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  • Rural Digital Europe
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  • 8. Economic growth
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ruml, Anette; Qaim, Matin; Qaim, Matin; 1 Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany;

    AbstractContractual agreements between smallholder farmers and agribusiness companies have gained in importance in many developing countries. While productivity and income effects of contracting in the small farm sector were analyzed in many previous studies, labor market and employment effects are not yet well understood. This is an important research gap, especially against the background of continued population growth and structural transformation. Here, we investigate the effects of two types of contractual agreements between large international processing companies and smallholder farmers on agricultural labor use, household labor allocation, and hired labor demand in Ghana's palm oil sector. We use cross‐sectional survey data and a willingness‐to‐pay approach to control for unobserved heterogeneity between farmers with and without contracts. We find that agricultural labor intensity is substantially reduced through the contracts, because contracting in Ghana is associated with the adoption of labor‐saving procedures and technologies. Simple marketing contracts lead to reallocation of the saved household labor to off‐farm employment, whereas resource‐providing contracts lead to a stronger reallocation of labor within the farming enterprise. Household labor is more affected by labor savings than hired labor.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Göttingen Research O...arrow_drop_down
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    Agricultural Economics
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC
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    EconStor
    Article . 2021
    License: CC BY NC
    Data sources: EconStor
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    Agricultural Economics
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    Article . 2021
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Göttingen Research O...arrow_drop_down
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      Agricultural Economics
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      EconStor
      Article . 2021
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      Agricultural Economics
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      Article . 2021
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    Authors: Anette Ruml; Martin Qaim;

    Contract farming is typically seen as a useful mechanism to help smallholders in overcoming market access constraints. However, in spite of economic benefits, high smallholder dropout rates from contract schemes are commonplace. We use quantitative and qualitative data from Ghana to show that smallholder farmers benefit from a resource-providing contract in terms of higher yields and incomes, but that most of them still regret their decision to participate in the contract scheme and would prefer to exit if they could. The analysis underlines that research focusing on narrowly defined economic indicators alone cannot explain farmers' satisfaction with contracts and their dropout behaviour. The main problem in the contract scheme is insufficient information provided by the company. Farmers do not understand all the contract details, which leads to substantial mistrust. Farmers believe that the company behaves opportunistically, for instance during the output weighing procedure, and these beliefs are significantly correlated with the farmers’ wish to exit. We conclude that issues of mistrust and lack of transparency can contribute to breakdowns of smallholder contract schemes and that such issues should receive more attention in future research on contract farming.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The Journal of Devel...arrow_drop_down
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    The Journal of Development Studies
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    The Journal of Development Studies
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The Journal of Devel...arrow_drop_down
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      The Journal of Development Studies
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      The Journal of Development Studies
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    Authors: Vallet, Guillaume;

    International audience; The article aims to identify the role of peasantry in the Swiss national production system and in the Swiss society in general. There is an evident paradox when considering the peasantry in Switzerland: though its economic power has been decreasing over time, its political power remains. The author uses the archival data to resolve this paradox and prove the key role of the Swiss peasantry in Switzerland from the historical and institutional perspectives in creating the "Swiss model" based on money. Therefore, the Swiss peasantry has always been involved in the national decision-making and represents the cultural basis of the local scale (centripetal forces) in this small open economy (centrifugal forces). The article focuses on the Swiss case to reveal the relationship between the peasantry as a social group with specific functions and the national production system. The latter refers to the system of different sectors of the national economy, which requires a "glue" in the form of monetary policies that are consistent with economic and social structures. According to Schumpeter, "nothing demonstrates so clearly what a people is made of than how it conducts its monetary policy... everything that a people desires, does, suffers, is reflected in a people’s monetary system" (Schumpeter, 2014: xiv). The article aims to explain the extent to which peasants as a social group matter in the Swiss national production system. The author believes that this group has also participated in developing a strong economic system in Switzerland relying on the Swiss franc, therefore the term "peasantry" implies both economic and cultural features in the historical context. The first part of the article identifies current characteristics of Swiss peasants as a social group; the second part describes their role in the 1930s, i.e. in the development of the strong national production system; and the third part sums up the first two by explaining the key role of peasantry in Switzerland in a broad sense.

