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  • Rural Digital Europe
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  • 15. Life on land
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lorène Siegwart; Isabelle Bertrand; Olivier Roupsard; Maxime Duthoit; +1 Authors

    In agroforestry systems, fine roots grow at several depths due to the mixture of trees and annual crops. The decomposition of fine roots contributes to soil organic carbon stocks and may impact soil fertility, particularly in poor soils, such as those encountered in sub-Sahelian regions. The aim of our study was to measure the decomposition rate of root litter from annual and perennial species according to soil depth and location under and far from trees in a sub-Sahelian agroforestry parkland.Soil characteristics under and far from the trees were analysed from topsoil to 200 cm depth. Faidherbia tree, pearl millet and cowpea root litter samples were buried in litterbags for 15 months at 20, 40, 90 and 180 cm depths.Root litter decomposition was mainly impacted by soil moisture and soil depth. Faidherbia decomposed more slowly (36 ± 12% remaining mass after 15 months) than cowpea and pearl millet roots (23 ± 7% and 29 ± 11% respectively). Pearl millet aboveground biomass, at harvesting time, was twice as high under (9918 g m-2) than far (4332 g m-2) from the tree, and belowground biomass (0–200 cm of depth) was 89 g m-2 and 64 g m-2 under and far from the tree, respectively. Faidherbia fine roots contributed slightly (p-value < 0.1) to higher stocks of C under the tree (7761 ± 346 g m-2) than far from it (5425 ± 558 g m-2) and from 0 cm down to 200 cm depth. International audience

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO; Journal of Arid Environments
    Article . 2021 . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: ZENODO; Crossref
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jouf, Chouaib; LAWSON, Laté;

    Abstract The interconnection between commodity prices, agricultural expansion and forestland conservation by farmers has received little scholarly attention in existing literature. This paper analyses the influence of European farmers’ responsiveness to changes in agri-commodity prices on how they manage the trade-offs between agricultural expansion and forestland preservation. In so doing, we rely on a comprehensive dataset relating to European agricultural holdings over the period of 2008–2017, covering 128 regions, and use a recursive equation system that links commodity prices to economic output per area, and the latter to forestland privately owned by farmers. Controlling for farm characteristics, geographical spillovers as well as regressor endogeneity, we find results suggesting that there is indeed evidence of such a trade-off. Specifically, with increased prices, European agricultural holdings expand crop production (respectively agricultural land), which reversely conflicts with private forestland. Replicating the analysis on different subsamples confirms the robustness of these findings. Based on these results, we advocate for further incentive towards the preservation of forests privately owned by agricultural holdings.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ HAL Paris Nanterre; ...arrow_drop_down
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    Ecological Economics
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Boubacar Solly; El Hadji Balla Diéye; Oumar Sy; Aruna M Jarju; +1 Authors

