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  • Rural Digital Europe
  • 2017-2021
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Luis Fernando Morales Abarca; Katherine Masis Brenes;

    La investigación se realizó con el fin de determinar la evolución de la producción y productividad de la actividad ganadera vacuna de carne y de leche, en Costa Rica, en el periodo comprendido entre 1984 y 2014, para lo cual se utilizaron datos oficiales de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) y se consultó información de la Corporación Ganadera Nacional (CORFOGA) y de la Cámara Nacional de Productores de Leche (CNPL). El análisis de la producción mostró un comportamiento rezagado en la ganadería de carne, mientras que, la actividad de ganadería lechera presentó un constante crecimiento a través del periodo de estudio. En cuanto a la productividad, en el caso de la ganadería de carne se determinó un comportamiento fluctuante, el cual presentó bajos rendimientos provocados por factores limitantes de la actividad; mientras que la productividad de la ganadería de leche mostró resultados positivos. 

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    e-Agronegocios
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    e-Agronegocios
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      e-Agronegocios
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      e-Agronegocios
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Rubén Martínez-Barbáchano;

    Resumen: En las últimas décadas la utilización de imágenes satelitales se ha incrementado al punto de constituir una herramienta fundamental en el monitoreo de procesos ambientales y de cambio global. En tal sentido, la importancia histórica de la familia de satélites Landsat marca un hito en 1985 con la introducción del sensor Tematic Mapper, que ofrecía la posibilidad a los usuarios de adquirir información de una base histórica de más de 25 años de imágenes térmicas a 120 metros de resolución espacial. El presente trabajo se presenta como una metodología de obtención de temperatura superficial a partir de una serie temporal de imágenes Landsat-5 TM adquiridas en el año 2001 sobre el Pacífico norte de Costa Rica. Se presentan los distintos algoritmos que pueden utilizarse para la estimación de temperatura superficial a partir de datos Landsat con el método monocanal por la función inversa de Planck. Aspectos como la transmisividad media de la atmósfera, la radiancia ascendente y descendente, o la emisividad de la superficie terrestre fueron tomados en cuenta, previamente al cálculo de la temperatura de brillo de las imágenes. Abstract: In recent decades, the use of satellite imagery has increased to the point of being a fundamental tool in the monitoring of environmental processes and global change. In this sense, the historical importance of the Landsat family of satellites marks a milestone in 1985 with the introduction of the Tematic Mapper sensor, which offered users the possibility of acquiring information from an over 25-year historical database of thermal imagery at 120 meters of spatial resolution. This paper is presented as a methodology for obtaining surface temperature data from a time series of Landsat-5 TM images acquired in 2001 on the North Pacific Region of Costa Rica. The different algorithms that can be used for the estimation of surface temperature from Landsat data via the single-channel method by way of the inverse Planck function are presented. Prior to the calculation of the brightness temperature of the images, aspects such as average atmospheric transmissivity, ascending and descending radiance or earth´s surface emissivity were taken into account.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Revista Geográfica d...arrow_drop_down
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    Revista Geográfica de América Central
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Revista Geográfica de América Central
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Revista Geográfica d...arrow_drop_down
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      Revista Geográfica de América Central
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Revista Geográfica de América Central
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jorge Luis Sobalvarro Mena; Jorge Alberto Elizondo Salazar; Augusto Rojas Bourillón;

    Introducción. El contenido energético de los forrajes es limitante para la producción de leche en sistemas de pastoreo, y la energía neta de lactancia es el parámetro más utilizado para expresar los requerimientos energéticos de los bovinos lecheros. Objetivo. Comparar el valor de energía neta de lactancia de alimentos, obtenido a partir de ecuaciones basadas en la producción de gas in vitro, con respecto a lo estimado por el modelo del National Research Council (NRC). Materiales y métodos. El experimento se llevó a cabo de agosto a diciembre del 2017 en el Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal de la Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. Se determinó la producción de gas in vitro en muestras de pasto estrella, ryegrass, ensilado de maíz, morera y concentrado. Se evaluaron cinco ecuaciones que incorporaron la producción acumulada de gas a las 24 horas. Resultados. La producción de gas mostró diferencias (p<0,001) entre alimentos. El mayor volumen de gas producido y contenido de la energía neta de lactancia (ENL1x) se presentaron con el concentrado. La ecuación 3 mostró la mayor precisión en la estimación de ENL que obtuvo el índice de correlación de concordancia mayor (r2=0,92). La utilización de ecuaciones por tipo de alimento mejoró la precisión en la predicción de ENL. La ecuación 1 fue más precisa en alimento balanceado, mientras que en ensilado de maíz fue la ecuación 4, y en morera, pasto estrella y ryegrass la ecuación 3. El índice de concordancia de Lin explicó mejor las diferencias en predicción de ENL que el índice de correlación de Pearson. Conclusión. La producción de gas in vitro con la aplicación de la ecuación 3, fue un método confiable para estimar el contenido de ENL1x en cinco alimentos utilizados en vacas lecheras. Introduction. The energy content of forages is a limitation for milk production in grazing systems, and the net energy of lactation is the parameter most used to express the energy requirements of dairy cattle. Objective. To compare the net energy of lactation in feeds, obtained from equations based on in vitro gas production, with that estimated by the National Research Council (NRC) model. Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out from August to December 2017 at the Animal Nutrition Research Center of the Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica. In vitro gas production was determined in samples of star grass, ryegrass, corn silage, mulberry, and concentrate. Five equations that incorporated accumulated gas production at 24 hours were evaluated. Results. Gas production showed differences (p<0.001) between feeds. The highest volume of gas produced and content of net lactation energy (NEL) was obtained with concentrate. Equation 3 showed de highest precision for the estimation of NEL, which also reached the highest concordance correlation index (r2 =0.92). The use of equations by type of feed improved the accuracy for the NEL prediction. Equation 1 was more precise in concentrate while in corn silage it was equation 4, and in mulberry, star grass and ryegrass it was equation 3. Lin’s concordance index explained the differences in prediction of NEL1x better than the Pearson correlation index. Conclusion. The in vitro gas production technique with the application of equation 3 was a reliable method to estimate the NEL1x content in five feeds used in dairy cows Universidad de Costa Rica/[737-B5-188]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Estación Experimental de Ganado Lechero Alfredo Volio Mata (EEAVM) UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro de Investigaciones Agronómicas (CIA) UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Instituto de Investigaciones Agrícolas (IIA)

