese Unie en het Ministerie van Landbouw is in de provincie Flevoland een innovatieproject ecologische landbouw van start gegaan. Specifiek daarbij is nagegaan, hoe bedrijven kunnen bijdragen aan een gevarieerde natuur en landschap

Solanaceae familyasına bağlı domates, patlıcan, patates, biber gibi bazı kültür bitkileri, tarımsal üretimde dünya çapında tartışmasız bir ekonomik öneme sahiptir. Diğer bazı bitkiler yanında bu bitkilerden de konukçu olarak yararlanan domates güvesi (Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), özellikle açık/örtüaltı domates üretim alanlarında, son yıllardaki en ciddi zararlı tehditi haline gelmiştir. Bu tez çalışmasında, Nevşehir ili ve ilçelerinde homojen dağıtılmış 33 adet delta tipi yapışkan tuzak kurulmuş ve T. absoluta'ya spesifik feromon içeren dispenserler ile zararlının 2013 yılı Mayıs-Aralık ayları arasındaki popülasyon değişimi izlenmiştir. Bahar ve yaz mevsiminde ayda iki kez, sonbahar döneminde birer aylık peryotlarla yapılan örneklemelerle T. absoluta'nın Nevşehir İli ve yöresindeki popülasyon yoğunluğu ve dalgalanması kaydedilerek incelenmiştir.Çalışmada tüm sezon ortalamasında en yüksek popülasyon düzeyi, sayım başına ortalama 100,5±14,4 bireyle Kozaklı İlçesinde kaydedilmiştir. Bunu sırasıyla Derinkuyu (72,6±11,6) ve Gülşehir (60,8±9,4) İlçeleri izlemiştir. Aylık bazda yapılan popülasyon değişimi değerlendirmelerinde tuzaklarda yakalanan birey sayısının Haziran ve Eylül aylarında hızla yükselişe geçtiği görülmüştür. Bu çerçevede, zararlının Nevşehir ili ve yöresinde yılda minimum iki döl verdiği belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada popülasyon değişimi ilçe bazında da incelenmiş ve gözlenen yüksek veya düşük popülasyon düzeylerinin o bölgelere özgü nedenleri tartışılmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Tuta absoluta, popülasyon değişimi, mekânsal dağılım, feromon tuzağı Some culture plants belonging to Solanaceae family, like tomato, eggplant, potato and pepper, have a particular economical importance across the globe, without a doubt. Tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) which utilizes the above plants as host along with several other plants, become the most serious pest threat in recent years, especially in open/protected tomato cultivations. In this thesis study, pest's population was monitored with 33 Delta-type traps with dispensers containing T. absoluta specific pheromone, established across Nevşehir province at certain intervals. Pest's abundance and fluctuations in population were recorded and inspected by periodical samplings, carried out every 15 days in spring and summer and, once a month in autumn periods.The highest population level for the whole season were recorded in Kozaklı disctrict, with an average of 100.5±14.4 individuals per count. This is followed by Derinkuyu (72.6±11.6) and Gülşehir (60.8±9.4) districts. Evaluation of monthly population fluctuation data indicates a rapid increase at June and September. Therefore its concluded that the pest have minimum two generations per year, in Nevşehir province. Population fluctuations were further investigated per disctrict basis, and possible reasons of rises and falls of populations levels in the given disctrict were discussed.Keywords: Tuta absoluta, population fluctuation, spatial distribution, pheromone trap 96

Bu çalışmada, 2015-2016 yılları arasında Marmara Bölgesi’nde (Bursa, Yalova, Bilecik, Kocaeli, Sakarya ve İstanbul) yaprağı yenen sebzelerden salata (kıvırcık, marul, aysberg) maydanoz, dereotu, roka, ıspanak ve tere üretim alanlarında görülen hastalık ve zararlı türlerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yaprağı yenen sebze üretim alanları hastalık ve zararlı yönünden incelenmiş ve örnek alınmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda fungal etmenlerden Septoria sp., Sclerotinia sp., Botrytis cinerea, Bremia lactucae, viral etmenlerden Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) ve Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV), zararlılardan salyangoz, solucan, sülük, yaprak biti, thrips, Empoasca sp. ve Meloidogyne incognita, faydalı böcek olarak ise Coccinela septempunctata, Crysopha sp. ve Syrphus sp. tespit edilmiştir. Sürvey yapılan alanlarda bakteriyel hastalık etmeni tespit edilmemiştir. In this study, it was aimed to determine the diseases and pest species seen in salad (curly, lettuce, iceberg) parsley, dill, arugula, spinach and cress production areas in the Marmara Region (Bursa, Yalova, Bilecik, Kocaeli, Sakarya and İstanbul) between 2015 and 2016.Considering the cultivation areas of leafy vegetables areas was examined and sampled. Fungal agents such as Septoria sp., Sclerotinia sp., Botrytis cinerea, Bremia lactucae, Viral agents such as Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Lettuce mosaic potyvirus (LMV), pests such as snail, worm, leech, aphis, thrips, Empoasca sp. and Meloidogyne incognita, as useful insect Coccinela septempunctata, Crysopha sp., and Syrphus sp. were identified result of the analysis. No bacterial agent was detect in the surveyed areas.

Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations 資料番号: PA1920020000 形態: カラー図版あり

Objective: to determine the factors that influence on self-medication in Cartagena de Indias (Colombia) adolescents in rural area. Materials and methods: analytical, cross-sectional study, which 383 adolescents between 10 and 18 years old, who lives in two towns of Cartagena, participated. An instrument designed for this study and validated by an expert was applied and integrated by a sociodemographic component, as well as a self-medication and related factors instrument. Results: participants were mostly males (58.2%), between 12 and 17 years old (14.9% and 16.2%), high school students (55.1%). This practice is associated with influence of a relative or a friend (OR 95% CI (6,686 (3,960-11,288)), female sex (OR 95% CI (2,636 (1,516- 4,586) and the acquisition of medications without a medical formula (OR 95% CI (10,491 (4,849 22,698)). Conclusions: self-medication is a common practice among adolescents in the rural area of Cartagena, and is given by cultural factors, such as the family influences and the flexibility of acquiring medications without a medical formula.

Objectives Due to the demographic change, the global prevalence of dementia will continually rise. Barriers to diagnosis and care are still high. But timely diagnosis is associated with valuable benefits and can promote timely and optimal management. Receiving an early diagnosis is especially in rural areas a problem due to the limited access to assessments. Therefore, the aim of our scoping review is to investigate different interventions targeted at rural living elderly to screen and diagnose cognitive decline and dementia. Methods A scoping review was conducted in line with the framework of Arksey and O'Malley. The following databases were systematically searched: PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, and ScienceDirect. The interventions were categorized in four main categories (interventions for general practitioners/institutions; online/mobile offers; telehealth applications; telephone-based screenings). Results Thirty studies were included. The four categories show different scopes of application. Telehealth applications show that it is feasible and valid to diagnose dementia via videoconference. Assessments described in three other categories show that remotely used tools are appropriate to screen for mild cognitive impairment or cognitive decline, but are not valid to establish a dementia diagnosis. Conclusions Telehealth applications can appropriately be used to diagnose dementia. However, most of the studies included only small sample sizes and did not test the applications explicitly in rural or remote populations. Therefore, studies taking these limitations into account are needed. On top, only two RCTs are included in this review indicating that more high quality studies in this field are needed.

This study combines historical data and the principles of bone functional adaptation to examine variation in terrestrial mobility in men and women from pre-industrial urban (Alkmaar 7M, 9F) and rural (Klaaskinderkerke 12M, 8F; Middenbeemster 21M, 22F) Dutch populations. Cross-sectional properties of the femoral and tibial midshaft are determined to investigate variation in lower limb mechanical loading. All populations had comparable age ranges. Rural Middenbeemster males had significantly more elliptically shaped tibiae compared to the other populations. Rural males from Klaaskinderkerke had significantly greater femoral cross-sectional area and torsional rigidity compared to females. In the tibia, the males from both rural populations had greater torsional rigidity and cross-sectional area compared to females. In the rural Middenbeemster population the males also had significantly more elliptically shaped tibiae compared to females. While no sexual dimorphism was found in the urban Alkmaar, significantly greater variation in lower limb cross-sectional properties was found for both males and females relative to the rural populations. These results conform to predictions based on the historical literature of greater lower limb loading in rural males compared to females as well as a greater variety of tasks performed in urban environments. The lack of significant differences in lower limb torsional rigidity or shape between populations in either sex suggests that rural life was not necessarily more physically strenuous than urban life in pre-industrial Dutch populations. However, variation in sexual dimorphism suggests that labor between males and females was differently organized in the rural and urban samples.

We compared the chemical composition of wood fibres and fibre surfaces of several eucalypt species and hybrids originating from various growth sites in South Africa. The objective was to test for differences in chemical surface composition due to genetics or site with the ultimate aim to facilitate a tailor-made supply of wood for pulping that results in an optimal blend of fibres that can be pulped together with similar yields. This, however, requires a sound knowledge of the fibre properties. The surface functionality on the single fibre level is a key property, because it determines how good inter-fibre bonding will be when paper is formed, which depends amongst other fibre properties on the amount of free hydroxyl groups that are available and therefore on the cellulose content on the fibre surface. The cellulose and lignin content on the fibre surface were determined with chemical force microscopy, a variation of atomic force microscopy. Since the general bulk composition of the fibre and the surface composition might differ, both parameters were determined. We found significant differences in the cellulose and lignin content on fibre surfaces, with regard to genotype and site, respectively. In some, but not all, cases, the surface composition of wood fibres followed the bulk composition, and differences were generally more pronounced. Differences due to genotype were significant, especially with regard to the surface lignin content—but variation due to site was also distinctly recognisable. This variation in surface functionality could be the reason why some pulpwood blends result in a lower pulp yield and different quality.