    Located in the south of Senegal, the Upper-Casamance (present-day Kolda region) has a strong vegetation dynamic mainly due to the clearing of land for agricultural needs, bush fires, population growth and uncontrolled logging. In such a situation, mapping and quantification of changes in vegetation cover become relevant for a more rational and sustainable management of plant resources, but also for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. This study aims to detect the degradation and regeneration of vegetation cover during the last two decades in Upper-Casamance. It is based on an analysis of the trends of MODIS NDVI images time series acquired over the period 2000-2018, on a land cover and use changes (LULCC) maps established from Landsat images (ETM+ 1999 and OLI 2018), and a joint analysis of NDVIand LULCC trends. Data processing is based on the calculation of the Kendall correlation (τ) and the p significance test at the 10% threshold, and on a multistage unsupervised classification, respectively. The study shows significant changes in land cover and land use, including conversion from forest to savannah (13.5%), and from savannah to crop and habitat areas (7.9%). Significant negative trends in NDVI (related to forest-savanna conversion and forest-cropping and habitat areas) are observed in 2.1% of the study area and indicate vegetation degradation especially along the border with Gambia, on the Pata-Ndorna axis, in the centre of the study area, and around Medina Gounass. On the other hand, significant positive trends on 1.8% of the study area are evidence of regeneration in the south and are linked to the conversion ofcultivated areas into savanna and forest. Joint analysis of NDVI and LULCC trends indicated significant degradation in south of Kerewane and Niaming, on the Ndorna-Pata axis, around Medina Gounass, and towards Saré Coly; and significant regeneration at the northeast border, north of Mampatim, to the south towards Bagadadji and Medina El Hadji, and between Linkering-Paroumba. This analysis also revealed that the two sources of data (NDVI et Landsat) are spatially consistent and that most of the trends in vegetation productivity are explained by changes in land use and not by climate. Cette étude vise à détecter et cartographier la dégradation et la régénération de la couverture végétale durant ces deux dernières décennies en Haute-Casamance, située dans le sud du Sénégal. Elle s'appuie sur l'analyse des tendances de séries temporelles d'images MODIS NDVI acquises sur la période 2000-2018, sur la cartographie des changements d'occupation et d'utilisation des sols (LULCC) faite à partir d'images Landsat (ETM+ 1999 et OLI 2018), et sur une analyse conjointe des tendances de NDVI et LULCC. L'étude a révélé d'importants changements en termes d'occupation et d'utilisation des sols, notamment la conversion de la forêt à la savane (13,5 %), et de la savane aux zones de culture et d'habitat (7,9 %). Des tendances négatives significatives (p<0,1) du NDVI (en lien avec la conversion forêt-savane et forêtzones de culture et d'habitat) sont observées sur 2,1% de la zone étudiée et indiquent une dégradation de la végétation en particulier le long de la frontière avec la Gambie, sur l'axe Pata-Ndorna, dans le centre de la zone d'étude, et autour de Médina Gounass. Par ailleurs, des tendances positives significatives (p<0,1) sur 1,8 % de la surface de la zone d'étude témoignent de la régénération dans le sud et sont liées à la conversion des zones de culture en savane et en forêt. L'analyse conjointe des tendances NDVI et LULCC indique une dégradation significative au sud de Kerewane et de Niaming, sur l'axe Ndorna-Pata, autour de Médina Gounass, et vers Saré Coly ; et une régénération significative à la frontière nord-est, au nord de Mampatim, au sud vers Bagadadji et Médina El Hadji, et entre Linkering-Paroumba. Cette analyse a également révélé que les deux séries d'images (NDVI et Landsat) sont cohérentes spatialement et que l'essentiel des tendances de productivité de la végétation est expliqué par les changements d'utilisation des sols et non par le climat.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Article . 2021
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Authors: Vanesse Labeyrie; Delphine Renard; Yildiz Aumeeruddy-Thomas; Petra Benyei; +15 Authors

    Homogenization of crop portfolios from the field to the global scale is raising concerns about agricultural adaptation to climate change. Assessing whether such trends threaten farmers' long-term adaptive capacity requires a thorough understanding of changes in their crop portfolios, identification of the drivers of change, and the implications such changes have for local nutrition and food production. We reviewed the available literature on farmers' reports of climate-driven crop changes. Small-scale farmers tend to adopt water-demanding crops, even in areas where models predict that reduced rainfall will reduce yields. The adoption of horticultural cash-crops combined with the abandonment of subsistence cereals modifies farmers' nutritional inputs in terms of calories and nutrients, potentially undermining their food security. Farmers' knowledge contributes to understand trends in crop diversity and support the design of strategies for adaptation to climate change. Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-M

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Mémoires en Sciences...arrow_drop_down
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    Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
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    Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
    Other literature type . Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Evi Margaritis; Clémence Pagnoux; Laurent Bouby; Vincent Bonhomme; +3 Authors

    International audience; Grapevine and olive are thought to have been intensively cultivated during the Hellenistic period, as part of an agrarian system which included agricultural choices specializing in the production of their secondary products. The discovery of large assemblages of carbonized grapes and olives at three sites in Pieria, Macedonia, Greece, provides a unique opportunity to advance our understanding of grape and olive cultivation, the production of wine and olive oil, and their position in the agricultural regimes in this region of Greece. In this paper, we report on morphometric analyses performed on these assemblages to distinguish wild and domesticated subspecies, and to identify ancient morphotypes that may correspond to the wild form or other varieties of olives and grapes. The comparison of olive and grape assemblages from three different sites, geographically close but different in terms of size and architecture, shows a wide range of cultivated types of both olive and grapevine, as well as possible local selection processes, especially for the grapevine.