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    Agronomía Mesoamericana
    Article . 2020
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    Agronomía Mesoamericana
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    Agronomía Mesoamericana
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agronomía Mesoamericana
      Article . 2020
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      Agronomía Mesoamericana
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      Agronomía Mesoamericana
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Mónica Ospino Araya; Yorleny Badilla Valverde; Wilfrido Paniagua Madrigal; Carlos Mario Campos Granados; +1 Authors

    RESUMEN Introducción. La ausencia de información económica constituye una barrera para el fomento de sistemas silvopastoriles. El componente forestal representa una contribución marginal en la economía de la ganadería, que mantiene una huella de carbono alta y ocupa un 43% del territorio. Se requiere un nuevo modelo silvopastoril de mayor impacto económico-social y ambiental. Objetivo. Generar información de costos del cultivo de árboles, en un diseño silvopastoril que logra integrar el negocio pecuario con el de madera. Materiales y métodos. Se reporta la estructura completa de costos del componente forestal, basado en clones de melina y teca. Se adaptó la información de plantaciones compactas ordinarias, a un sistema de cultivo de árboles en franjas dentro de una finca ganadera, utilizado en la zona norte de Costa Rica. La información se diferenció en dos escenarios, el modelo de alta y baja inversión, según el paquete tecnológico utilizado. Resultados. Los árboles se plantaron dentro de franjas cercadas de seis metros de ancho.ha-1 en los linderos de los apartos, en distribución tresbolillo a 2,5 m entre hileras y 4,0 m entre árboles, que permiten cultivar 150 árboles en dos franjas.ha-1, en un ciclo de 8 años para melina y de 16 años para teca. Conclusiones. El costo total de cultivar melina en dos franjas.ha-1, en el modelo de alta inversión, fue de ₡751 759 (US $1307) y de ₡966 818 (US $1681) con teca. En el modelo de baja inversión el costo total para melina fue de ₡545 739 (US $949) y para teca₡714 548(US $1242). La mano de obra representó 41% de los costos totales en melina y 44% en teca. Este diseño silvopastoril requiere plantar 4,17 ha con melina y 5,5 ha con teca para obtener la misma cantidad de madera que en una plantación convencional. ABSTRACT Introduction. The absence of economic information constitutes a barrier to the promotion of silvopastoral systems. The forest component represents a marginal contribution to the livestock economy, which maintains a high carbon footprint and occupies 43% of the territory. A new silvopastoral model of greater economic, social and environmental impact is required. Objective. To generate information on the costs of tree cultivation, in a silvopastoral design that manages to integrate the livestock business with that of wood. Materials and methods. The complete cost structure of the forest component is reported, based on melina and teak clones. The information from ordinary compact plantations was adapted to a strip tree cultivation system within a cattle farm, utilized in the northern region of Costa Rica. The information was differentiated in two scenarios, the high and low investment model, according to the technological package used. Results. The trees were planted within two fenced-strips of six meters wide per hectare at the boundaries of the grazing paddocks. Within the strips, trees were planted in an irregular distribution, at a distance of 2,5 m between rows and 4.0 m between trees, which allowed planting of 150 trees.ha-1 in a cycle of 8 years for melina and 16 years for teak. Conclusions.Total cost of growing melina in 2 strips.ha-1, in the high investment model was ₡751 759 (US $1307) and ₡966 818 (US $1681) for teak. In the low investment model, the total cost for melina was ₡545 739 (US $949) and ₡714 548 (US $1242) for teak. Labor represented 41% of the total costs in melina and 44% in teak. This silvopastoral design requires planting of 4.17 ha with melina and 5.5 ha with teak in order to obtain the same amount of wood as in a conventional plantation.

