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[要旨]脱炭素社会への移行が加速する中で，金融市場では企業の気候関連情報開示に関心が高まりつつある。本研究では，文献レビューにより，気候関連財務情報開示タスクフォース（TCFD）が推奨する開示指標の特徴や開示の現状を検討している。また，新規の分析として，国別・セクター別のTCFD開示の現状と課題を探っている。さらに，日本や農林業・食品セクターにおける情報開示の特徴や課題についても分析している。これは国別・セクター別の気候関連情報開示についてより詳細な議論を行うための基礎となり得るものである。[Abstract] As the transition toward a decarbonized society accelerates, financial markets have become increasingly interested in the disclosure of climate-related information by businesses. Through a literature review, this study examines the characteristics of the disclosure indicators and the current state of disclosure as recommended by the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD). As a novel piece of analysis, this study also explores the current status and issues of TCFD disclosure by country and sector. Furthermore, it analyses the characteristics and challenges of disclosure in Japan and the agriculture, forestry, and food sector. This can be a basis for more detailed discussions on national and sectoral climate-related disclosures.

Abstract Purpose – This study aims to analyze the determinants of agriculture in Indonesia, represented by the variables of labor, land, fertilizer, and rainfall from 1991 to 2018. Methods – This study uses the time series method by utilizing aggregate data at the national level in Indonesia. The method used in this research is the cointegration and error correction model (ECM). Findings – The results of this study indicate that in the short term, the factors that determine agricultural conditions in Indonesia are the amount of land and the use of fertilizers which show a positive impact. Meanwhile, the long-term results show that all variables, namely labor, land, fertilizer, and rainfall, impact agricultural conditions in Indonesia. The adjustment in the short-term to long-term process is shown that there is an adjustment for agricultural conditions in Indonesia. Implication – This study indicates that the policies carried out by the government in the agricultural sector are important for internal aspects, namely labor, land, and fertilizer, and external effects such as climate change so that appropriate policy interventions can increase agricultural production in Indonesia. Originality – This research contributes to modeling the determinants of the agricultural sector in Indonesia with the error correction model (ECM). Abstrak Tujuan – Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis determinan pertanian di Indonesia yang diwakili oleh variabel tenaga kerja, tanah, pupuk, dan curah hujan tahun 1991 sampai dengan tahun 2018. Metode – Penelitian ini menggunakan metode time series dengan memanfaatkan data agregat tingkat nasional di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kointegrasi dan error correction model (ECM). Temuan – Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam jangka pendek faktor yang menentukan kondisi pertanian di Indonesia adalah jumlah lahan dan penggunaan pupuk yang menunjukkan dampak positif. Sementara itu, hasil jangka panjang menunjukkan bahwa semua variabel yaitu tenaga kerja, tanah, pupuk, dan curah hujan mempengaruhi kondisi pertanian di Indonesia. Penyesuaian dalam proses jangka pendek ke jangka panjang menunjukkan adanya penyesuaian kondisi pertanian di Indonesia. Implikasi – Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan yang dilakukan pemerintah di bidang pertanian penting untuk aspek internal yaitu tenaga kerja, lahan, dan pupuk, serta terhadap dampak eksternal seperti perubahan iklim sehingga intervensi kebijakan yang tepat dapat meningkatkan produksi pertanian di Indonesia. Orisinalitas – Penelitian ini berkontribusi dalam memodelkan determinan sektor pertanian di Indonesia dengan model error correction model (ECM).