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    ZENODO; Journal of Archaeological Science Reports
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      ZENODO; Journal of Archaeological Science Reports
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Seguin, Laura; Barataud, Fabienne;

    À partir d’une enquête qualitative, dans un contexte d’agriculture intensive en Brie humide drainée, l’article retrace la manière dont est pensée la mise en discussion de deux objets techniques (le système de drainage et les zones tampons humides artificielles). Il examine comment ces objets sont « apportés » sur ces territoires par les pouvoirs publics et les scientifiques et ce qu’ils révèlent des représentations et valeurs attachées à la fois à la technique et à la nature. Le travail met en évidence que s’il y a certes émergence de nouveaux paradigmes d’action publique fondés sur l’expression de nouvelles attentes sociales (notamment au travers d’un impératif de participation) et environnementales, l’adoption de ces deux objets dessine de manière similaire une forme de confiance en la technique et un souci de maîtrise de la nature. Based on a comprehensive survey, in a context of intensive agriculture in wet and drained Brie, the article tracks the way in which the discussion of two technical objects (the drainage system and artificial wet buffers) is organised. It examines how these objects are "brought" to these territories by public authorities and scientists and what they reveal about the representations and values attached to both technology and nature. The work shows that new paradigms of public action are certainly emerging, based on the expression of new social (particularly through the imperative of participation) and environmental expectations. The adoption of these objects, however, similarly shapes a form of confidence in technology and a desire to control nature.

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    Authors: Albughdadi, Mohanad; Rieu, Guillaume; Duthoit, Sylvie; Alswaitti, Mohammed;

    Biophysical parameters and more specifically the leaf area index provide an absolute quantification of the biomass of vegetation allowing an overview of the development status of a plant. However, the estimation of the leaf area index requires sophisticated and complex algorithms. This paper proposes a new procedure to estimate the leaf area index using Sentinel-2 data. The proposed procedure relies on the 2-D convolutional network known as the UNet algorithm for regression. The architecture of the UNet algorithm is adapted to account for the processing of large chunks of Sentinel-2 data. Moreover, the adopted procedure makes use of the dropout as a Bayesian approximation at the inference step in order to allow estimating the algorithm confidence interval, which is a very important quality indicator for the production of biophysical parameters. The proposed procedure is validated on multiple Sentinel-2 tiles and years and compared to the multilayer perceptron algorithm and the Sentinel Application Platform of the European Space Agency, also known as SNAP. The UNet and multilayer perceptron algorithms provide coherent results when compared to the results obtained using the SNAP software with an average correlation of 0.99 for both algorithms. However, the UNet algorithmprovides better results in terms of average Euclidean distance, mean squared error and R2 score. One main advantage of the UNet algorithm is the vast reduction of inference time when compared to the SNAP software and the multilayer perceptron regressor. The estimation of the leaf area index of a Sentinel-2 tile at 20 m requires 18 seconds, 13.5 minutes and 15 minutes using the UNet, multilayer perceptron and SNAP, respectively. This advantage allows a massive production of temporal sequences of leaf area index based on Sentinel-2 images that will be ready to use for land cover/use applications. Furthermore, experiments conducted on multiple crop types prove that the proposed approach can serve as a generic procedure to estimate the leaf area index regardless of the crop type.

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    Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
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    Authors: Juan José Ibáñez-Estévez; Patricia Anderson; Amaia Arranz-Otaegui; Jesús González-Urquijo; +4 Authors

    Archaeobotanical and genetic analysis of modern plant materials are drawing a complex scenario for the origins of cereal agriculture in the Levant. This paper presents an improved method for the study of early farming harvesting systems based on the texture analysis of gloss observed on sickle blades through confocal microscopy. Using this method, we identify different plant harvesting activities (unripe/semi-ripe/ripe cereal reaping and reed and grass cutting) quantitatively and evaluate their evolution during the time when plant cultivation activities started and domesticated crops appeared in the Levant (12,800 to 7000 cal BC). The state of maturity of cereals when harvested shifted over time from unripe, to semi-ripe and finally to ripe. Most of these changes in harvesting techniques are explained by the modification of crops during the transition to agriculture. The shift in plant harvesting strategies was neither chronologically linear nor geographically homogeneous. Fully mature cereal harvesting becomes dominant around 8500 cal BC in Southern Levant and one millennium later in Northern Levant, which accords with the appearance of domestic varieties in the archaeobotanical record. The evolution of plant harvesting better fits with the gradualist model of explanation of cereal agriculture than with the punctuated one. We acknowledge all the archaeologists who excavated the sites from which the glossed tools analyzed in this paper have been recovered: Dr. J. Cauvin, Dr H. Gebel, Dr. D. Stordeur, Dr- M. Molist, Dr. E. Coqueugniot, Dr. F. Valla, Dr. A.M.T. Moore and Dr. O. Bar-Yosef. The research has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science (PID2019-105767GB-I00), the Shelby White-Leon Levy Foundation (Publication of Tell Qarassa), the Palarq Foundation (Excavation of Kharaysin) and the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Proyectos Intramurales para Arqueología en el Exterior). Peer reviewed

