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  • Rural Digital Europe
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  • Remote Sensing of Environment
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sorokina, Hanna Elisabet; Nunes, Matheus Henrique; Heiskanen, Janne; Munyao, Martha; +4 Authors

    African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) can substantially modify their habitat through their interactions with woody vegetation. Nonetheless, the scale, intensity and characteristics of these relations are not yet fully understood. Consequently, it is unclear how vegetation-megafauna interactions can be disrupted by external factors, such as land management. This study attempted to quantify and characterize structural changes in vegetation caused by elephants, from landscape to tree level scales. We applied multi-scale geospatial tools, including airborne (ALS) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), to address the following questions: (1) How do elephants shape landscape level vegetation structure in conservation areas? (2) Are the impacts of elephants evident on individual tree architecture? Our study area was located at the Taita Hills Wildlife Sanctuary in South-eastern Kenya. The occurrence of elephants was estimated using elephant observation records and proximity to elephant tracks. Landscape level structure was assessed using tree density maps calculated based on individually detected treetops from ALS data. Next, TLS measurements of 72 trees were processed using quantitative structural modelling to characterize their architecture. Our results demonstrate a widespread influence of elephants on both landscape and tree level structural characteristics. This influence was strongly mediated by management, as we observed differences in vegetation structure inside and outside conservation areas. Tree density was up to 42% lower (5.84 trees/ha) in conservation areas than in non-conservation areas (10.17 trees/ha). Trees were relatively larger with closer proximity to elephant tracks, while smaller trees were more often observed in areas further away from elephants. At an architectural level, trees closer to elephant tracks had lower ratio between the crown length and the tree height, demonstrating a substantial influence of elephants on the morphological characteristics of trees. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for vegetation fauna interactions when planning conservation areas in African savannahs. Peer reviewed

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    Aaltodoc Publication Archive
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Ecological Informatics
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      Aaltodoc Publication Archive
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Ecological Informatics
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: David R. Thompson; Robert O. Green; Christine Bradley; Philip G. Brodrick; +52 Authors

    EMIT is supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Earth Venture Instrument program, under the Earth Science Division of the Science Mission Directorate. K. Dana Chadwick is supported by the NASA Applied Sciences Program. Carlos P´ erez García- Pando and María Gonçalves Ageitos acknowledge support from the European Research Council (ERC) Consolidator Grant FRAGMENT (grant agreement No. 773051), and the AXA Chair on Sand and Dust Storms at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center funded by the AXA Research Fund. Martina Klose has received funding through the Helmholtz Association’s Initiative and Networking Fund (grant agreement No. VH-NG-1533). We thank Jeffrey Czapla-Myers and the University of Arizona team for their maintenance and operation of the Railroad Valley automated calibration facility. This research was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We acknowledge the support and assistance of NASA’s International Space Station Program. The USGS authors’ contribution to this published Work was prepared by U.S. federal government employees as part of their official duties and constitutes a “work of the United States government,” and is considered to be in the public domain and therefore domestic copyright does not apply. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Copyright 2024 California Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. US Government Support Acknowledged. The Earth surface Mineral dust source InvesTigation (EMIT) is a remote visible to shortwave infrared (VSWIR) imaging spectrometer that has been operating onboard the International Space Station since July 2022. This article describes EMIT's on-orbit spectroradiometric calibration and validation. Accurate spectroscopy is vital to achieve consistent mapping results with orbital imaging spectrometers. EMIT takes a unique approach to this challenge, with just six optical elements, no shutter, and no onboard calibration systems. Its simple design focuses on uniformity and stability to enable vicarious spectroradiometric calibration. Our experiments demonstrate that this approach is successful, approaching the fidelity of manual field spectroscopy in some cases, and enabling new and more accurate products across diverse Earth science disciplines. EMIT achieves several notable firsts for an instrument of its class. It demonstrates successful on-orbit adjustments of Focal Plane Array (FPA) alignment with sub-micron precision. It offers spectral uniformity better than 98%. Optical artifacts in the measurement channels are at least three orders of magnitude below the primary solar-reflected surface signals. Its noise performance enables percent-level discrimination in the depths of mineral absorption features. In these aspects, EMIT satisfies the stringent performance needs for the next generation of VSWIR imaging spectrometers to observe the Earth's ecosystems, geology, and water resources. Article signat per 56 autors: David R. Thompson, Robert O. Green, Christine Bradley, Philip G. Brodrick, Natalie Mahowald, Eyal Ben Dor, Matthew Bennett, Michael Bernas, Nimrod Carmon, K. Dana Chadwick, Roger N. Clark, Red Willow Coleman, Evan Cox, Ernesto Diaz, Michael L. Eastwood, Regina Eckert, Bethany L. Ehlmann, Paul Ginoux, María Gonçalves Ageitos, Kathleen Grant, Luis Guanter, Daniela Heller Pearlshtien, Mark Helmlinger, Harrison Herzog, Todd Hoefen, Yue Huang, Abigail Keebler, Olga Kalashnikova, Didier Keymeulen, Raymond Kokaly, Martina Klose, Longlei Li, Sarah R. Lundeen, John Meyer, Elizabeth Middleton, Ron L. Miller, Pantazis Mouroulis, Bogdan Oaida, Vincenzo Obiso, Francisco Ochoa, Winston Olson-Duvall, Gregory S. Okin, Thomas H. Painter, Carlos Pérez García-Pando, Randy Pollock, Vincent Realmuto, Lucas Shaw, Peter Sullivan, Gregg Swayze, Erik Thingvold, Andrew K. Thorpe, Suresh Vannan, Catalina Villarreal, Charlene Ung, Daniel W. Wilson, Sander Zandbergen. Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima Peer Reviewed

