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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Montasser, Karim;

    Die Expressionsrate von AQP4 variiert bei pathologischen Zuständen. Ratten mit einem Hydrozephalus zeigten einen AQP4 Anstieg in periventriculären Hirnanteilen. Möglicherweise handelt es sich hierbei um einen Kompensationsmechanismus aufgrund des erhöhten Wasserdrucks, Aghayev et al. (2012) führen jedoch an, dass weitere Studien benötigt werden, um diese Theorie auf den Hydrozephalus von Menschen übertragen zu können. Ein Grund hierfür ist, dass der Hydrozephalus bei Ratten nicht auf den Hydrozephalus bei Menschen übertragbar ist. Der kommunizierende Hydrozephalus ist die häufigste Form bei Menschen, Ratten zeigen diese Form jedoch nie. Hunde, besonders sogenannte Toy Rassen, jedoch neigen zur Ausbildung eines kommunizierenden Hydrozephalus. Diese Hunde erhalten häufig einen peritonealen Shunt um den intracraniellen Druck zu vermindern. Dies ist momentan die Methode der Wahl, allerdings ist sie mit unerwünschten Nebenwirkungen verbunden, die zum Tod des Hundes führen können. Mit der Einverständnis der Besitzer könnten diese Hunde als Hirnspender dienen um die Verteilungsmuster von AQP4 im kommunizierenden Hydrozephalus zu untersuchen. AQP4 wurde bisher nie im caninen Gehirn untersucht. Diese Studie hat als Zielsetzung die Etablierung eines Immunfluoreszenzprotokolls, das AQP4 im caninen Gehirn darstellen kann. It has been shown that the expression rate of AQP4 varies in pathologies. Rodents with hydrocephalus showed a marked increase in AQP4 expression in the periventricular white matter and cerebral cortex. This might be a compensatory mechanism due to the increase of water that needs to be relocated in rodent brains but Aghayev et al. (2012) noted that further evidence is needed to apply this theory to human hydrocephalus. This is partly because rodent hydrocephalus models are not transferable to human hydrocephalus. Communicating hydrocephalus is the most common type in man but rodents do not express this type. Dogs, especially toy breeds, on the other hand are prone to developing communicating hydrocephalus. These dogs often need to undergo peritoneal shunting surgery to relief intracranial pressure. A procedure that is the current method of choice. But as all intracranial surgeries it comes with severe side effects that might lead to death during the procedure. With the owners’ consent these dogs could act as organ donors and their brains could be fixated and used to study AQP4 in communicating hydrocephalus. AQP4 has not yet been investigated in the canine brain. This study aimed to establish a novel immunofluorescence staining to visualize AQP4 in the brain of euthanized dogs.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Giessener Elektronis...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Driesen, Agnes;