This research is devoted to the development of software to increase the efficiency of autonomous wind-generating substations using panel structures, which will allow the use of wind energy to generate electricity with minimal losses and for the life support of buildings and structures. In the course of the work, a software and hardware system with a functional diagram for experimental measurements was developed. The paper also describes the process of modeling wind generation, collecting and transmitting real-time data to a web server via the HTTPS protocol. Due to the intensive development of wind energy in Kazakhstan, there is a need to apply methods to improve the energy generation process. In particular, the use of hardware and software to monitor and make decisions on optimizing the power generation process will help solve the problem of limited economic and labor resources. The results of the experiments revealed that the automatic control of the shield structures allows specialists to increase the effectiveness of the energy generation process by 25 % and, thus, a non-linear relationship between the power of the generated energy, the speed and direction of wind has been revealed. It should also be noted that the results obtained in the course of this research make it possible to solve the problem of saving electricity in the cities of Kazakhstan, since so far there are only large-scale wind farms, which is not always available in simple urban conditions. Moreover, the software developed during the study will allow autonomous control and analysis of the behavior of the wind farm, taking into account various weather conditions. In the future, the methods of data analysis will be applied to the data obtained via the process of modeling. A script for receiving and transmitting real-time data with wind speed and direction sensors has been developed Дане дослідження присвячене розробці програмного забезпечення для підвищення ефективності автономних вітрогенеруючих підстанцій з використанням панельних конструкцій, що дозволить використовувати енергію вітру для вироблення електроенергії з мінімальними втратами і для життєзабезпечення будівель та споруд. В ході роботи розроблено програмно-апаратний комплекс із функціональною схемою для проведення експериментальних вимірювань. У статті також описується процес моделювання вітрогенерації, збору та передачі даних у режимі реального часу на веб-сервер за протоколом HTTPS. У зв'язку з інтенсивним розвитком вітроенергетики у Казахстані існує необхідність застосування методів удосконалення процесу вироблення енергії. Зокрема, використання технічних та програмних засобів контролю та прийняття рішень щодо оптимізації процесу вироблення електроенергії допоможе вирішити проблему обмежених економічних і трудових ресурсів. Результати експериментів показали, що автоматичне управління щитовими конструкціями дозволяє фахівцям підвищити ефективність процесу вироблення енергії на 25 % і, таким чином, виявлена нелінійна залежність між потужністю вироблюваної енергії, швидкістю та напрямком вітру. Слід також зазначити, що результати, отримані в ході даного дослідження, дозволяють вирішити проблему економії електроенергії в містах Казахстану, оскільки поки існують лише масштабні вітряні електростанції, що не завжди доступно в простих міських умовах. Більш того, розроблене в ході дослідження програмне забезпечення дозволить здійснювати автономне управління та аналізувати поведінку вітроелектростанції з урахуванням різних погодних умов. Надалі методи аналізу даних будуть застосовані до даних, отриманих у процесі моделювання. Розроблено сценарій прийому та передачі даних з датчиків швидкості і напрямку вітру в режимі реального часу.

[ES] Uno de los principales desafíos al que nos enfrentamos hoy en día es la lucha contra el cambio climático, fenómeno que está afectando considerablemente nuestra región en cuanto a su clima y a su biodiversidad. Los bosques constituyen un pilar fundamental en la lucha contra el cambio climático, ya que son los principales consumidores de CO2 de nuestro planeta y, además, mejoran y mantienen el suelo regulando el flujo de agua y la temperatura. El fenómeno que más amenaza nuestros bosques son los incendios, que derivan de los cambios en los modos de vida y de un abandono progresivo de este ecosistema. La Serranía es uno de los enclaves que más se ha visto afectado por incendios, siendo de especial relevancia el entorno próximo a Gestalgar. Los incendios sufridos en 1994 y especialmente en 2012 arrasaron el noroeste de la provincia dejando un bosque con serios problemas para recuperarse y un entorno que perdió de esta forma su biodiversidad. Mejorar la gestión y regeneración de los bosques quemados y los que están amenazados es una oportunidad de reducir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático. Gestalgar es, además, un pequeño pueblo entre montañas que ha sido partícipe del éxodo rural sufriendo actualmente una gran despoblación, por lo que resulta adecuado dotarlo de una infraestructura que genere trabajo cualificado en relación con el medio. Se escoge un emplazamiento en un entorno natural a los pies de una antigua cantera, aprovechando esta localización para poner en valor los restos arqueológicos de los antiguos Yesares que han ido apareciendo en la zona. Así, el programa combina espacios para la investigación sobre regeneración forestal y sobre arqueología, laboratorios, aulas para la formación de nuevos investigadores y áreas de cultivo de bosque. El proyecto consta de tres edificios con un mismo lenguaje arquitectónico, pero con diferencias que hacen referencia a su uso. Se emplazan en suelo degradado, dejando el suelo fértil para los cultivos de bosque, y se conectan a través del sendero recuperado de los Yesares, finalizando en la torre generadora de energía. El proyecto es una puesta en valor de la autosuficiencia y la construcción sostenible con materiales de bajo impacto y consumo casi nulo. [EN] One of the main challenges we face today is the fight against climate change, a phenomenon that is considerably affecting our region in terms of climate and biodiversity. Forests are a fundamental pillar in the fight against climate change, as they are the main consumers of CO2 on our planet and also improve and maintain the soil by regulating the flow of water and temperature. The phenomenon that most threatens our forests are fires, which are the result of changes in lifestyles and the progressive abandonment of this ecosystem. The Serranía is one of the enclaves that has been most affected by fires, with the area around Gestalgar being of particular relevance. The fires suffered in 1994 and especially in 2012 devastated the northwest of the province, leaving a forest with serious problems to recover and an environment that lost its biodiversity this way. Improving the management and regeneration of burnt and threatened forests is an opportunity to reduce vulnerability to climate change. Gestalgar is also a small village in the mountains that has been part of the rural exodus and is currently suffering from depopulation, so it is appropriate to provide it with an infrastructure that generates qualified work in relation to the environment. The place has been chosen in a natural environment at the foot of an old quarry, taking advantage of this location to enhance the archaeological remains of the old Yesares that have been appearing in the area. Thus, the programme combines spaces for research on forest regeneration and archaeology, laboratories, classrooms for the training of new researchers and forest cultivation areas. The project consists of three buildings with the same architectural language, but with differences in their use. They are located on degraded land, leaving the fertile soil for forest crops, and are connected through the recovered path of the Yesares, ending at the energy generating tower. The project is a promotion of self-sufficiency and sustainable construction with low-impact materials and almost zero consumption.