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    Authors: Sophie de Roda Husman; Stef Lhermitte; Jordi Bolibar; Maaike Izeboud; +5 Authors

    While the influence of surface melt on Antarctic ice shelf stability can be large, the duration and affected area of melt events are often small. Therefore, melt events are difficult to capture with remote sensing, as satellite sensors always face the trade-off between spatial and temporal resolution. To overcome this limitation, we developed UMelt: a surface melt record for all Antarctic ice shelves with a high spatial (500 m) and high temporal (12 h) resolution for the period 2016–2021. Our approach is based on a deep learning model, specifically a U-Net, which was developed in Google Earth Engine. The U-Net combines microwave remote sensing observations from three sources: Sentinel-1, Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS), and Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT). The U-Net was trained on the Shackleton Ice Shelf for melt seasons 2017–2021, using the fine-scale melt patterns of Sentinel-1 as reference data and SSMIS, ASCAT, a digital elevation model, and multi-year Sentinel-1 melt fraction as predictors. The trained U-Net performed well on the Shackelton Ice Shelf for test melt season 2016–2017 (accuracy: 91.3%; F1-score: 86.9%), and the Larsen C Ice Shelf, which was not considered during training (accuracy: 91.0%; F1-score: 89.3%). Using the trained U-Net model, we have successfully developed the UMelt record. UMelt allows Antarctic-wide surface melt to be detected at a small scale while preserving a high temporal resolution, which could lead to new insights into the response of ice shelves to a changing atmospheric forcing. Remote Sensing of Environment, 301 ISSN:0034-4257

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    Lirias
    Article . 2024
    Data sources: Lirias
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2024
    License: CC BY
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    Remote Sensing of Environment
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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      Lirias
      Article . 2024
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      Research Collection
      Article . 2024
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      Remote Sensing of Environment
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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    Authors: Bin Rao; Jie Hu; Azzam Al-Nahari; Kun Yang; +1 Authors

    In this letter, we investigate the issue of physical layer security in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted backscatter communication. The scenario involves a single UAV, a single passive backscatter device (BD), in the presence of a single eavesdropper (ED) attempting to intercept the backscattered information from the BD. To counteract the ED’s efforts, we propose an artificial noise (AN) injection scheme to degrade the ED link. We aim to maximize the secrecy rate of the BD by optimizing three key factors: the UAV’s hovering position, the power allocation factor, and the reflection coefficient of the BD. For this system setting, we derive the secrecy rate and formulate an optimization problem to optimize these variables. Due to the non-convex nature of the problem, we design an iterative algorithm based on the alternating optimization (AO) algorithm for maximizing the secrecy rate. Additionally, we provide insights into the impact of various system parameters on the overall performance. Notably, we demonstrate that the power allocation factor and the hovering altitude of the UAV play important roles for achieving secure communication. Publisher Copyright: IEEE Peer reviewed