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    Authors: Florian Kletty; Marie Pelé; Fabrice Capber; Caroline Habold;

    When dealing with the protection of an endangered species, it appears more and more important to address the ethical limits and the societal perception of the implemented conservation measures. This will be illustrated here through the example of conservation programs of the European hamster (Cricetus cricetus) in France. The main threats for this critically endangered rodent are the impoverishment and fragmentation of its habitat due to recent changes in agricultural practices and urbanization. Thus, the status of this species changed from harmful to endangered in only a few decades. This must lead to acceptance of the species by citizens and especially farmers paid to destroy this species until the 1990s while nowadays to protect it. To stem the decline, several measures have been taken through the last 20 years including population reinforcement, wild animal tracking, and implementation of suitable habitats. One can, therefore, discuss the efficiency of these measures and their integration in the entire socio-ecosystem. Population reinforcement and the questions that can arise from it will first be addressed. Secondly, in situ animal monitoring and implications of the methods used will be discussed. Third, we will deal with agricultural practices favorable to the species. Finally, we will highlight the links between European hamster conservation measures and wider problematics.

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    Authors: Faye, Ndiabou; Diallo, Aly; Sagna, Moustapha Bassimbé; Sarr, Omar; +4 Authors

    Les mares présentent un grand intérêt environnemental en raison des services écosystémiques qu'elles fournissent. Au Ferlo, les activités pastorales sont développées autour des mares. La connaissance des ressources herbacées est importante pour une gestion durable du pâturage autour des mares temporaires. L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer la répartition spatiale des ressources herbacées autour des mares par une approche phytoécologique. L’échantillonnage sur des transects est réalisé dans les différents faciès morpho-pédologiques de deux mares pâturées et une mare non pâturée. La flore herbacée recensée compte 55 espèces, réparties dans 41 genres dont 22 familles. Les familles des Poacées et des Fabacées sont plus fréquentes quelle que soit l’unité morpho-pédologique et la mare, suivi de la famille des Cypéracées dans les mares et des versants et la famille des Zygophyllacées dont l’espèce Tribulus terrestris sur les dunes. Le recouvrement est globalement élevé (82,6%) dans la mare non pâturée et moyen sur les mares pâturées (55,33% et 46,4%). Au niveau des versants, les espèces sont de grandes tailles, rares et très diversifiées. Les espèces vivaces sont plus fréquentes autour des mares pâturées alors que les espèces rares se retrouvent autour de la mare non pâturée. Ces résultats révèlent ainsi l’influence prédominante des facteurs anthropiques et topographiques sur la répartition spatiale de la végétation herbacée. At the Ferlo, pastoral activities are developed around the ponds. The knowledge of herbaceous resources is important for sustainable grazing management around the temporary pools. The general objective of this study is to determine the spatial distribution of herbaceous resources around the ponds using a phytoecological approach. Transect sampling was carried out in the different morpho-pedological facies of two grazed ponds and one ungrazed pond. The recorded herbaceous flora includes 55 species, divided into 41 genera including 22 families. The Poaceae and Fabaceae families are more frequent whatever the morpho-pedological unit and the pond, followed by the Cyperaceae family in the ponds and on the slopes and the Zygophyllaceae family including the species Tribulus terrestris on the dunes. The overall coverage is high (82.6%) in the ungrazed pond and medium on the grazed ponds (55.33% and 46.4%). At the level of the slopes, the species are large, rare and much diversified. Perennial species are more frequent around the grazed ponds, while rare species are found around the ungrazed pond. These results thus reveal the predominant influence of anthropogenic and topographical factors on the spatial distribution of herbaceous vegetation. International audience