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    Russian Peasant Studies
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Russian Peasant Studies
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Müller, Armin;

    Introduction to Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 2/2016: Marginalisation and State Intervention in China

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    Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Müller, Armin;

    Most migrant workers in mainland China are officially covered by the New Rural Cooperative Medical System (NRCMS), a rural health insurance system that operates in their home communities. The NRCMS and the system of household registration ([Formula: see text], hukou) are tightly linked and systemically interdependent institutions. Migrant workers have difficulties benefitting from this social protection because it remains spatially separated from them. Only a minority have access to urban health insurance systems. This paper sheds light on the institutional origins of the coverage problem of migrant workers and examines crucial policy initiatives that attempt to solve it. In the context of the ongoing hukou reforms, these policies aim to partially dissolve the systemic interdependence of hukou and health insurance. While the policies provide feasible, yet conflict-prone, solutions in short-distance and concentrated bilateral migration systems, covering migrants who cross provincial boundaries remains a challenge.

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    Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Mason, Colin; Carter, Sara; Tagg, Stephen;

    Home-based businesses are a significant proportion of the small business sector. However, they are largely invisible, not separately identified in official statistics and difficult to survey. Home-based businesses account for 36% of all businesses in the UK. Most are full-time businesses and one in ten have achieved significant scale. They are found in all industry sectors. Only a small minority are largely or exclusively engaged in e-commerce. There is a striking association between areas with the highest proportions of home based businesses and the geography of economic prosperity. Local authorities should make home based business a focus for economic development. Von zu Hause aus geführte Unternehmen machen einen erheblichen Anteil des Sektors der Kleinunternehmen aus. Doch da diese Unternehmen unsichtbar bleiben, wird angenommen, dass sie nur einen geringen Beitrag zur Wirtschaft leisten. In diesem Beitrag wird diese Ansicht in Frage gestellt. Die Unternehmen sind mehrheitlich Vollzeit tätig. Jedes zehnte von ihnen hat eine signifikante Größe erreicht. Die Unternehmen schaffen Arbeitsplätze für mehr Personen als nur den bzw. die Eigentümer. Sie sind konzentriert in den Sektoren der Informationstechnologie sowie der geschäftlichen und professionellen Dienste angesiedelt. Ebenso zeichnen sie sich durch eine charakteristische Geografie aus. Den höchsten Anteil an von zu Hause aus geführten Unternehmen weisen ländliche und nicht-metropolitane Gebiete in Südengland auf. In urbanen bzw. industriellen Regionen finden sich die niedrigsten Anteile. Diese Tatsache legt nahe, dass die Rolle der von zu Hause aus geführten Unternehmen bei der lokalen Wirtschaftsentwicklung überdacht werden muss.

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    Regional Studies
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Hilson, Gavin; Banchirigah, Sadia Mohammed;

    International audience; This paper critiques the approach being taken in Ghana to identify and develop Alternative Livelihood (AL) and allied Local Economic Development (LED) projects in mining communities. The rapid insurgence of illegal artisanal gold mining in Ghana has forced policymakers to think more creatively about ways in which to deal with mounting unemployment in the country's rural areas. Most of the economic activities being promoted, however, have proved extremely unpopular with target groups. The policy approaches adopted reflect how little in tune the organizations championing AL policy in Ghana's mining communities are with the mindsets and ambitions of target populations.

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    The Journal of Development Studies
    Article . 2009 . Peer-reviewed
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      The Journal of Development Studies
      Article . 2009 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Champion, Tony; Coombes, Mike; Brown, David L;

    Champion T., Coombes M. and Brown D. L. Migration and longer-distance commuting in rural England, Regional Studies. This paper examines whether recent in-migrants to rural settlements in England commute further to work than the longer-term residents of these places, and whether commuting distance differs according to the type of move and the geographical context of their home. The study is based on data from the Individual Controlled Access Microdata Sample (CAMS) of the 2001 Census of Population. It is found that recent in-migrants are much more likely than longer-term residents to commute at least 20 km. Using binary logistic regression so as to allow for socio-demographic differences between people, it is shown that the likelihood of longer-distance commuting was highest for people who had moved home by between 15 and 99 km and for people moving from the largest cities. Champion T., Coombes M. et Brown D. L. Les migrations quotidiennes a plus grande distance aux zones rurales en Angleterre, Regional St...