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    Agronomía Costarricense
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Agronomía Costarricense
    Article . 2020
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2020
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      Agronomía Costarricense
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    Authors: Olman Murillo; Gustavo Torres; Dorian Carvajal; Yorleny Badilla;

    Production costs of Christmas trees ( Cupressus lusitanica Mill.) in Costa Rica. Christmas tree production based on cypress ( Cupressus lusitanica Mill.) started in the early 60´s in this country. An exhaustive cost data base of christmas trees production in Costa Rica, was elaborated, on the basis of a technological package for a production cycle of 2.5 years, planting initially 4444 trees.ha -1 (at a distance of 1.5 x 1.5 m) and selling 3111 trees (70%) at the end of the period. The cost structure data includes setting up 200 m of fences.ha -1 and an estimate of labor costs, which includes voluntary social security expenses. The wage cost at the II semester 2016 was established at ¢11.273.75 ($20.13 at an exchange rate of 1 US $ = C.R. ¢560). A complete production cycle requires approximately 373 wages in 3 years, some 125 wages/year, slightly below the average of a halftime farmworker. The total cost of planting one hectare was estimated at ¢6.170.786 ya que es una actividad intensiva que ofrece la posibilidad de plantar mas de 4000 arboles.ha -1 (Torres y Carvajal 2012). Los autores encontraron que los problemas en la comercializacion y la ausencia de organizaciones de productores, posiblemente constituyan la limitacion mas importante para el desarrollo del cultivo en el pais. To agricultural supplies. Total cost of producing a single tree is ¢1984 ($3.54), while the selling price is above ¢7500 or 4 times the production cost. The database is statistically reliable and realistic, as related to this activity in Costa Rica. Any improvement on the technological package would be reflected as increase of productivity indicators and in production cost decrease. The use of this costs database in for future investigations is recommended

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    Agronomía Costarricense
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    Agronomía Costarricense
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    Authors: Thomas B. Croat; Orlando O. Ortiz; Marco Cedeño-Fonseca; David Scherberich;

    Urospatha caribaea, a new foliose emergent macrophyte species from Panama and Colombia is described and illustrated. This species inhabits wetlands, along rivers or in floodplain forests in Bocas del Toro (Panama) and Necoclí (Colombia) and is related to U. sagittifolia (Rudge) Schott, a widespread species from South America. This new taxon increases the number of species in Urospatha to thirteen, most of them present in South America.

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      Feddes Repertorium
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    Authors: Diego Ramírez Calvo; Víctor J. Acosta Chaves;

    La pérdida de hábitat ha puesto en peligro la avifauna urbana del Gran Área Metropolitana (GAM) de Costa Rica, aunque campus universitarios y parques urbanos sirven de reservorio para cientos de especies. Presentamos una lista preliminar de las aves del Recinto de Paraíso de la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), el cual generamos mediante censo por búsqueda intensiva y aplicación de ciencia ciudadana (2015-2018). Detectamos 120 especies (17 órdenes, 37 familias, 94 géneros) y un híbrido en el campus. Comparamos nuestro listado con otros de campus de la UCR y zonas urbanas de la GAM mediante un análisis de conglomerados (Índice de Jaccard, vinculación simple). El Recinto de Paraíso presentó más de la mitad de la riqueza registrada para la Sede Central (UCR), y más especies que la Sede Occidente (UCR) y demás sitios comparados. La similitud entre la riqueza de aves del Recinto de Paraíso y los demás sitios fue de al menos un 40%. La ciudad de Paraíso presenta condiciones biogeográficas y de paisaje propicias para una rica avifauna, pero algunos de sus ecosistemas están comprometidos. Por lo tanto, la Universidad de Costa Rica debe conservar sus humedales y fragmentos de bosque, e implementar diseño verde, para proteger la diversidad de aves en sus campus

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    Authors: Ana Cruz Bermúdez; Rodolfo WingChing Jones; Rebeca Zamora Sanabria;

    Introducción. La producción de gallinas con acceso a pastoreo integra el manejo del ave, forraje y la comercialización. Objetivo. Describir los sistemas de producción de gallinas ponedoras con acceso a pastoreo en Costa Rica y determinar la factibilidad de la implementación de un modelo de producción. Materiales y Métodos. Durante los años 2017 y 2018, se recolectó y analizó la información de producción, sanidad, pastoreo y manejo del huevo en seis granjas con aves de postura que presentan acceso al pastoreo. Para determinar la factibilidad del modelo de producción propuesto, se elaboró un flujo de caja (diez años), que contempló las inversiones para el desarrollo del sistema y una tasa de inflación del 10 % a través de los años. Se calcularon los costos de inversión, operación e ingresos por venta de huevo, gallinas de descarte y gallinaza. Se calcularon el VAN, TIR, relación B/C y punto de equilibrio. Resultados. El 66 % de los sistemas manejan aves especializadas, densidades entre 5 a 12 y 1 a 3 aves m-2 en el galpón y área de pastoreo respectivamente. El pastoreo se inició entre las 22 y 32 semanas, con sesiones de 2 a 10 horas día-1. Cinco sistemas no sustituyeron el alimento por forraje, lo consideran como aporte adicional. La propuesta, es demandante en instalaciones, terreno y equipo de trabajo. El alimento representó el 41 % de los costos operativos, seguido por el personal y la compra de las aves. Es rentable, al obtener un VAN positivo ($31 455,39), TIR de 21,48 %, una relación B/C>1 y se recupera la inversión a los seis años. Conclusión. Las granjas con gallinas ponedoras con acceso a pastoreo podrían mejorar en aspectos nutricionales y del cultivo del forraje. Además, son sistemas de producción que presentan indicadores económicos que propician su implementación. Introduction. The production of hens with access to grazing integrates bird, fodder, and marketing management. Objective. To describe laying hens’ production systems with grazing access in Costa Rica and determine the feasibility of implementing aproduction model. Materials and methods. During the years 2017 and 2018, information on the production, health, grazing, and egg management was collected and analyzed in six farms with laying birds that have access to grazing. To determine the feasibility of the proposed production model, a cash flow (ten years) was prepared, which included the investments to develop the system, and an inflation rate of 10% through the years. The costs of investment, operation, and income from the sale of the eggs, discarded hens, and poultry litter were analyzed. The NPV, IRR, C/B ratio, and break-even point were calculated. Results. Sixty six percent of the systems use specialized birds, densities between 5 to 12, and 1 to 3 birds m-2 in the shed and grazing area, respectively. Grazing began at 22 and 32 weeks, with 2-10 h day-1. Five systems did not substitute feed for fodder; they consider it as an added value. The proposal is demanding in facilities, plot, and work equipment. Feeds represent 41% of the operational costs, followed by labor (22 %), and bird purchase (17 %). It is profitable, by obtaining a positive NPV ($31 455.39) and IRR of 21.48 % and the C/B ratio>1, and the investment will be recovered after six years. Conclusions. Farms with laying hens with access to grazing evaluated in this work could improve in nutritional aspects and forage cultivation. In addition, they are production systems that present economic indicators that favor their implementation. Universidad de Costa Rica/[739-B3-333]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal (CINA) UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Facultad de Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Escuela de Zootecnia