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    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2020
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    HAL Clermont Université
    Article . 2020
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    Authors: Lorène Siegwart; Isabelle Bertrand; Olivier Roupsard; Maxime Duthoit; +1 Authors

    In agroforestry systems, fine roots grow at several depths due to the mixture of trees and annual crops. The decomposition of fine roots contributes to soil organic carbon stocks and may impact soil fertility, particularly in poor soils, such as those encountered in sub-Sahelian regions. The aim of our study was to measure the decomposition rate of root litter from annual and perennial species according to soil depth and location under and far from trees in a sub-Sahelian agroforestry parkland.Soil characteristics under and far from the trees were analysed from topsoil to 200 cm depth. Faidherbia tree, pearl millet and cowpea root litter samples were buried in litterbags for 15 months at 20, 40, 90 and 180 cm depths.Root litter decomposition was mainly impacted by soil moisture and soil depth. Faidherbia decomposed more slowly (36 ± 12% remaining mass after 15 months) than cowpea and pearl millet roots (23 ± 7% and 29 ± 11% respectively). Pearl millet aboveground biomass, at harvesting time, was twice as high under (9918 g m-2) than far (4332 g m-2) from the tree, and belowground biomass (0–200 cm of depth) was 89 g m-2 and 64 g m-2 under and far from the tree, respectively. Faidherbia fine roots contributed slightly (p-value < 0.1) to higher stocks of C under the tree (7761 ± 346 g m-2) than far from it (5425 ± 558 g m-2) and from 0 cm down to 200 cm depth. International audience

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    ZENODO; Journal of Arid Environments
    Article . 2021 . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Jouf, Chouaib; LAWSON, Laté;

    Abstract The interconnection between commodity prices, agricultural expansion and forestland conservation by farmers has received little scholarly attention in existing literature. This paper analyses the influence of European farmers’ responsiveness to changes in agri-commodity prices on how they manage the trade-offs between agricultural expansion and forestland preservation. In so doing, we rely on a comprehensive dataset relating to European agricultural holdings over the period of 2008–2017, covering 128 regions, and use a recursive equation system that links commodity prices to economic output per area, and the latter to forestland privately owned by farmers. Controlling for farm characteristics, geographical spillovers as well as regressor endogeneity, we find results suggesting that there is indeed evidence of such a trade-off. Specifically, with increased prices, European agricultural holdings expand crop production (respectively agricultural land), which reversely conflicts with private forestland. Replicating the analysis on different subsamples confirms the robustness of these findings. Based on these results, we advocate for further incentive towards the preservation of forests privately owned by agricultural holdings.

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    Ecological Economics
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Boubacar Solly; El Hadji Balla Diéye; Oumar Sy; Aruna M Jarju; +1 Authors