    In der vorliegenden Studie wird die Perfusion im Gehirn von gesunden, mesocephalen Hunden anhand der dynamischen Kontrastmittel-Perfusions- Magnetresonanztomographie in Narkose evaluiert. Als Ziel wurde formuliert, die normale Verteilung der Perfusion in ausgewählten Gehirnarealen zu beschreiben. Zu diesen Arealen zählen der Lobus piriformis, der Thalamus, der Nucleus caudatus, das Centrum semiovale, die graue Substanz der Großhirnrinde sowie der Hippocampus. Verschiedene Perfusionsparameter wie unter anderem der regionale zerebrale Blutfluss (CBF), das regionale zerebrale Blutvolumen (CBV), die mittlere Durchlaufzeit (MTT) und die Ankunftszeit (T0) werden bestimmt. Über eine arterielle Inputfunktion (AIF) werden absolute Werte bestimmt. Insgesamt werden 11 Hunde untersucht. Aufgrund von Artefakten und technischen Defekten werden drei Hunde aus der Datenauswertung ausgeschlossen. In die statistische Auswertung gehen acht gesunde Beagle mit einem durchschnittlichen Alter von 29,88 ± 6,4 Monaten ein. Der Einfluss von technischen Faktoren sowie des Auswertungsprogrammes auf die erzielten Ergebnisse wird diskutiert. Die Perfusionsparameter stehen im engen Zusammenhang. Diese Zusammenhänge werden erörtert. Das Einzeichnen der interessierenden Regionen (ROIs) hat im vorliegenden Versuchsaufbau einen signifikanten Einfluss auf den CBF und die MTT, sowie über den Zusammenhang der Ankunftszeit T0 zu dem CBF auch auf die T0. Die AIF zeigt einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die MTT. Zwischen den unterschiedlichen Gehirnregionen zeigen sich hochsignifikante Unterschiede bezüglich des CBF und signifikante Unterschiede in der MTT, die Ergebnisse der T0 stimmen gut mit dem CBF überein. Der niedrigste Mittelwert der CBF liegt in dem Centrum semiovale vor (146,84 ml/100g/min), gefolgt vom Thalamus (230,4 ml/100g/min). Hippocampus, Nucleus caudatus und graue Substanz weisen einen ähnlichen CBF auf. Der höchste CBF wird im Lobus piriformis (278,54 ml/100g/min) gemessen. Die Unterschiede in den Regionen passen zu der Zugehörigkeit der Regionen zur grauen und weißen Substanz. Insgesamt sind die erzielten absoluten Werte höher als in humanmedizinischen Studien. Mögliche Erklärungen sind ein höherer zerebraler Blutfluss beim Hund im Vergleich zum Menschen, die Verwendung von Isofluran als Anästhetikum, technische Faktoren sowie das angewandte Auswertungsprogramm. Für keinen der untersuchten Parameter liegen Seitenunterschiede vor. Die mittels dynamischer Kontrastmittel-Perfusions-Magnetresonanztomographie erhobenen Ergebnisse liefern einen ersten Einblick über die normale Verteilung der Perfusion im Gehirn von gesunden Hunden. Abweichungen von den in dieser Studie ermittelten Werten, könnten auf pathologische Prozesse im Gehirn hinweisen. Auf dem Gebiert der Magnetresonanzperfusionsbildgebung gibt es auch in Zukunft in der Veterinärmedizin noch großen Forschungsbedarf. Vielversprechende Ergebnisse könnte die Untersuchung der Perfusion im Gehirn von unterschiedlichen Spezies, Rassen, Geschlechts- und Altersgruppen sowie bei verschiedenen zentralnervösen Erkrankungen, welche mit einer verminderten oder erhöhten Durchblutung im Gehirn einhergehen, liefern. In this study the perfusion in the brain of healthy, mesaticephalic dogs was evaluated by means of dynamic susceptibility contrast enhanced MRI. The purpose of this study was to describe the normal distribution of perfusion in selected brain areas. This areas included the piriforme lobe, the thalamus, the caudate nucleus, the semiovale centre, the grey matter and the hippocampus. Different perfusion parameters like the regional cerebral blood flow (CBF), the regional cerebral blood volume (CBV), the mean transit time (MTT) and the arrival time (T0) were evaluated. Absolute values were determined by the use of an arterial input function (AIF). A total of eleven healthy Beagles were examined under general anesthesia. Three dogs had to be excluded from the statistical analysis due to susceptibility artifacts and technical errors during image acquisition. The average age of the Beagles was 29,88 ± 6,4 months. The perfusion parameters are closely related. This relationship as well as the influence of technical factors and postprocessing software is discussed. The region of interest (ROI) selection runs have a significant influence on the CBF and the MTT. Indirectly there is also an influence on the T0 due to the strong correlation of the T0 and the CBF. The MTT depends significantly on the choice of AIF. There are highly significant differences between the CBF and significant differences between the MTT of the selected areas. The results of the T0 agree well with the relationship between the T0 and the CBF. The semiovale centre shows the lowest mean CBF (146,8 ml/100g/min), followed by the thalamus (230 ml/100g/min). Hippocampus, caudate nucleus and grey matter have a similar, intermediate CBF. The highest mean CBF is measured in the piriforme lobe (278,5 ml/100g/min). These results agree with the affiliation of the selected areas to white and grey matter. Generally the measured absolute values are higher than data reported in human medicine. A possible explanation for this difference is a higher blood flow in the brain of dogs compared to humans. Other reasons could be the use of isofluran for anesthesia, technical factors as well as the used postprocessing software. There are no significant differences between the evaluated perfusion parameters of the right and left cerebral hemisphere. The results of this study provide a first insight into the normal distribution of perfusion evaluated by means of dynamic susceptibility contrast enhanced MRI in the brain of healthy dogs. Discrepancies from the determined data in this study could be a sign of pathologic conditions in the brain. The research of perfusion MRI in veterinary medicine is still at its beginning. It could be promising to investigate brain perfusion in different species, breeds, groups of age as well as in different diseases of the central nervous system, which lead to an increased or reduced blood circulation in the brain.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Giessener Elektronis...arrow_drop_down
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  • Authors: Peter, Heusser;
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  • Authors: C R, Wirtz; V M, Tronnier; M M, Bonsanto; S, Hassfeld; +2 Authors