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    Agronomía Mesoamericana
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    Agronomía Mesoamericana
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    Authors: Johannes Svensson; Henri Waisman; Adrien Vogt-Schilb; Chris Bataille; +14 Authors

    Abstract Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) represent 22% of global greenhouse gas emissions. To meet the objectives of the Paris Agreement, the AFOLU sector greenhouse gases must be dramatically reduced and eventually transformed to net negative CO2e within this century. The decarbonisation choices will have significant environmental, social and economic impacts, yet few analytical frameworks exist able to account holistically for AFOLU mitigation strategies and their sustainable development impacts in a way that combines advantages of global and national approaches to decarbonisation pathways. This paper proposes a pathway design framework for AFOLU decarbonisation strategies that can help governments set targets across four types of levers (increasing sequestration; improving the emissions efficiency of agriculture; incentivising dietary changes; and displacing fossil fuels with bioenergy) and help them navigate potential synergies and trade-offs with sustainable development objectives (notably food security, biodiversity preservation, poverty alleviation and job creation), in a way that facilitates co-construction and discussion with main stakeholders.

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    Energy Strategy Reviews
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy Strategy Reviews
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Marco Vinicio Castro Calderón; Jorge Alberto Elizondo Salazar; Antonio María Martinez Reina; Joaquín Alfonso García Peña; +2 Authors

    Introducción. El agua es el recurso más importante en todo el planeta y existe un claro reconocimiento de que los efectos de los sistemas de producción pecuaria y los patrones de consumo sobre este recurso, deben disminuir en intensidad. Objetivo. Establecer 3 indicadores de eficiencia en el uso de agua de lavado en instalaciones lecheras. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se llevó a cabo durante el segundo semestre del 2018, en 23 fincas lecheras, en Zarcero, Costa Rica. Para los 3 indicadores, se consideraron 4 variables: 1) agua utilizada para lavado de instalaciones, estimada por duración del tiempo de lavado y el caudal utilizado, 2) superficie de piso expuesto a la excreción, mediante la determinación de las áreas de piso cementado con presencia animal, 3) animales presentes, y 4) excretas generadas en las instalaciones, a partir de la estimación del peso vivo de los animales presentes. Se establecieron 3 indicadores de eficiencia: agua utilizada por kilogramo de excreta generada, agua utilizada por animal y agua utilizada por unidad de superficie, que se analizaron a nivel general y a nivel de subgrupos de fincas, agrupadas de acuerdo con el mecanismo utilizado para el transporte de agua para lavado, y de acuerdo con la existencia de procesos previos de remoción de excretas. Resultados. Para el primer indicador, se obtuvo un rango de 2,7-27,0 litros de agua por kilogramo de excreta generada; para el segundo indicador, la mediana fue de 58,5 litros por animal con un rango de 23,0 a 149,5; finalmente para el tercer indicador, el agua utilizada por área expuesta osciló entre 4,7 y 40,6 litros por metro cuadrado. Conclusión. Existe una gran variabilidad en los valores obtenidos para los diferentes indicadores en las fincas analizadas, sin embargo, la información generada puede servir de insumo para generar herramientas con el fin de identificar opciones para maximizar el uso y conservación del agua. Introduction. Water is the most important resource on the entire planet and there is a clear recognition that the effects of livestock production systems and consumption patterns on this resource should decrease. Objective. To establish 3 efficiency indicators in the use of water for cleaning dairy facilities. Materials and methods. The study was carried out during the second semester of 2018, in 23 dairy farms, in Zarcero, Costa Rica. For the 3 indicators, 4 variables were considered: 1) water consumption for cleaning facilities estimated by duration of wash time and flow rate used, 2) floor area exposed to excretion, by determining the areas of cemented floor with animal presence, 3) animals present, and 4) excreta generated in the facilities, from the estimation of live weight of animals present. Three efficiency indicators were established: water used per kilogram of excreta generated, water used per animal and water used per unit area, which were analyzed at a general level and at subgroup level of farms, grouped according to the mechanism used to transport water for cleaning, and according to the existence of previous excreta removal processes. Results. For the first indicator, a range of 2.7-27.0 liters of water per kilogram of excreta generated was obtained; for the second indicator, the median was 58.5 liters per animal with a range of 23.0 to 149.5; and for the third indicator, water used for exposed area ranged between 4.7 and 40.6 liters per square meter. Conclusion. There is a high variability within the obtained values for the different indicators in the farms analyzed, however, this information can serve as an input to generate tools to identify options to maximize water use efficiency and conservation. Universidad de Costa Rica/[737-B5-188]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Estación Experimental de Ganado Lechero Alfredo Volio Mata (EEAVM)