SUSTAGRI4.0 will bring digital and marketing skills to small-scale farmers and agribusiness owners towards a sustainable and community-driven future. SUSTAGRI4.0 core aim is to promote a more sustainable agriculture and support sustainable agriculture businesses in their transition to Agriculture 4.0. This report, comprised from three clusters, the highlighting results of the study, focusing on the professional skills of the future European farming community build on the cornerstones of sustainability, digitalization, and entrepreneurship: Best practices at consortium level; digital survey; focus groups. The country analysis is based on critical research of relevant open sources, including, inter alia, data from national and regional/municipal organizations, law enforcement practice, formal education curriculum, scientific publications and NGOs reports. These desk studies have been of high importance for us, balancing academic findings, correcting views and seriously expanding our understanding of youth issues and related processes of digitalization. Moreover, they have served as a pool for ideas, inspiration and practical models for partner organizations [Cluster I]. Digital Survey recap the desk and case studies, providing valuable insights from our target groups – both from youth and stakeholders and enriching us with clarifying first-hand knowledge for preparing the next steps of our project [Cluster II]. Development of focus groups: Research on local producers & sustainable agricultural business owners and VET. After finishing the research phase (national level) has been completed, a number of best practices has been identified and described in order to compare official data and statistics with real implementation of abovementioned tools [Cluster III]

Increased irrigation due to agricultural intensification has profound impacts on the surface water and energy balance at regional to local scales. Recent updates of the state of the art Land Surfac...

ABSTRACT Plant disease still plays a major role in limiting agricultural production worldwide. Pathogens and pests reduce crop yield and can cause large reductions in crop quality. Colombia is no exception as it contends with many devastating pathogens that present a major threat to the country’s agricultural sector. This review is important because it highlights four of the more damaging pathogens that affect the economics of important crops in Colombia - Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis (Xpm),Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), Phytophthora palmivora, and Hemileia vastatrix. This paper was based on an extensive literature search for plant diseases in Colombia in databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Moreover, this search was complemented with research on crop production in the country in databases made available by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The four pathogens reviewed in this paper were chosen not only because of their current devastating effects on Colombia’s agricultural production but also because of their potential to cause further damage in the near future. Understanding the current situation of these crop pathogens in Colombia is imperative for state directives aimed at developing informed and efficient control strategies. RESUMEN Las enfermedades de las plantas constituyen todavía un gran factor limitante para la producción agrícola a nivel global. Los patógenos y plagas vegetales disminuyen el rendimiento agrícola y pueden causar grandes reducciones en la calidad de los cultivos cosechados. Colombia no es una excepción, ya que lucha contra muchos fitopatógenos devastadores que representan una gran amenaza para el sector agrícola del país. Este artículo de revisión es importante ya que destaca cuatro de los fitopatógenos más devastadores que afectan económicamente cultivos de gran importancia en Colombia - Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis (Xpm), Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), Phytophthora palmivora, y Hemileia vastatrix. Este trabajo fue desarrollado a través de una búsqueda extensiva de literatura acerca de enfermedades vegetales en Colombia en bases de datos como por ejemplo PubMed y Google Scholar. Además, esta búsqueda fue complementada con un rastreo acerca de la producción agrícola del país en bases de datos que se encuentran disponibles por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO). Los cuatro patógenos descritos en este trabajo fueron elegidos no solamente por sus actuales efectos devastadores en la producción agrícola colombiana pero también por su potencial para causar aún más daño en un futuro cercano. El entendimiento de la situación actual de estos fitopatógenos en Colombia es esencial para que se implementen políticas públicas que promuevan el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias de control eficientes e informadas.

The European Commission recently embraced the concept of agroecology as a pathway to reduce negative impacts from agri-food systems on the environment. So far, it remains unclear whether agroecology can deliver on these high hopes if implemented on a large scale. We here assess socio-economic and environmental implications of multiple agroecological futures in the European Union in 2050, based on a novel diagnostic scenario approach, i.e. the biomass balancing model BioBaM-GHG 2.0. We find that agroecological measures from the plot to the food systems level can indeed reduce environmental pressures while maintaining domestic food availability within the EU. Such measures are, for example, more hedgerows on croplands or reduced biomass harvest on high natural value – HNV grasslands. However, a key prerequisite is an overall reduction of the food system's size (based on the reduction of animal production, food wastes, and export production) and an optimised crop-livestock integration. Only then does the transformation towards an agroecological agri-food system in the EU not risk overstretching domestic land availability or produce insufficient agricultural commodities. Mitigating the accompanied trade-off of reduced farm income is a central mandate for policy development aimed at re-designing agriculture in Europe to align with the Green Deal goals.