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    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    IEEE Wireless Communications Letters
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: IEEE Copyright
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      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      IEEE Wireless Communications Letters
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Khatri-Chhetri, Pratima; Wagtendonk, Liz van; Hendryx, Sean M; Kane, Van R;

    The repository contains data for Khatri-Chhetri et al. (2023), Remote Sensing of Environment

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    Other literature type . 2023
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    Remote Sensing of Environment
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    ZENODO
    Other literature type . 2023
    License: CC BY NC
    Data sources: Datacite
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      ZENODO
      Other literature type . 2023
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      Remote Sensing of Environment
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
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      ZENODO
      Other literature type . 2023
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    Authors: Yiu, Sheung;

    If we keep zooming in on a digital image, before long, we will reach a pixel. A pixel is a block of color of nothing, a set of RGB values, and the resolution limit of a digital optical device. Here is where human vision ends, but where the story of seeing something where there is nothing begins. On the planetary scale, the resolution limit of satellite sensors conceals objects as large as trees underneath a pixel. Remote sensing scientists switch between ground-level observation and aerial v...

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    OpenEdition; Interfaces
    Article . 2023 . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      OpenEdition; Interfaces
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    Authors: Turubanova, Svetlana; Potapov, Peter; Hansen, Matthew C.; Li, Xinyuan; +14 Authors

    European forests are among the most extensively studied ecosystems in the world, yet there are still debates about their recent dynamics. We modeled the changes in tree canopy height across Europe from 2001 to 2021 using the multidecadal spectral data from the Landsat archive and calibration data from Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) and spaceborne Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) lidars. Annual tree canopy height was modeled using regression tree ensembles and integrated with annual tree canopy removal maps to produce harmonized tree height map time series. From these time series, we derived annual tree canopy extent maps using a ≥ 5 m tree height threshold. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) for both ALS-calibrated and GEDI-calibrated tree canopy height maps was ≤4 m. The user's and producer's accuracies estimated using reference sample data are ≥94% for the tree canopy extent maps and ≥ 80% for the annual tree canopy removal maps. Analyzing the map time series, we found that the European tree canopy extent area increased by nearly 1% overall during the past two decades, with the largest increase observed in Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, and the British Isles. However, after the year 2016, the tree canopy extent in Europe declined. Some regions reduced their tree canopy extent between 2001 and 2021, with the highest reduction observed in Fennoscandia (3.5% net decrease). The continental extent of tall tree canopy forests (≥ 15 m height) decreased by 3% from 2001 to 2021. The recent decline in tree canopy extent agrees with the FAO statistics on timber harvesting intensification and with the increasing extent and severity of natural disturbances. The observed decreasing tree canopy height indicates a reduction in forest carbon storage capacity in Europe.

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    Remote Sensing of Environment
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: VIRTA
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      Remote Sensing of Environment
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Rizzo, Rodnei; Wadoux, Alexandre, M.J.-C; Demattê, José A.M.; Minasny, Budiman; +30 Authors

    Abstract Soil color is a key indicator of soil properties and conditions, exerting influence on both agronomic and environmental variables. Conventional methods for soil color determination have come under scrutiny due to their limited accuracy and reliability. In response to these concerns, we developed an innovative system that leverages 35 years of satellite imagery in conjunction with in-situ soil spectral measurements. This approach enables the creation of a global soil color map with a fine spatial resolution of 30 m x 30 m. The system initially identifies bare earth areas worldwide using reflectance bands acquired from Landsat 4 through Landsat 8 between 1985 and 2020. Soil color was quantified using the CIE-XYZ coordinates, utilizing 8005 soil spectral measurements within the visible range (380–780 nm) as ground truth data. We established transfer functions to convert Landsat reflectance bands to standardized XYZ color coordinates. These transfer functions were subsequently applied to images of bare surfaces, covering approximately 38.5% of the Earth's surface. We validated the resulting global soil color map using statistical indices derived from an independent set of ground-truth spectral data, demonstrating a high degree of agreement. By creating the world's first global soil color map, we have set a baseline for future spatial and temporal monitoring of soil conditions, thus enhancing our understanding and management of our planet's vital soil resources. International audience