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    Agronomía Costarricense
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Luis Fernando Morales Abarca; Katherine Masis Brenes;

    La investigación se realizó con el fin de determinar la evolución de la producción y productividad de la actividad ganadera vacuna de carne y de leche, en Costa Rica, en el periodo comprendido entre 1984 y 2014, para lo cual se utilizaron datos oficiales de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) y se consultó información de la Corporación Ganadera Nacional (CORFOGA) y de la Cámara Nacional de Productores de Leche (CNPL). El análisis de la producción mostró un comportamiento rezagado en la ganadería de carne, mientras que, la actividad de ganadería lechera presentó un constante crecimiento a través del periodo de estudio. En cuanto a la productividad, en el caso de la ganadería de carne se determinó un comportamiento fluctuante, el cual presentó bajos rendimientos provocados por factores limitantes de la actividad; mientras que la productividad de la ganadería de leche mostró resultados positivos. 

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    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Rubén Martínez-Barbáchano;

    Resumen: En las últimas décadas la utilización de imágenes satelitales se ha incrementado al punto de constituir una herramienta fundamental en el monitoreo de procesos ambientales y de cambio global. En tal sentido, la importancia histórica de la familia de satélites Landsat marca un hito en 1985 con la introducción del sensor Tematic Mapper, que ofrecía la posibilidad a los usuarios de adquirir información de una base histórica de más de 25 años de imágenes térmicas a 120 metros de resolución espacial. El presente trabajo se presenta como una metodología de obtención de temperatura superficial a partir de una serie temporal de imágenes Landsat-5 TM adquiridas en el año 2001 sobre el Pacífico norte de Costa Rica. Se presentan los distintos algoritmos que pueden utilizarse para la estimación de temperatura superficial a partir de datos Landsat con el método monocanal por la función inversa de Planck. Aspectos como la transmisividad media de la atmósfera, la radiancia ascendente y descendente, o la emisividad de la superficie terrestre fueron tomados en cuenta, previamente al cálculo de la temperatura de brillo de las imágenes. Abstract: In recent decades, the use of satellite imagery has increased to the point of being a fundamental tool in the monitoring of environmental processes and global change. In this sense, the historical importance of the Landsat family of satellites marks a milestone in 1985 with the introduction of the Tematic Mapper sensor, which offered users the possibility of acquiring information from an over 25-year historical database of thermal imagery at 120 meters of spatial resolution. This paper is presented as a methodology for obtaining surface temperature data from a time series of Landsat-5 TM images acquired in 2001 on the North Pacific Region of Costa Rica. The different algorithms that can be used for the estimation of surface temperature from Landsat data via the single-channel method by way of the inverse Planck function are presented. Prior to the calculation of the brightness temperature of the images, aspects such as average atmospheric transmissivity, ascending and descending radiance or earth´s surface emissivity were taken into account.

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    Revista Geográfica de América Central
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      Revista Geográfica de América Central
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    Authors: Jorge Luis Sobalvarro Mena; Jorge Alberto Elizondo Salazar; Augusto Rojas Bourillón;

    Introducción. El contenido energético de los forrajes es limitante para la producción de leche en sistemas de pastoreo, y la energía neta de lactancia es el parámetro más utilizado para expresar los requerimientos energéticos de los bovinos lecheros. Objetivo. Comparar el valor de energía neta de lactancia de alimentos, obtenido a partir de ecuaciones basadas en la producción de gas in vitro, con respecto a lo estimado por el modelo del National Research Council (NRC). Materiales y métodos. El experimento se llevó a cabo de agosto a diciembre del 2017 en el Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal de la Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. Se determinó la producción de gas in vitro en muestras de pasto estrella, ryegrass, ensilado de maíz, morera y concentrado. Se evaluaron cinco ecuaciones que incorporaron la producción acumulada de gas a las 24 horas. Resultados. La producción de gas mostró diferencias (p<0,001) entre alimentos. El mayor volumen de gas producido y contenido de la energía neta de lactancia (ENL1x) se presentaron con el concentrado. La ecuación 3 mostró la mayor precisión en la estimación de ENL que obtuvo el índice de correlación de concordancia mayor (r2=0,92). La utilización de ecuaciones por tipo de alimento mejoró la precisión en la predicción de ENL. La ecuación 1 fue más precisa en alimento balanceado, mientras que en ensilado de maíz fue la ecuación 4, y en morera, pasto estrella y ryegrass la ecuación 3. El índice de concordancia de Lin explicó mejor las diferencias en predicción de ENL que el índice de correlación de Pearson. Conclusión. La producción de gas in vitro con la aplicación de la ecuación 3, fue un método confiable para estimar el contenido de ENL1x en cinco alimentos utilizados en vacas lecheras. Introduction. The energy content of forages is a limitation for milk production in grazing systems, and the net energy of lactation is the parameter most used to express the energy requirements of dairy cattle. Objective. To compare the net energy of lactation in feeds, obtained from equations based on in vitro gas production, with that estimated by the National Research Council (NRC) model. Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out from August to December 2017 at the Animal Nutrition Research Center of the Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica. In vitro gas production was determined in samples of star grass, ryegrass, corn silage, mulberry, and concentrate. Five equations that incorporated accumulated gas production at 24 hours were evaluated. Results. Gas production showed differences (p<0.001) between feeds. The highest volume of gas produced and content of net lactation energy (NEL) was obtained with concentrate. Equation 3 showed de highest precision for the estimation of NEL, which also reached the highest concordance correlation index (r2 =0.92). The use of equations by type of feed improved the accuracy for the NEL prediction. Equation 1 was more precise in concentrate while in corn silage it was equation 4, and in mulberry, star grass and ryegrass it was equation 3. Lin’s concordance index explained the differences in prediction of NEL1x better than the Pearson correlation index. Conclusion. The in vitro gas production technique with the application of equation 3 was a reliable method to estimate the NEL1x content in five feeds used in dairy cows Universidad de Costa Rica/[737-B5-188]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Estación Experimental de Ganado Lechero Alfredo Volio Mata (EEAVM) UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro de Investigaciones Agronómicas (CIA) UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Instituto de Investigaciones Agrícolas (IIA)