    Located in the south of Senegal, the Upper-Casamance (present-day Kolda region) has a strong vegetation dynamic mainly due to the clearing of land for agricultural needs, bush fires, population growth and uncontrolled logging. In such a situation, mapping and quantification of changes in vegetation cover become relevant for a more rational and sustainable management of plant resources, but also for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. This study aims to detect the degradation and regeneration of vegetation cover during the last two decades in Upper-Casamance. It is based on an analysis of the trends of MODIS NDVI images time series acquired over the period 2000-2018, on a land cover and use changes (LULCC) maps established from Landsat images (ETM+ 1999 and OLI 2018), and a joint analysis of NDVIand LULCC trends. Data processing is based on the calculation of the Kendall correlation (τ) and the p significance test at the 10% threshold, and on a multistage unsupervised classification, respectively. The study shows significant changes in land cover and land use, including conversion from forest to savannah (13.5%), and from savannah to crop and habitat areas (7.9%). Significant negative trends in NDVI (related to forest-savanna conversion and forest-cropping and habitat areas) are observed in 2.1% of the study area and indicate vegetation degradation especially along the border with Gambia, on the Pata-Ndorna axis, in the centre of the study area, and around Medina Gounass. On the other hand, significant positive trends on 1.8% of the study area are evidence of regeneration in the south and are linked to the conversion ofcultivated areas into savanna and forest. Joint analysis of NDVI and LULCC trends indicated significant degradation in south of Kerewane and Niaming, on the Ndorna-Pata axis, around Medina Gounass, and towards Saré Coly; and significant regeneration at the northeast border, north of Mampatim, to the south towards Bagadadji and Medina El Hadji, and between Linkering-Paroumba. This analysis also revealed that the two sources of data (NDVI et Landsat) are spatially consistent and that most of the trends in vegetation productivity are explained by changes in land use and not by climate. Cette étude vise à détecter et cartographier la dégradation et la régénération de la couverture végétale durant ces deux dernières décennies en Haute-Casamance, située dans le sud du Sénégal. Elle s'appuie sur l'analyse des tendances de séries temporelles d'images MODIS NDVI acquises sur la période 2000-2018, sur la cartographie des changements d'occupation et d'utilisation des sols (LULCC) faite à partir d'images Landsat (ETM+ 1999 et OLI 2018), et sur une analyse conjointe des tendances de NDVI et LULCC. L'étude a révélé d'importants changements en termes d'occupation et d'utilisation des sols, notamment la conversion de la forêt à la savane (13,5 %), et de la savane aux zones de culture et d'habitat (7,9 %). Des tendances négatives significatives (p<0,1) du NDVI (en lien avec la conversion forêt-savane et forêtzones de culture et d'habitat) sont observées sur 2,1% de la zone étudiée et indiquent une dégradation de la végétation en particulier le long de la frontière avec la Gambie, sur l'axe Pata-Ndorna, dans le centre de la zone d'étude, et autour de Médina Gounass. Par ailleurs, des tendances positives significatives (p<0,1) sur 1,8 % de la surface de la zone d'étude témoignent de la régénération dans le sud et sont liées à la conversion des zones de culture en savane et en forêt. L'analyse conjointe des tendances NDVI et LULCC indique une dégradation significative au sud de Kerewane et de Niaming, sur l'axe Ndorna-Pata, autour de Médina Gounass, et vers Saré Coly ; et une régénération significative à la frontière nord-est, au nord de Mampatim, au sud vers Bagadadji et Médina El Hadji, et entre Linkering-Paroumba. Cette analyse a également révélé que les deux séries d'images (NDVI et Landsat) sont cohérentes spatialement et que l'essentiel des tendances de productivité de la végétation est expliqué par les changements d'utilisation des sols et non par le climat.

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    Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Vanesse Labeyrie; Delphine Renard; Yildiz Aumeeruddy-Thomas; Petra Benyei; +15 Authors

    Homogenization of crop portfolios from the field to the global scale is raising concerns about agricultural adaptation to climate change. Assessing whether such trends threaten farmers' long-term adaptive capacity requires a thorough understanding of changes in their crop portfolios, identification of the drivers of change, and the implications such changes have for local nutrition and food production. We reviewed the available literature on farmers' reports of climate-driven crop changes. Small-scale farmers tend to adopt water-demanding crops, even in areas where models predict that reduced rainfall will reduce yields. The adoption of horticultural cash-crops combined with the abandonment of subsistence cereals modifies farmers' nutritional inputs in terms of calories and nutrients, potentially undermining their food security. Farmers' knowledge contributes to understand trends in crop diversity and support the design of strategies for adaptation to climate change. Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-M

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    Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
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    Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
    Other literature type . Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Evi Margaritis; Clémence Pagnoux; Laurent Bouby; Vincent Bonhomme; +3 Authors

    International audience; Grapevine and olive are thought to have been intensively cultivated during the Hellenistic period, as part of an agrarian system which included agricultural choices specializing in the production of their secondary products. The discovery of large assemblages of carbonized grapes and olives at three sites in Pieria, Macedonia, Greece, provides a unique opportunity to advance our understanding of grape and olive cultivation, the production of wine and olive oil, and their position in the agricultural regimes in this region of Greece. In this paper, we report on morphometric analyses performed on these assemblages to distinguish wild and domesticated subspecies, and to identify ancient morphotypes that may correspond to the wild form or other varieties of olives and grapes. The comparison of olive and grape assemblages from three different sites, geographically close but different in terms of size and architecture, shows a wide range of cultivated types of both olive and grapevine, as well as possible local selection processes, especially for the grapevine.