The heterogeneous network (HetNet) is a specified cellular platform to tackle the rapidly growing anticipated data traffic. From a communications perspective, data loads can be mapped to energy loads that are generally placed on the operator networks. Meanwhile, renewable energy-aided networks offer to curtailed fossil fuel consumption, so to reduce the environmental pollution. This paper proposes a renewable energy based power supply architecture for the off-grid HetNet using a novel energy sharing model. Solar photovoltaics (PV) along with sufficient energy storage devices are used for each macro, micro, pico, or femto base station (BS). Additionally, a biomass generator (BG) is used for macro and micro BSs. The collocated macro and micro BSs are connected through end-to-end resistive lines. A novel-weighted proportional-fair resource-scheduling algorithm with sleep mechanisms is proposed for non-real time (NRT) applications by trading-off the power consumption and communication delays. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm with an extended discontinuous reception (eDRX) and power saving mode (PSM) for narrowband internet of things (IoT) applications extends the battery lifetime for IoT devices. HOMER optimization software is used to perform optimal system architecture, economic, and carbon footprint analyses while the Monte-Carlo simulation tool is used for evaluating the throughput and energy efficiency performances. The proposed algorithms are validated through the practical data of the rural areas of Bangladesh from which it is evident that the proposed power supply architecture is energy-efficient, cost-effective, reliable, and eco-friendly.

Background: The animal welfare and production consequences of gastrointestinal nematode infections, namely Nematodirus battus, on sheep are compelling. The control of gastrointestinal infections has been heavily reliant on the administration of anthelmintics since their introduction into mainstream use in 1960. However, their frequent and often excessive use has resulted in anthelmintic resistance being reported extensively in several gastrointestinal nematode species. The prevalence of anthelmintic resistance as well as the increase in the number of cases of multiple-drug resistance in nematode populations now poses substantial hindrance on the viability of sheep production systems. However, despite the threat N. battus poses to the sustainability of sheep farming, there are very few publications on this nematode. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence and epidemiology of N. battus in sheep across Ireland and the United Kingdom between the years 2011 and 2021. Relevant studies were reviewed from the literature to identify N. battus resistance to the benzimidazole and macrocyclic lactone anthelmintic groups and to assess anthelmintic efficacy using in vivo and in vitro methods. Preliminary data was also gathered from the distribution of a survey to identify the perceived efficacy of anthelmintic treatments and the management factors that may be contributing to anthelmintic resistance. The dissemination of the survey was primarily shared via social media platforms. Results: The results obtained from the literature highlighted variation in the epidemiology of N. battus. Although the historically proposed lifecycle which occurs during the spring period is prevalent across Ireland and the UK, clinical nematodirosis in autumn is becoming more frequent. Resistance to a number of the broad-spectrum anthelmintics was identified in 60% (n=10) of the publications from the UK, with the benzimidazoles being reported as the least effective. The assessment of anthelmintic efficacy highlighted that there is a lack of effectiveness and sensitivity in the in vivo and in vitro methods that are readily applied in field conditions. From the 134 responses obtained from the survey, a number of concerns were raised with management practices. It was concluded that many flock owners have become complacent with incorrect dosing and a lack of calibrating of dosing equipment, as seen in 69% and 63% respectively. In addition, the prevalence of N. battus is becoming more evident on farms across Ireland and the UK, with 62% of farms having an outbreak of N. battus infection on the farm within the last five years. Although many of these respondents identified clinical signs in lambs during the predicted spring period, a number of respondents (6.7%) proposed that infection occurred during the autumn period, which concurred with previous findings. Conclusion: The extensive use of anthelmintics on sheep production systems has led to the rapid progression of anthelmintic resistance across Ireland and the UK, particularly to the broad-spectrum anthelmintics. Without the use of effective and reliable testing methods and the implementation of stringent monitoring strategies, the fight against anthelmintic resistance will be a losing battle. It is critical that there is more emphasis on the need for improving worming strategies on sheep farms. Without effective worm control and a resistance management flock plan, animal health and anthelmintic efficacy will continue to deteriorate. Keywords: Gastrointestinal nematodes, anthelmintic resistance, Nematodirus battus, multiple-drug resistance, sheep, sustainability, prevalence, epidemiology, Ireland, United Kingdom, in vivo, in vitro.