    With the recent developments in computer technology and the improvements in modern neuroimaging, frame-based stereotactic guidance for open microsurgical procedures has been increasingly replaced by neuronavigation, also called frameless stereotaxy. It allows transfer of individual patientís images onto the operative field to assist the neurosurgeon intraoperatively in defining the tumor margins or identifying functionally important brain areas. The different localization techniques employed are articulated position-sensing arms, infrared or ultrasound systems working with the principle of satellite navigation and robotic systems integrated with the operating microscope. In 200 operations performed with different systems (arm-based, robotic and infrared) the method proved to be helpful, enabling fewer invasive procedures to be performed. With a mean deviation of 2.87 +/- 1.9 mm for intraoperative localization, the accuracy was only slightly worse than in frame-based stereotaxy with deviations below 2 mm. Neuronavigation was most helpful for operations on deeply seated lesions, skull-base tumors and lesions in brain areas with high functionality. The major disadvantage is the use of preoperative data for navigation, leading to inaccuracies when anatomical structures are altered during the operation by resection of tumors or shift of intracranial soft tissue. Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) might be a solution for this problem. With the method of intraoperative MRI developed in our department it has already been possible to update neuronavigation with images reflecting intraoperative changes in anatomy. Therefore, neuronavigation is definitely a method with growing importance in operative routine, and it will also spread into other surgical specialties.

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  • Authors: G, Litscher; G, Schwarz; A, Sandner-Kiesling; I, Hadolt;

    Transcranial Doppler Sonography (TCD) monitoring was carried out in 12 healthy subjects (mean age: 35.2 +/- 4.4 years; range: 26-41 years; 4 women, 8 men), prior to, during and following acupuncture. In all subjects an identical acupuncture scheme with a "general increase in Qi energy" setting was employed. Measurements were obtained with new robotic TCD probes enabling three-dimensional imaging of the middle cerebral artery by the use of the multi-scan technique. The results showed a significant (p0.01; ANOVA; Tukey test) increase in mean bloodflow velocity measured simultaneously at different depths within the right middle cerebral artery. Quantifiable changes in the physiological effects of acupuncture may contribute to improved acceptance of this unconventional complementary medical procedure.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Montasser, Karim;

    Die Expressionsrate von AQP4 variiert bei pathologischen Zuständen. Ratten mit einem Hydrozephalus zeigten einen AQP4 Anstieg in periventriculären Hirnanteilen. Möglicherweise handelt es sich hierbei um einen Kompensationsmechanismus aufgrund des erhöhten Wasserdrucks, Aghayev et al. (2012) führen jedoch an, dass weitere Studien benötigt werden, um diese Theorie auf den Hydrozephalus von Menschen übertragen zu können. Ein Grund hierfür ist, dass der Hydrozephalus bei Ratten nicht auf den Hydrozephalus bei Menschen übertragbar ist. Der kommunizierende Hydrozephalus ist die häufigste Form bei Menschen, Ratten zeigen diese Form jedoch nie. Hunde, besonders sogenannte Toy Rassen, jedoch neigen zur Ausbildung eines kommunizierenden Hydrozephalus. Diese Hunde erhalten häufig einen peritonealen Shunt um den intracraniellen Druck zu vermindern. Dies ist momentan die Methode der Wahl, allerdings ist sie mit unerwünschten Nebenwirkungen verbunden, die zum Tod des Hundes führen können. Mit der Einverständnis der Besitzer könnten diese Hunde als Hirnspender dienen um die Verteilungsmuster von AQP4 im kommunizierenden Hydrozephalus zu untersuchen. AQP4 wurde bisher nie im caninen Gehirn untersucht. Diese Studie hat als Zielsetzung die Etablierung eines Immunfluoreszenzprotokolls, das AQP4 im caninen Gehirn darstellen kann. It has been shown that the expression rate of AQP4 varies in pathologies. Rodents with hydrocephalus showed a marked increase in AQP4 expression in the periventricular white matter and cerebral cortex. This might be a compensatory mechanism due to the increase of water that needs to be relocated in rodent brains but Aghayev et al. (2012) noted that further evidence is needed to apply this theory to human hydrocephalus. This is partly because rodent hydrocephalus models are not transferable to human hydrocephalus. Communicating hydrocephalus is the most common type in man but rodents do not express this type. Dogs, especially toy breeds, on the other hand are prone to developing communicating hydrocephalus. These dogs often need to undergo peritoneal shunting surgery to relief intracranial pressure. A procedure that is the current method of choice. But as all intracranial surgeries it comes with severe side effects that might lead to death during the procedure. With the owners’ consent these dogs could act as organ donors and their brains could be fixated and used to study AQP4 in communicating hydrocephalus. AQP4 has not yet been investigated in the canine brain. This study aimed to establish a novel immunofluorescence staining to visualize AQP4 in the brain of euthanized dogs.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Giessener Elektronis...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Driesen, Agnes;