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    Remote Sensing of Environment; Rothamsted Repository
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      Remote Sensing of Environment; Rothamsted Repository
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Liisa Horelli; Sirkku Wallin;

    Due to global eco-social and technological challenges, a new strategy of planning adopted as the Land Use and Building Act in Finland (2000) will be renewed after 23 years of implementation. Will the forthcoming law recognise the complex relationships and consequences of self-organised processes, the digital empowerment of citizens, and the eco-social content of planning and development? This article examines and discusses the renewal of the Finnish Land Use and Building Act and the forthcoming planning system from an ontological perspective. Methodologically it is based on an assessment of the draft of and comments on the new Act, as well as on a comparative analysis of two case studies that illustrate the potential consequences of the renewal in the Finnish context. The results reveal that the planning system will become more complex. Despite the adoption of a new digital methodology, the Act ignores civil society’s self-organisation and digital empowerment; also, the definition of the eco-social substance is vague. However, the Finnish reform serves as an example of the difficulties that planning systems encounter in the current context of complex problems concerning sustainability transitions all over the world. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Peer reviewed

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    Article . 2023
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    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Aaltodoc Publication Archive
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Katriina Veijola; Juval Cohen; Marko Mäkynen; Juha Lemmetyinen; +2 Authors

    In this work, backscattering signatures of snow-covered lake ice and sea ice from X- and Ku-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data are investigated. The SAR data were acquired with the ESA airborne SnowSAR sensor in winter 2012 over Lake Orajärvi in northern Finland and over landfast ice in the Bay of Bothnia of the Baltic Sea. Co-incident with the SnowSAR acquisitions, in situ snow and ice data were measured. In addition, time series of TerraSAR-X images and ice mass balance buoy data were acquired for Lake Orajärvi in 2011–2012. The main objective of our study was to investigate relationships between SAR backscattering signatures and snow depth over lake and sea ice, with the ultimate objective of assessing the feasibility of retrieval of snow characteristics using X- and Ku-band dual-polarization (VV and VH) SAR over freshwater or sea ice. This study constitutes the first comprehensive survey of snow backscattering signatures at these two combined frequencies over both lake and sea ice. For lake ice, we show that X-band VH-polarized backscattering coefficient ((Formula presented.)) and the Ku-band VV/VH-ratio exhibited the highest sensitivity to the snow depth. For sea ice, the highest sensitivity to the snow depth was found from the Ku-band VV-polarized (Formula presented.) and the Ku-band VV/VH-ratio. However, the observed relations were relatively weak, indicating that at least for the prevailing snow conditions, obtaining reliable estimates of snow depth over lake and sea ice would be challenging using only X- and Ku-band backscattering information. Funding Information: This research was partly funded by ESA SnowSAR Campaign Data Analysis Study (SCADAS); ESA Contract No. 4000118400/16/NL/FF/gp. Publisher Copyright: © 2024 by the authors. Peer reviewed

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    Remote Sensing
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.20944/prepr...
    Preprint . 2023
    License: CC BY
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    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Remote Sensing
    Article . 2024
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      Remote Sensing
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      https://doi.org/10.20944/prepr...
      Preprint . 2023
      License: CC BY
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      Aaltodoc Publication Archive
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Remote Sensing
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sorokina, Hanna Elisabet; Nunes, Matheus Henrique; Heiskanen, Janne; Munyao, Martha; +4 Authors

    African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) can substantially modify their habitat through their interactions with woody vegetation. Nonetheless, the scale, intensity and characteristics of these relations are not yet fully understood. Consequently, it is unclear how vegetation-megafauna interactions can be disrupted by external factors, such as land management. This study attempted to quantify and characterize structural changes in vegetation caused by elephants, from landscape to tree level scales. We applied multi-scale geospatial tools, including airborne (ALS) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), to address the following questions: (1) How do elephants shape landscape level vegetation structure in conservation areas? (2) Are the impacts of elephants evident on individual tree architecture? Our study area was located at the Taita Hills Wildlife Sanctuary in South-eastern Kenya. The occurrence of elephants was estimated using elephant observation records and proximity to elephant tracks. Landscape level structure was assessed using tree density maps calculated based on individually detected treetops from ALS data. Next, TLS measurements of 72 trees were processed using quantitative structural modelling to characterize their architecture. Our results demonstrate a widespread influence of elephants on both landscape and tree level structural characteristics. This influence was strongly mediated by management, as we observed differences in vegetation structure inside and outside conservation areas. Tree density was up to 42% lower (5.84 trees/ha) in conservation areas than in non-conservation areas (10.17 trees/ha). Trees were relatively larger with closer proximity to elephant tracks, while smaller trees were more often observed in areas further away from elephants. At an architectural level, trees closer to elephant tracks had lower ratio between the crown length and the tree height, demonstrating a substantial influence of elephants on the morphological characteristics of trees. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for vegetation fauna interactions when planning conservation areas in African savannahs. Peer reviewed