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    ZENODO; Journal of Archaeological Science Reports
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      ZENODO; Journal of Archaeological Science Reports
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    Authors: Seguin, Laura; Barataud, Fabienne;

    À partir d’une enquête qualitative, dans un contexte d’agriculture intensive en Brie humide drainée, l’article retrace la manière dont est pensée la mise en discussion de deux objets techniques (le système de drainage et les zones tampons humides artificielles). Il examine comment ces objets sont « apportés » sur ces territoires par les pouvoirs publics et les scientifiques et ce qu’ils révèlent des représentations et valeurs attachées à la fois à la technique et à la nature. Le travail met en évidence que s’il y a certes émergence de nouveaux paradigmes d’action publique fondés sur l’expression de nouvelles attentes sociales (notamment au travers d’un impératif de participation) et environnementales, l’adoption de ces deux objets dessine de manière similaire une forme de confiance en la technique et un souci de maîtrise de la nature. Based on a comprehensive survey, in a context of intensive agriculture in wet and drained Brie, the article tracks the way in which the discussion of two technical objects (the drainage system and artificial wet buffers) is organised. It examines how these objects are "brought" to these territories by public authorities and scientists and what they reveal about the representations and values attached to both technology and nature. The work shows that new paradigms of public action are certainly emerging, based on the expression of new social (particularly through the imperative of participation) and environmental expectations. The adoption of these objects, however, similarly shapes a form of confidence in technology and a desire to control nature.

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    Authors: Albughdadi, Mohanad; Rieu, Guillaume; Duthoit, Sylvie; Alswaitti, Mohammed;

    Biophysical parameters and more specifically the leaf area index provide an absolute quantification of the biomass of vegetation allowing an overview of the development status of a plant. However, the estimation of the leaf area index requires sophisticated and complex algorithms. This paper proposes a new procedure to estimate the leaf area index using Sentinel-2 data. The proposed procedure relies on the 2-D convolutional network known as the UNet algorithm for regression. The architecture of the UNet algorithm is adapted to account for the processing of large chunks of Sentinel-2 data. Moreover, the adopted procedure makes use of the dropout as a Bayesian approximation at the inference step in order to allow estimating the algorithm confidence interval, which is a very important quality indicator for the production of biophysical parameters. The proposed procedure is validated on multiple Sentinel-2 tiles and years and compared to the multilayer perceptron algorithm and the Sentinel Application Platform of the European Space Agency, also known as SNAP. The UNet and multilayer perceptron algorithms provide coherent results when compared to the results obtained using the SNAP software with an average correlation of 0.99 for both algorithms. However, the UNet algorithmprovides better results in terms of average Euclidean distance, mean squared error and R2 score. One main advantage of the UNet algorithm is the vast reduction of inference time when compared to the SNAP software and the multilayer perceptron regressor. The estimation of the leaf area index of a Sentinel-2 tile at 20 m requires 18 seconds, 13.5 minutes and 15 minutes using the UNet, multilayer perceptron and SNAP, respectively. This advantage allows a massive production of temporal sequences of leaf area index based on Sentinel-2 images that will be ready to use for land cover/use applications. Furthermore, experiments conducted on multiple crop types prove that the proposed approach can serve as a generic procedure to estimate the leaf area index regardless of the crop type.

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    Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
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    Authors: Juan José Ibáñez-Estévez; Patricia Anderson; Amaia Arranz-Otaegui; Jesús González-Urquijo; +4 Authors

    Archaeobotanical and genetic analysis of modern plant materials are drawing a complex scenario for the origins of cereal agriculture in the Levant. This paper presents an improved method for the study of early farming harvesting systems based on the texture analysis of gloss observed on sickle blades through confocal microscopy. Using this method, we identify different plant harvesting activities (unripe/semi-ripe/ripe cereal reaping and reed and grass cutting) quantitatively and evaluate their evolution during the time when plant cultivation activities started and domesticated crops appeared in the Levant (12,800 to 7000 cal BC). The state of maturity of cereals when harvested shifted over time from unripe, to semi-ripe and finally to ripe. Most of these changes in harvesting techniques are explained by the modification of crops during the transition to agriculture. The shift in plant harvesting strategies was neither chronologically linear nor geographically homogeneous. Fully mature cereal harvesting becomes dominant around 8500 cal BC in Southern Levant and one millennium later in Northern Levant, which accords with the appearance of domestic varieties in the archaeobotanical record. The evolution of plant harvesting better fits with the gradualist model of explanation of cereal agriculture than with the punctuated one. We acknowledge all the archaeologists who excavated the sites from which the glossed tools analyzed in this paper have been recovered: Dr. J. Cauvin, Dr H. Gebel, Dr. D. Stordeur, Dr- M. Molist, Dr. E. Coqueugniot, Dr. F. Valla, Dr. A.M.T. Moore and Dr. O. Bar-Yosef. The research has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science (PID2019-105767GB-I00), the Shelby White-Leon Levy Foundation (Publication of Tell Qarassa), the Palarq Foundation (Excavation of Kharaysin) and the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Proyectos Intramurales para Arqueología en el Exterior). Peer reviewed