    In der vorliegenden Studie wird die Perfusion im Gehirn von gesunden, mesocephalen Hunden anhand der dynamischen Kontrastmittel-Perfusions- Magnetresonanztomographie in Narkose evaluiert. Als Ziel wurde formuliert, die normale Verteilung der Perfusion in ausgewählten Gehirnarealen zu beschreiben. Zu diesen Arealen zählen der Lobus piriformis, der Thalamus, der Nucleus caudatus, das Centrum semiovale, die graue Substanz der Großhirnrinde sowie der Hippocampus. Verschiedene Perfusionsparameter wie unter anderem der regionale zerebrale Blutfluss (CBF), das regionale zerebrale Blutvolumen (CBV), die mittlere Durchlaufzeit (MTT) und die Ankunftszeit (T0) werden bestimmt. Über eine arterielle Inputfunktion (AIF) werden absolute Werte bestimmt. Insgesamt werden 11 Hunde untersucht. Aufgrund von Artefakten und technischen Defekten werden drei Hunde aus der Datenauswertung ausgeschlossen. In die statistische Auswertung gehen acht gesunde Beagle mit einem durchschnittlichen Alter von 29,88 ± 6,4 Monaten ein. Der Einfluss von technischen Faktoren sowie des Auswertungsprogrammes auf die erzielten Ergebnisse wird diskutiert. Die Perfusionsparameter stehen im engen Zusammenhang. Diese Zusammenhänge werden erörtert. Das Einzeichnen der interessierenden Regionen (ROIs) hat im vorliegenden Versuchsaufbau einen signifikanten Einfluss auf den CBF und die MTT, sowie über den Zusammenhang der Ankunftszeit T0 zu dem CBF auch auf die T0. Die AIF zeigt einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die MTT. Zwischen den unterschiedlichen Gehirnregionen zeigen sich hochsignifikante Unterschiede bezüglich des CBF und signifikante Unterschiede in der MTT, die Ergebnisse der T0 stimmen gut mit dem CBF überein. Der niedrigste Mittelwert der CBF liegt in dem Centrum semiovale vor (146,84 ml/100g/min), gefolgt vom Thalamus (230,4 ml/100g/min). Hippocampus, Nucleus caudatus und graue Substanz weisen einen ähnlichen CBF auf. Der höchste CBF wird im Lobus piriformis (278,54 ml/100g/min) gemessen. Die Unterschiede in den Regionen passen zu der Zugehörigkeit der Regionen zur grauen und weißen Substanz. Insgesamt sind die erzielten absoluten Werte höher als in humanmedizinischen Studien. Mögliche Erklärungen sind ein höherer zerebraler Blutfluss beim Hund im Vergleich zum Menschen, die Verwendung von Isofluran als Anästhetikum, technische Faktoren sowie das angewandte Auswertungsprogramm. Für keinen der untersuchten Parameter liegen Seitenunterschiede vor. Die mittels dynamischer Kontrastmittel-Perfusions-Magnetresonanztomographie erhobenen Ergebnisse liefern einen ersten Einblick über die normale Verteilung der Perfusion im Gehirn von gesunden Hunden. Abweichungen von den in dieser Studie ermittelten Werten, könnten auf pathologische Prozesse im Gehirn hinweisen. Auf dem Gebiert der Magnetresonanzperfusionsbildgebung gibt es auch in Zukunft in der Veterinärmedizin noch großen Forschungsbedarf. Vielversprechende Ergebnisse könnte die Untersuchung der Perfusion im Gehirn von unterschiedlichen Spezies, Rassen, Geschlechts- und Altersgruppen sowie bei verschiedenen zentralnervösen Erkrankungen, welche mit einer verminderten oder erhöhten Durchblutung im Gehirn einhergehen, liefern. In this study the perfusion in the brain of healthy, mesaticephalic dogs was evaluated by means of dynamic susceptibility contrast enhanced MRI. The purpose of this study was to describe the normal distribution of perfusion in selected brain areas. This areas included the piriforme lobe, the thalamus, the caudate nucleus, the semiovale centre, the grey matter and the hippocampus. Different perfusion parameters like the regional cerebral blood flow (CBF), the regional cerebral blood volume (CBV), the mean transit time (MTT) and the arrival time (T0) were evaluated. Absolute values were determined by the use of an arterial input function (AIF). A total of eleven healthy Beagles were examined under general anesthesia. Three dogs had to be excluded from the statistical analysis due to susceptibility artifacts and technical errors during image acquisition. The average age of the Beagles was 29,88 ± 6,4 months. The perfusion parameters are closely related. This relationship as well as the influence of technical factors and postprocessing software is discussed. The region of interest (ROI) selection runs have a significant influence on the CBF and the MTT. Indirectly there is also an influence on the T0 due to the strong correlation of the T0 and the CBF. The MTT depends significantly on the choice of AIF. There are highly significant differences between the CBF and significant differences between the MTT of the selected areas. The results of the T0 agree well with the relationship between the T0 and the CBF. The semiovale centre shows the lowest mean CBF (146,8 ml/100g/min), followed by the thalamus (230 ml/100g/min). Hippocampus, caudate nucleus and grey matter have a similar, intermediate CBF. The highest mean CBF is measured in the piriforme lobe (278,5 ml/100g/min). These results agree with the affiliation of the selected areas to white and grey matter. Generally the measured absolute values are higher than data reported in human medicine. A possible explanation for this difference is a higher blood flow in the brain of dogs compared to humans. Other reasons could be the use of isofluran for anesthesia, technical factors as well as the used postprocessing software. There are no significant differences between the evaluated perfusion parameters of the right and left cerebral hemisphere. The results of this study provide a first insight into the normal distribution of perfusion evaluated by means of dynamic susceptibility contrast enhanced MRI in the brain of healthy dogs. Discrepancies from the determined data in this study could be a sign of pathologic conditions in the brain. The research of perfusion MRI in veterinary medicine is still at its beginning. It could be promising to investigate brain perfusion in different species, breeds, groups of age as well as in different diseases of the central nervous system, which lead to an increased or reduced blood circulation in the brain.