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    Regional Studies
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    Regional Studies
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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      Regional Studies
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      Regional Studies
      Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Green, Anne; De Hoyos, Maria; Owen, David; Jones, Paul;

    Green A. E., De Hoyos M., Jones P. and Owen D. Rural development and labour supply challenges in the UK: the role of non-UK migrants, Regional Studies. Characteristic features of the demographic structure of rural areas in the UK include net out-migration of young adults and an older than average age profile. These features pose a labour supply challenge for rural areas. However, many rural areas are experiencing in-migration (from other parts of the UK and overseas) and there has been considerable policy emphasis on capturing the skills of migrants to enhance local economic development. To date, the role of non-UK migrants in rural areas has received relatively little attention. This paper discusses the impact of recent growth in the numbers of international migrants on the economy and labour market of rural areas and considers the opportunities and risks for rural development posed by increasing reliance on non-UK migrants in the workforce. Green A. E., De Hoyos M., Jones P. et Owen D. Menaces pour le d...

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    Regional Studies
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    Regional Studies
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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      Regional Studies
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    Authors: Lafuente, Esteban Miguel; Rialp, Josep; Vaillant, Yancy;

    Lafuente E., Vaillant Y. and Rialp J. (2007) Regional differences in the influence of role models: comparing the entrepreneurial process of rural Catalonia, Regional Studies 41, 779–795. The paper examines the impact of entrepreneurial role models on the entrepreneurial process in rural areas with a strong entrepreneurial history versus those not necessarily characterized by such a tradition. To attain this objective, a socio-cultural institutional approach to entrepreneurship is adopted. A Rare Events logit model using a robust Spanish data set from 2003 is carried out. The main contribution of the study indicates that the difference between entrepreneurial activity levels in rural Spain is in large part explained by the presence of entrepreneurial role models favouring entrepreneurial activity in rural Catalonia, an area with a strong entrepreneurial tradition. Lafuente E., Vaillant Y. et Rialp J. (2007) Les ecarts regionaux quant a l'influence des Modeles: une comparaison de l'esprit d'entreprise dans ...

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    Regional Studies
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    Authors: Ruml, Anette; Qaim, Matin; Qaim, Matin; 1 Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany;

    AbstractContractual agreements between smallholder farmers and agribusiness companies have gained in importance in many developing countries. While productivity and income effects of contracting in the small farm sector were analyzed in many previous studies, labor market and employment effects are not yet well understood. This is an important research gap, especially against the background of continued population growth and structural transformation. Here, we investigate the effects of two types of contractual agreements between large international processing companies and smallholder farmers on agricultural labor use, household labor allocation, and hired labor demand in Ghana's palm oil sector. We use cross‐sectional survey data and a willingness‐to‐pay approach to control for unobserved heterogeneity between farmers with and without contracts. We find that agricultural labor intensity is substantially reduced through the contracts, because contracting in Ghana is associated with the adoption of labor‐saving procedures and technologies. Simple marketing contracts lead to reallocation of the saved household labor to off‐farm employment, whereas resource‐providing contracts lead to a stronger reallocation of labor within the farming enterprise. Household labor is more affected by labor savings than hired labor.

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    Agricultural Economics
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agricultural Economics
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      EconStor
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    Authors: Anette Ruml; Martin Qaim;

    Contract farming is typically seen as a useful mechanism to help smallholders in overcoming market access constraints. However, in spite of economic benefits, high smallholder dropout rates from contract schemes are commonplace. We use quantitative and qualitative data from Ghana to show that smallholder farmers benefit from a resource-providing contract in terms of higher yields and incomes, but that most of them still regret their decision to participate in the contract scheme and would prefer to exit if they could. The analysis underlines that research focusing on narrowly defined economic indicators alone cannot explain farmers' satisfaction with contracts and their dropout behaviour. The main problem in the contract scheme is insufficient information provided by the company. Farmers do not understand all the contract details, which leads to substantial mistrust. Farmers believe that the company behaves opportunistically, for instance during the output weighing procedure, and these beliefs are significantly correlated with the farmers’ wish to exit. We conclude that issues of mistrust and lack of transparency can contribute to breakdowns of smallholder contract schemes and that such issues should receive more attention in future research on contract farming.