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    Ecological Informatics
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Ecological Informatics
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    Authors: David R. Thompson; Robert O. Green; Christine Bradley; Philip G. Brodrick; +52 Authors

    EMIT is supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Earth Venture Instrument program, under the Earth Science Division of the Science Mission Directorate. K. Dana Chadwick is supported by the NASA Applied Sciences Program. Carlos P´ erez García- Pando and María Gonçalves Ageitos acknowledge support from the European Research Council (ERC) Consolidator Grant FRAGMENT (grant agreement No. 773051), and the AXA Chair on Sand and Dust Storms at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center funded by the AXA Research Fund. Martina Klose has received funding through the Helmholtz Association’s Initiative and Networking Fund (grant agreement No. VH-NG-1533). We thank Jeffrey Czapla-Myers and the University of Arizona team for their maintenance and operation of the Railroad Valley automated calibration facility. This research was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We acknowledge the support and assistance of NASA’s International Space Station Program. The USGS authors’ contribution to this published Work was prepared by U.S. federal government employees as part of their official duties and constitutes a “work of the United States government,” and is considered to be in the public domain and therefore domestic copyright does not apply. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Copyright 2024 California Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. US Government Support Acknowledged. The Earth surface Mineral dust source InvesTigation (EMIT) is a remote visible to shortwave infrared (VSWIR) imaging spectrometer that has been operating onboard the International Space Station since July 2022. This article describes EMIT's on-orbit spectroradiometric calibration and validation. Accurate spectroscopy is vital to achieve consistent mapping results with orbital imaging spectrometers. EMIT takes a unique approach to this challenge, with just six optical elements, no shutter, and no onboard calibration systems. Its simple design focuses on uniformity and stability to enable vicarious spectroradiometric calibration. Our experiments demonstrate that this approach is successful, approaching the fidelity of manual field spectroscopy in some cases, and enabling new and more accurate products across diverse Earth science disciplines. EMIT achieves several notable firsts for an instrument of its class. It demonstrates successful on-orbit adjustments of Focal Plane Array (FPA) alignment with sub-micron precision. It offers spectral uniformity better than 98%. Optical artifacts in the measurement channels are at least three orders of magnitude below the primary solar-reflected surface signals. Its noise performance enables percent-level discrimination in the depths of mineral absorption features. In these aspects, EMIT satisfies the stringent performance needs for the next generation of VSWIR imaging spectrometers to observe the Earth's ecosystems, geology, and water resources. Article signat per 56 autors: David R. Thompson, Robert O. Green, Christine Bradley, Philip G. Brodrick, Natalie Mahowald, Eyal Ben Dor, Matthew Bennett, Michael Bernas, Nimrod Carmon, K. Dana Chadwick, Roger N. Clark, Red Willow Coleman, Evan Cox, Ernesto Diaz, Michael L. Eastwood, Regina Eckert, Bethany L. Ehlmann, Paul Ginoux, María Gonçalves Ageitos, Kathleen Grant, Luis Guanter, Daniela Heller Pearlshtien, Mark Helmlinger, Harrison Herzog, Todd Hoefen, Yue Huang, Abigail Keebler, Olga Kalashnikova, Didier Keymeulen, Raymond Kokaly, Martina Klose, Longlei Li, Sarah R. Lundeen, John Meyer, Elizabeth Middleton, Ron L. Miller, Pantazis Mouroulis, Bogdan Oaida, Vincenzo Obiso, Francisco Ochoa, Winston Olson-Duvall, Gregory S. Okin, Thomas H. Painter, Carlos Pérez García-Pando, Randy Pollock, Vincent Realmuto, Lucas Shaw, Peter Sullivan, Gregg Swayze, Erik Thingvold, Andrew K. Thorpe, Suresh Vannan, Catalina Villarreal, Charlene Ung, Daniel W. Wilson, Sander Zandbergen. Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima Peer Reviewed