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    Agronomía Mesoamericana
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    Agronomía Mesoamericana
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      Agronomía Mesoamericana
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      Agronomía Mesoamericana
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    Authors: Mónica Ospino Araya; Yorleny Badilla Valverde; Wilfrido Paniagua Madrigal; Carlos Mario Campos Granados; +1 Authors

    RESUMEN Introducción. La ausencia de información económica constituye una barrera para el fomento de sistemas silvopastoriles. El componente forestal representa una contribución marginal en la economía de la ganadería, que mantiene una huella de carbono alta y ocupa un 43% del territorio. Se requiere un nuevo modelo silvopastoril de mayor impacto económico-social y ambiental. Objetivo. Generar información de costos del cultivo de árboles, en un diseño silvopastoril que logra integrar el negocio pecuario con el de madera. Materiales y métodos. Se reporta la estructura completa de costos del componente forestal, basado en clones de melina y teca. Se adaptó la información de plantaciones compactas ordinarias, a un sistema de cultivo de árboles en franjas dentro de una finca ganadera, utilizado en la zona norte de Costa Rica. La información se diferenció en dos escenarios, el modelo de alta y baja inversión, según el paquete tecnológico utilizado. Resultados. Los árboles se plantaron dentro de franjas cercadas de seis metros de ancho.ha-1 en los linderos de los apartos, en distribución tresbolillo a 2,5 m entre hileras y 4,0 m entre árboles, que permiten cultivar 150 árboles en dos franjas.ha-1, en un ciclo de 8 años para melina y de 16 años para teca. Conclusiones. El costo total de cultivar melina en dos franjas.ha-1, en el modelo de alta inversión, fue de ₡751 759 (US $1307) y de ₡966 818 (US $1681) con teca. En el modelo de baja inversión el costo total para melina fue de ₡545 739 (US $949) y para teca₡714 548(US $1242). La mano de obra representó 41% de los costos totales en melina y 44% en teca. Este diseño silvopastoril requiere plantar 4,17 ha con melina y 5,5 ha con teca para obtener la misma cantidad de madera que en una plantación convencional. ABSTRACT Introduction. The absence of economic information constitutes a barrier to the promotion of silvopastoral systems. The forest component represents a marginal contribution to the livestock economy, which maintains a high carbon footprint and occupies 43% of the territory. A new silvopastoral model of greater economic, social and environmental impact is required. Objective. To generate information on the costs of tree cultivation, in a silvopastoral design that manages to integrate the livestock business with that of wood. Materials and methods. The complete cost structure of the forest component is reported, based on melina and teak clones. The information from ordinary compact plantations was adapted to a strip tree cultivation system within a cattle farm, utilized in the northern region of Costa Rica. The information was differentiated in two scenarios, the high and low investment model, according to the technological package used. Results. The trees were planted within two fenced-strips of six meters wide per hectare at the boundaries of the grazing paddocks. Within the strips, trees were planted in an irregular distribution, at a distance of 2,5 m between rows and 4.0 m between trees, which allowed planting of 150 trees.ha-1 in a cycle of 8 years for melina and 16 years for teak. Conclusions.Total cost of growing melina in 2 strips.ha-1, in the high investment model was ₡751 759 (US $1307) and ₡966 818 (US $1681) for teak. In the low investment model, the total cost for melina was ₡545 739 (US $949) and ₡714 548 (US $1242) for teak. Labor represented 41% of the total costs in melina and 44% in teak. This silvopastoral design requires planting of 4.17 ha with melina and 5.5 ha with teak in order to obtain the same amount of wood as in a conventional plantation.