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    The Journal of Development Studies
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    The Journal of Development Studies
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      The Journal of Development Studies
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      The Journal of Development Studies
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    Authors: Vallet, Guillaume;

    International audience; The article aims to identify the role of peasantry in the Swiss national production system and in the Swiss society in general. There is an evident paradox when considering the peasantry in Switzerland: though its economic power has been decreasing over time, its political power remains. The author uses the archival data to resolve this paradox and prove the key role of the Swiss peasantry in Switzerland from the historical and institutional perspectives in creating the "Swiss model" based on money. Therefore, the Swiss peasantry has always been involved in the national decision-making and represents the cultural basis of the local scale (centripetal forces) in this small open economy (centrifugal forces). The article focuses on the Swiss case to reveal the relationship between the peasantry as a social group with specific functions and the national production system. The latter refers to the system of different sectors of the national economy, which requires a "glue" in the form of monetary policies that are consistent with economic and social structures. According to Schumpeter, "nothing demonstrates so clearly what a people is made of than how it conducts its monetary policy... everything that a people desires, does, suffers, is reflected in a people’s monetary system" (Schumpeter, 2014: xiv). The article aims to explain the extent to which peasants as a social group matter in the Swiss national production system. The author believes that this group has also participated in developing a strong economic system in Switzerland relying on the Swiss franc, therefore the term "peasantry" implies both economic and cultural features in the historical context. The first part of the article identifies current characteristics of Swiss peasants as a social group; the second part describes their role in the 1930s, i.e. in the development of the strong national production system; and the third part sums up the first two by explaining the key role of peasantry in Switzerland in a broad sense.

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    Russian Peasant Studies
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Russian Peasant Studies
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Müller, Armin;

    Introduction to Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 2/2016: Marginalisation and State Intervention in China

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    Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Müller, Armin;

    Most migrant workers in mainland China are officially covered by the New Rural Cooperative Medical System (NRCMS), a rural health insurance system that operates in their home communities. The NRCMS and the system of household registration ([Formula: see text], hukou) are tightly linked and systemically interdependent institutions. Migrant workers have difficulties benefitting from this social protection because it remains spatially separated from them. Only a minority have access to urban health insurance systems. This paper sheds light on the institutional origins of the coverage problem of migrant workers and examines crucial policy initiatives that attempt to solve it. In the context of the ongoing hukou reforms, these policies aim to partially dissolve the systemic interdependence of hukou and health insurance. While the policies provide feasible, yet conflict-prone, solutions in short-distance and concentrated bilateral migration systems, covering migrants who cross provincial boundaries remains a challenge.

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    Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
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      Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
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    Authors: Mason, Colin; Carter, Sara; Tagg, Stephen;

    Home-based businesses are a significant proportion of the small business sector. However, they are largely invisible, not separately identified in official statistics and difficult to survey. Home-based businesses account for 36% of all businesses in the UK. Most are full-time businesses and one in ten have achieved significant scale. They are found in all industry sectors. Only a small minority are largely or exclusively engaged in e-commerce. There is a striking association between areas with the highest proportions of home based businesses and the geography of economic prosperity. Local authorities should make home based business a focus for economic development. Von zu Hause aus geführte Unternehmen machen einen erheblichen Anteil des Sektors der Kleinunternehmen aus. Doch da diese Unternehmen unsichtbar bleiben, wird angenommen, dass sie nur einen geringen Beitrag zur Wirtschaft leisten. In diesem Beitrag wird diese Ansicht in Frage gestellt. Die Unternehmen sind mehrheitlich Vollzeit tätig. Jedes zehnte von ihnen hat eine signifikante Größe erreicht. Die Unternehmen schaffen Arbeitsplätze für mehr Personen als nur den bzw. die Eigentümer. Sie sind konzentriert in den Sektoren der Informationstechnologie sowie der geschäftlichen und professionellen Dienste angesiedelt. Ebenso zeichnen sie sich durch eine charakteristische Geografie aus. Den höchsten Anteil an von zu Hause aus geführten Unternehmen weisen ländliche und nicht-metropolitane Gebiete in Südengland auf. In urbanen bzw. industriellen Regionen finden sich die niedrigsten Anteile. Diese Tatsache legt nahe, dass die Rolle der von zu Hause aus geführten Unternehmen bei der lokalen Wirtschaftsentwicklung überdacht werden muss.