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    Authors: Sophie de Roda Husman; Stef Lhermitte; Jordi Bolibar; Maaike Izeboud; +5 Authors

    While the influence of surface melt on Antarctic ice shelf stability can be large, the duration and affected area of melt events are often small. Therefore, melt events are difficult to capture with remote sensing, as satellite sensors always face the trade-off between spatial and temporal resolution. To overcome this limitation, we developed UMelt: a surface melt record for all Antarctic ice shelves with a high spatial (500 m) and high temporal (12 h) resolution for the period 2016–2021. Our approach is based on a deep learning model, specifically a U-Net, which was developed in Google Earth Engine. The U-Net combines microwave remote sensing observations from three sources: Sentinel-1, Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS), and Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT). The U-Net was trained on the Shackleton Ice Shelf for melt seasons 2017–2021, using the fine-scale melt patterns of Sentinel-1 as reference data and SSMIS, ASCAT, a digital elevation model, and multi-year Sentinel-1 melt fraction as predictors. The trained U-Net performed well on the Shackelton Ice Shelf for test melt season 2016–2017 (accuracy: 91.3%; F1-score: 86.9%), and the Larsen C Ice Shelf, which was not considered during training (accuracy: 91.0%; F1-score: 89.3%). Using the trained U-Net model, we have successfully developed the UMelt record. UMelt allows Antarctic-wide surface melt to be detected at a small scale while preserving a high temporal resolution, which could lead to new insights into the response of ice shelves to a changing atmospheric forcing. Remote Sensing of Environment, 301 ISSN:0034-4257

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    Lirias
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2024
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    Remote Sensing of Environment
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Remote Sensing of Environment
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    Authors: Bin Rao; Jie Hu; Azzam Al-Nahari; Kun Yang; +1 Authors

    In this letter, we investigate the issue of physical layer security in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted backscatter communication. The scenario involves a single UAV, a single passive backscatter device (BD), in the presence of a single eavesdropper (ED) attempting to intercept the backscattered information from the BD. To counteract the ED’s efforts, we propose an artificial noise (AN) injection scheme to degrade the ED link. We aim to maximize the secrecy rate of the BD by optimizing three key factors: the UAV’s hovering position, the power allocation factor, and the reflection coefficient of the BD. For this system setting, we derive the secrecy rate and formulate an optimization problem to optimize these variables. Due to the non-convex nature of the problem, we design an iterative algorithm based on the alternating optimization (AO) algorithm for maximizing the secrecy rate. Additionally, we provide insights into the impact of various system parameters on the overall performance. Notably, we demonstrate that the power allocation factor and the hovering altitude of the UAV play important roles for achieving secure communication. Publisher Copyright: IEEE Peer reviewed

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    IEEE Wireless Communications Letters
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      IEEE Wireless Communications Letters
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    Authors: Khatri-Chhetri, Pratima; Wagtendonk, Liz van; Hendryx, Sean M; Kane, Van R;

    The repository contains data for Khatri-Chhetri et al. (2023), Remote Sensing of Environment

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    Remote Sensing of Environment
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      Remote Sensing of Environment
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Yiu, Sheung;

    If we keep zooming in on a digital image, before long, we will reach a pixel. A pixel is a block of color of nothing, a set of RGB values, and the resolution limit of a digital optical device. Here is where human vision ends, but where the story of seeing something where there is nothing begins. On the planetary scale, the resolution limit of satellite sensors conceals objects as large as trees underneath a pixel. Remote sensing scientists switch between ground-level observation and aerial v...