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    Agronomía Costarricense
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    Authors: Olman Murillo; Gustavo Torres; Dorian Carvajal; Yorleny Badilla;

    Production costs of Christmas trees ( Cupressus lusitanica Mill.) in Costa Rica. Christmas tree production based on cypress ( Cupressus lusitanica Mill.) started in the early 60´s in this country. An exhaustive cost data base of christmas trees production in Costa Rica, was elaborated, on the basis of a technological package for a production cycle of 2.5 years, planting initially 4444 trees.ha -1 (at a distance of 1.5 x 1.5 m) and selling 3111 trees (70%) at the end of the period. The cost structure data includes setting up 200 m of fences.ha -1 and an estimate of labor costs, which includes voluntary social security expenses. The wage cost at the II semester 2016 was established at ¢11.273.75 ($20.13 at an exchange rate of 1 US $ = C.R. ¢560). A complete production cycle requires approximately 373 wages in 3 years, some 125 wages/year, slightly below the average of a halftime farmworker. The total cost of planting one hectare was estimated at ¢6.170.786 ya que es una actividad intensiva que ofrece la posibilidad de plantar mas de 4000 arboles.ha -1 (Torres y Carvajal 2012). Los autores encontraron que los problemas en la comercializacion y la ausencia de organizaciones de productores, posiblemente constituyan la limitacion mas importante para el desarrollo del cultivo en el pais. To agricultural supplies. Total cost of producing a single tree is ¢1984 ($3.54), while the selling price is above ¢7500 or 4 times the production cost. The database is statistically reliable and realistic, as related to this activity in Costa Rica. Any improvement on the technological package would be reflected as increase of productivity indicators and in production cost decrease. The use of this costs database in for future investigations is recommended

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    Agronomía Costarricense
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    Authors: Thomas B. Croat; Orlando O. Ortiz; Marco Cedeño-Fonseca; David Scherberich;

    Urospatha caribaea, a new foliose emergent macrophyte species from Panama and Colombia is described and illustrated. This species inhabits wetlands, along rivers or in floodplain forests in Bocas del Toro (Panama) and Necoclí (Colombia) and is related to U. sagittifolia (Rudge) Schott, a widespread species from South America. This new taxon increases the number of species in Urospatha to thirteen, most of them present in South America.

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    Authors: Diego Ramírez Calvo; Víctor J. Acosta Chaves;

    La pérdida de hábitat ha puesto en peligro la avifauna urbana del Gran Área Metropolitana (GAM) de Costa Rica, aunque campus universitarios y parques urbanos sirven de reservorio para cientos de especies. Presentamos una lista preliminar de las aves del Recinto de Paraíso de la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), el cual generamos mediante censo por búsqueda intensiva y aplicación de ciencia ciudadana (2015-2018). Detectamos 120 especies (17 órdenes, 37 familias, 94 géneros) y un híbrido en el campus. Comparamos nuestro listado con otros de campus de la UCR y zonas urbanas de la GAM mediante un análisis de conglomerados (Índice de Jaccard, vinculación simple). El Recinto de Paraíso presentó más de la mitad de la riqueza registrada para la Sede Central (UCR), y más especies que la Sede Occidente (UCR) y demás sitios comparados. La similitud entre la riqueza de aves del Recinto de Paraíso y los demás sitios fue de al menos un 40%. La ciudad de Paraíso presenta condiciones biogeográficas y de paisaje propicias para una rica avifauna, pero algunos de sus ecosistemas están comprometidos. Por lo tanto, la Universidad de Costa Rica debe conservar sus humedales y fragmentos de bosque, e implementar diseño verde, para proteger la diversidad de aves en sus campus

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    Authors: Ana Cruz Bermúdez; Rodolfo WingChing Jones; Rebeca Zamora Sanabria;

    Introducción. La producción de gallinas con acceso a pastoreo integra el manejo del ave, forraje y la comercialización. Objetivo. Describir los sistemas de producción de gallinas ponedoras con acceso a pastoreo en Costa Rica y determinar la factibilidad de la implementación de un modelo de producción. Materiales y Métodos. Durante los años 2017 y 2018, se recolectó y analizó la información de producción, sanidad, pastoreo y manejo del huevo en seis granjas con aves de postura que presentan acceso al pastoreo. Para determinar la factibilidad del modelo de producción propuesto, se elaboró un flujo de caja (diez años), que contempló las inversiones para el desarrollo del sistema y una tasa de inflación del 10 % a través de los años. Se calcularon los costos de inversión, operación e ingresos por venta de huevo, gallinas de descarte y gallinaza. Se calcularon el VAN, TIR, relación B/C y punto de equilibrio. Resultados. El 66 % de los sistemas manejan aves especializadas, densidades entre 5 a 12 y 1 a 3 aves m-2 en el galpón y área de pastoreo respectivamente. El pastoreo se inició entre las 22 y 32 semanas, con sesiones de 2 a 10 horas día-1. Cinco sistemas no sustituyeron el alimento por forraje, lo consideran como aporte adicional. La propuesta, es demandante en instalaciones, terreno y equipo de trabajo. El alimento representó el 41 % de los costos operativos, seguido por el personal y la compra de las aves. Es rentable, al obtener un VAN positivo ($31 455,39), TIR de 21,48 %, una relación B/C>1 y se recupera la inversión a los seis años. Conclusión. Las granjas con gallinas ponedoras con acceso a pastoreo podrían mejorar en aspectos nutricionales y del cultivo del forraje. Además, son sistemas de producción que presentan indicadores económicos que propician su implementación. Introduction. The production of hens with access to grazing integrates bird, fodder, and marketing management. Objective. To describe laying hens’ production systems with grazing access in Costa Rica and determine the feasibility of implementing aproduction model. Materials and methods. During the years 2017 and 2018, information on the production, health, grazing, and egg management was collected and analyzed in six farms with laying birds that have access to grazing. To determine the feasibility of the proposed production model, a cash flow (ten years) was prepared, which included the investments to develop the system, and an inflation rate of 10% through the years. The costs of investment, operation, and income from the sale of the eggs, discarded hens, and poultry litter were analyzed. The NPV, IRR, C/B ratio, and break-even point were calculated. Results. Sixty six percent of the systems use specialized birds, densities between 5 to 12, and 1 to 3 birds m-2 in the shed and grazing area, respectively. Grazing began at 22 and 32 weeks, with 2-10 h day-1. Five systems did not substitute feed for fodder; they consider it as an added value. The proposal is demanding in facilities, plot, and work equipment. Feeds represent 41% of the operational costs, followed by labor (22 %), and bird purchase (17 %). It is profitable, by obtaining a positive NPV ($31 455.39) and IRR of 21.48 % and the C/B ratio>1, and the investment will be recovered after six years. Conclusions. Farms with laying hens with access to grazing evaluated in this work could improve in nutritional aspects and forage cultivation. In addition, they are production systems that present economic indicators that favor their implementation. Universidad de Costa Rica/[739-B3-333]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal (CINA) UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Facultad de Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Escuela de Zootecnia