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    Regional Studies
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Hilson, Gavin; Banchirigah, Sadia Mohammed;

    International audience; This paper critiques the approach being taken in Ghana to identify and develop Alternative Livelihood (AL) and allied Local Economic Development (LED) projects in mining communities. The rapid insurgence of illegal artisanal gold mining in Ghana has forced policymakers to think more creatively about ways in which to deal with mounting unemployment in the country's rural areas. Most of the economic activities being promoted, however, have proved extremely unpopular with target groups. The policy approaches adopted reflect how little in tune the organizations championing AL policy in Ghana's mining communities are with the mindsets and ambitions of target populations.

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    The Journal of Development Studies
    Article . 2009 . Peer-reviewed
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      The Journal of Development Studies
      Article . 2009 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Champion, Tony; Coombes, Mike; Brown, David L;

    Champion T., Coombes M. and Brown D. L. Migration and longer-distance commuting in rural England, Regional Studies. This paper examines whether recent in-migrants to rural settlements in England commute further to work than the longer-term residents of these places, and whether commuting distance differs according to the type of move and the geographical context of their home. The study is based on data from the Individual Controlled Access Microdata Sample (CAMS) of the 2001 Census of Population. It is found that recent in-migrants are much more likely than longer-term residents to commute at least 20 km. Using binary logistic regression so as to allow for socio-demographic differences between people, it is shown that the likelihood of longer-distance commuting was highest for people who had moved home by between 15 and 99 km and for people moving from the largest cities. Champion T., Coombes M. et Brown D. L. Les migrations quotidiennes a plus grande distance aux zones rurales en Angleterre, Regional St...

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    Regional Studies
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    Regional Studies
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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      Regional Studies
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      Regional Studies
      Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Green, Anne; De Hoyos, Maria; Owen, David; Jones, Paul;

    Green A. E., De Hoyos M., Jones P. and Owen D. Rural development and labour supply challenges in the UK: the role of non-UK migrants, Regional Studies. Characteristic features of the demographic structure of rural areas in the UK include net out-migration of young adults and an older than average age profile. These features pose a labour supply challenge for rural areas. However, many rural areas are experiencing in-migration (from other parts of the UK and overseas) and there has been considerable policy emphasis on capturing the skills of migrants to enhance local economic development. To date, the role of non-UK migrants in rural areas has received relatively little attention. This paper discusses the impact of recent growth in the numbers of international migrants on the economy and labour market of rural areas and considers the opportunities and risks for rural development posed by increasing reliance on non-UK migrants in the workforce. Green A. E., De Hoyos M., Jones P. et Owen D. Menaces pour le d...

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    Regional Studies
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    Regional Studies
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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      Regional Studies
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      Regional Studies
      Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Lafuente, Esteban Miguel; Rialp, Josep; Vaillant, Yancy;

    Lafuente E., Vaillant Y. and Rialp J. (2007) Regional differences in the influence of role models: comparing the entrepreneurial process of rural Catalonia, Regional Studies 41, 779–795. The paper examines the impact of entrepreneurial role models on the entrepreneurial process in rural areas with a strong entrepreneurial history versus those not necessarily characterized by such a tradition. To attain this objective, a socio-cultural institutional approach to entrepreneurship is adopted. A Rare Events logit model using a robust Spanish data set from 2003 is carried out. The main contribution of the study indicates that the difference between entrepreneurial activity levels in rural Spain is in large part explained by the presence of entrepreneurial role models favouring entrepreneurial activity in rural Catalonia, an area with a strong entrepreneurial tradition. Lafuente E., Vaillant Y. et Rialp J. (2007) Les ecarts regionaux quant a l'influence des Modeles: une comparaison de l'esprit d'entreprise dans ...

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    Regional Studies
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    Regional Studies
    Article . 2007 . Peer-reviewed
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