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  • Authors: Peter, Heusser;
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  • Authors: C R, Wirtz; V M, Tronnier; M M, Bonsanto; S, Hassfeld; +2 Authors

    With the recent developments in computer technology and the improvements in modern neuroimaging, frame-based stereotactic guidance for open microsurgical procedures has been increasingly replaced by neuronavigation, also called frameless stereotaxy. It allows transfer of individual patientís images onto the operative field to assist the neurosurgeon intraoperatively in defining the tumor margins or identifying functionally important brain areas. The different localization techniques employed are articulated position-sensing arms, infrared or ultrasound systems working with the principle of satellite navigation and robotic systems integrated with the operating microscope. In 200 operations performed with different systems (arm-based, robotic and infrared) the method proved to be helpful, enabling fewer invasive procedures to be performed. With a mean deviation of 2.87 +/- 1.9 mm for intraoperative localization, the accuracy was only slightly worse than in frame-based stereotaxy with deviations below 2 mm. Neuronavigation was most helpful for operations on deeply seated lesions, skull-base tumors and lesions in brain areas with high functionality. The major disadvantage is the use of preoperative data for navigation, leading to inaccuracies when anatomical structures are altered during the operation by resection of tumors or shift of intracranial soft tissue. Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) might be a solution for this problem. With the method of intraoperative MRI developed in our department it has already been possible to update neuronavigation with images reflecting intraoperative changes in anatomy. Therefore, neuronavigation is definitely a method with growing importance in operative routine, and it will also spread into other surgical specialties.

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  • Authors: G, Litscher; G, Schwarz; A, Sandner-Kiesling; I, Hadolt;

    Transcranial Doppler Sonography (TCD) monitoring was carried out in 12 healthy subjects (mean age: 35.2 +/- 4.4 years; range: 26-41 years; 4 women, 8 men), prior to, during and following acupuncture. In all subjects an identical acupuncture scheme with a "general increase in Qi energy" setting was employed. Measurements were obtained with new robotic TCD probes enabling three-dimensional imaging of the middle cerebral artery by the use of the multi-scan technique. The results showed a significant (p0.01; ANOVA; Tukey test) increase in mean bloodflow velocity measured simultaneously at different depths within the right middle cerebral artery. Quantifiable changes in the physiological effects of acupuncture may contribute to improved acceptance of this unconventional complementary medical procedure.

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