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    Authors: Johannes Svensson; Henri Waisman; Adrien Vogt-Schilb; Chris Bataille; +14 Authors

    Abstract Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) represent 22% of global greenhouse gas emissions. To meet the objectives of the Paris Agreement, the AFOLU sector greenhouse gases must be dramatically reduced and eventually transformed to net negative CO2e within this century. The decarbonisation choices will have significant environmental, social and economic impacts, yet few analytical frameworks exist able to account holistically for AFOLU mitigation strategies and their sustainable development impacts in a way that combines advantages of global and national approaches to decarbonisation pathways. This paper proposes a pathway design framework for AFOLU decarbonisation strategies that can help governments set targets across four types of levers (increasing sequestration; improving the emissions efficiency of agriculture; incentivising dietary changes; and displacing fossil fuels with bioenergy) and help them navigate potential synergies and trade-offs with sustainable development objectives (notably food security, biodiversity preservation, poverty alleviation and job creation), in a way that facilitates co-construction and discussion with main stakeholders.

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    Energy Strategy Reviews
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    Authors: Marco Vinicio Castro Calderón; Jorge Alberto Elizondo Salazar; Antonio María Martinez Reina; Joaquín Alfonso García Peña; +2 Authors

    Introducción. El agua es el recurso más importante en todo el planeta y existe un claro reconocimiento de que los efectos de los sistemas de producción pecuaria y los patrones de consumo sobre este recurso, deben disminuir en intensidad. Objetivo. Establecer 3 indicadores de eficiencia en el uso de agua de lavado en instalaciones lecheras. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se llevó a cabo durante el segundo semestre del 2018, en 23 fincas lecheras, en Zarcero, Costa Rica. Para los 3 indicadores, se consideraron 4 variables: 1) agua utilizada para lavado de instalaciones, estimada por duración del tiempo de lavado y el caudal utilizado, 2) superficie de piso expuesto a la excreción, mediante la determinación de las áreas de piso cementado con presencia animal, 3) animales presentes, y 4) excretas generadas en las instalaciones, a partir de la estimación del peso vivo de los animales presentes. Se establecieron 3 indicadores de eficiencia: agua utilizada por kilogramo de excreta generada, agua utilizada por animal y agua utilizada por unidad de superficie, que se analizaron a nivel general y a nivel de subgrupos de fincas, agrupadas de acuerdo con el mecanismo utilizado para el transporte de agua para lavado, y de acuerdo con la existencia de procesos previos de remoción de excretas. Resultados. Para el primer indicador, se obtuvo un rango de 2,7-27,0 litros de agua por kilogramo de excreta generada; para el segundo indicador, la mediana fue de 58,5 litros por animal con un rango de 23,0 a 149,5; finalmente para el tercer indicador, el agua utilizada por área expuesta osciló entre 4,7 y 40,6 litros por metro cuadrado. Conclusión. Existe una gran variabilidad en los valores obtenidos para los diferentes indicadores en las fincas analizadas, sin embargo, la información generada puede servir de insumo para generar herramientas con el fin de identificar opciones para maximizar el uso y conservación del agua. Introduction. Water is the most important resource on the entire planet and there is a clear recognition that the effects of livestock production systems and consumption patterns on this resource should decrease. Objective. To establish 3 efficiency indicators in the use of water for cleaning dairy facilities. Materials and methods. The study was carried out during the second semester of 2018, in 23 dairy farms, in Zarcero, Costa Rica. For the 3 indicators, 4 variables were considered: 1) water consumption for cleaning facilities estimated by duration of wash time and flow rate used, 2) floor area exposed to excretion, by determining the areas of cemented floor with animal presence, 3) animals present, and 4) excreta generated in the facilities, from the estimation of live weight of animals present. Three efficiency indicators were established: water used per kilogram of excreta generated, water used per animal and water used per unit area, which were analyzed at a general level and at subgroup level of farms, grouped according to the mechanism used to transport water for cleaning, and according to the existence of previous excreta removal processes. Results. For the first indicator, a range of 2.7-27.0 liters of water per kilogram of excreta generated was obtained; for the second indicator, the median was 58.5 liters per animal with a range of 23.0 to 149.5; and for the third indicator, water used for exposed area ranged between 4.7 and 40.6 liters per square meter. Conclusion. There is a high variability within the obtained values for the different indicators in the farms analyzed, however, this information can serve as an input to generate tools to identify options to maximize water use efficiency and conservation. Universidad de Costa Rica/[737-B5-188]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Estación Experimental de Ganado Lechero Alfredo Volio Mata (EEAVM)

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    Agronomía Costarricense
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