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    Authors: Florian Kletty; Marie Pelé; Fabrice Capber; Caroline Habold;

    When dealing with the protection of an endangered species, it appears more and more important to address the ethical limits and the societal perception of the implemented conservation measures. This will be illustrated here through the example of conservation programs of the European hamster (Cricetus cricetus) in France. The main threats for this critically endangered rodent are the impoverishment and fragmentation of its habitat due to recent changes in agricultural practices and urbanization. Thus, the status of this species changed from harmful to endangered in only a few decades. This must lead to acceptance of the species by citizens and especially farmers paid to destroy this species until the 1990s while nowadays to protect it. To stem the decline, several measures have been taken through the last 20 years including population reinforcement, wild animal tracking, and implementation of suitable habitats. One can, therefore, discuss the efficiency of these measures and their integration in the entire socio-ecosystem. Population reinforcement and the questions that can arise from it will first be addressed. Secondly, in situ animal monitoring and implications of the methods used will be discussed. Third, we will deal with agricultural practices favorable to the species. Finally, we will highlight the links between European hamster conservation measures and wider problematics.

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    Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
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      Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
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    Authors: Faye, Ndiabou; Diallo, Aly; Sagna, Moustapha Bassimbé; Sarr, Omar; +4 Authors

    Les mares présentent un grand intérêt environnemental en raison des services écosystémiques qu'elles fournissent. Au Ferlo, les activités pastorales sont développées autour des mares. La connaissance des ressources herbacées est importante pour une gestion durable du pâturage autour des mares temporaires. L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer la répartition spatiale des ressources herbacées autour des mares par une approche phytoécologique. L’échantillonnage sur des transects est réalisé dans les différents faciès morpho-pédologiques de deux mares pâturées et une mare non pâturée. La flore herbacée recensée compte 55 espèces, réparties dans 41 genres dont 22 familles. Les familles des Poacées et des Fabacées sont plus fréquentes quelle que soit l’unité morpho-pédologique et la mare, suivi de la famille des Cypéracées dans les mares et des versants et la famille des Zygophyllacées dont l’espèce Tribulus terrestris sur les dunes. Le recouvrement est globalement élevé (82,6%) dans la mare non pâturée et moyen sur les mares pâturées (55,33% et 46,4%). Au niveau des versants, les espèces sont de grandes tailles, rares et très diversifiées. Les espèces vivaces sont plus fréquentes autour des mares pâturées alors que les espèces rares se retrouvent autour de la mare non pâturée. Ces résultats révèlent ainsi l’influence prédominante des facteurs anthropiques et topographiques sur la répartition spatiale de la végétation herbacée. At the Ferlo, pastoral activities are developed around the ponds. The knowledge of herbaceous resources is important for sustainable grazing management around the temporary pools. The general objective of this study is to determine the spatial distribution of herbaceous resources around the ponds using a phytoecological approach. Transect sampling was carried out in the different morpho-pedological facies of two grazed ponds and one ungrazed pond. The recorded herbaceous flora includes 55 species, divided into 41 genera including 22 families. The Poaceae and Fabaceae families are more frequent whatever the morpho-pedological unit and the pond, followed by the Cyperaceae family in the ponds and on the slopes and the Zygophyllaceae family including the species Tribulus terrestris on the dunes. The overall coverage is high (82.6%) in the ungrazed pond and medium on the grazed ponds (55.33% and 46.4%). At the level of the slopes, the species are large, rare and much diversified. Perennial species are more frequent around the grazed ponds, while rare species are found around the ungrazed pond. These results thus reveal the predominant influence of anthropogenic and topographical factors on the spatial distribution of herbaceous vegetation. International audience

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    Article . 2020
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    HAL Clermont Université
    Article . 2020
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