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    OpenEdition; Interfaces
    Article . 2023 . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      OpenEdition; Interfaces
      Article . 2023 . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Turubanova, Svetlana; Potapov, Peter; Hansen, Matthew C.; Li, Xinyuan; +14 Authors

    European forests are among the most extensively studied ecosystems in the world, yet there are still debates about their recent dynamics. We modeled the changes in tree canopy height across Europe from 2001 to 2021 using the multidecadal spectral data from the Landsat archive and calibration data from Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) and spaceborne Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) lidars. Annual tree canopy height was modeled using regression tree ensembles and integrated with annual tree canopy removal maps to produce harmonized tree height map time series. From these time series, we derived annual tree canopy extent maps using a ≥ 5 m tree height threshold. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) for both ALS-calibrated and GEDI-calibrated tree canopy height maps was ≤4 m. The user's and producer's accuracies estimated using reference sample data are ≥94% for the tree canopy extent maps and ≥ 80% for the annual tree canopy removal maps. Analyzing the map time series, we found that the European tree canopy extent area increased by nearly 1% overall during the past two decades, with the largest increase observed in Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, and the British Isles. However, after the year 2016, the tree canopy extent in Europe declined. Some regions reduced their tree canopy extent between 2001 and 2021, with the highest reduction observed in Fennoscandia (3.5% net decrease). The continental extent of tall tree canopy forests (≥ 15 m height) decreased by 3% from 2001 to 2021. The recent decline in tree canopy extent agrees with the FAO statistics on timber harvesting intensification and with the increasing extent and severity of natural disturbances. The observed decreasing tree canopy height indicates a reduction in forest carbon storage capacity in Europe.

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    Remote Sensing of Environment
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: VIRTA
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      Remote Sensing of Environment
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Rizzo, Rodnei; Wadoux, Alexandre, M.J.-C; Demattê, José A.M.; Minasny, Budiman; +30 Authors

    Abstract Soil color is a key indicator of soil properties and conditions, exerting influence on both agronomic and environmental variables. Conventional methods for soil color determination have come under scrutiny due to their limited accuracy and reliability. In response to these concerns, we developed an innovative system that leverages 35 years of satellite imagery in conjunction with in-situ soil spectral measurements. This approach enables the creation of a global soil color map with a fine spatial resolution of 30 m x 30 m. The system initially identifies bare earth areas worldwide using reflectance bands acquired from Landsat 4 through Landsat 8 between 1985 and 2020. Soil color was quantified using the CIE-XYZ coordinates, utilizing 8005 soil spectral measurements within the visible range (380–780 nm) as ground truth data. We established transfer functions to convert Landsat reflectance bands to standardized XYZ color coordinates. These transfer functions were subsequently applied to images of bare surfaces, covering approximately 38.5% of the Earth's surface. We validated the resulting global soil color map using statistical indices derived from an independent set of ground-truth spectral data, demonstrating a high degree of agreement. By creating the world's first global soil color map, we have set a baseline for future spatial and temporal monitoring of soil conditions, thus enhancing our understanding and management of our planet's vital soil resources. International audience

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    Remote Sensing of Environment; Rothamsted Repository
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      Remote Sensing of Environment; Rothamsted Repository
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Liisa Horelli; Sirkku Wallin;

    Due to global eco-social and technological challenges, a new strategy of planning adopted as the Land Use and Building Act in Finland (2000) will be renewed after 23 years of implementation. Will the forthcoming law recognise the complex relationships and consequences of self-organised processes, the digital empowerment of citizens, and the eco-social content of planning and development? This article examines and discusses the renewal of the Finnish Land Use and Building Act and the forthcoming planning system from an ontological perspective. Methodologically it is based on an assessment of the draft of and comments on the new Act, as well as on a comparative analysis of two case studies that illustrate the potential consequences of the renewal in the Finnish context. The results reveal that the planning system will become more complex. Despite the adoption of a new digital methodology, the Act ignores civil society’s self-organisation and digital empowerment; also, the definition of the eco-social substance is vague. However, the Finnish reform serves as an example of the difficulties that planning systems encounter in the current context of complex problems concerning sustainability transitions all over the world. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Peer reviewed

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    Article . 2023
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    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Aaltodoc Publication Archive
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Katriina Veijola; Juval Cohen; Marko Mäkynen; Juha Lemmetyinen; +2 Authors

    In this work, backscattering signatures of snow-covered lake ice and sea ice from X- and Ku-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data are investigated. The SAR data were acquired with the ESA airborne SnowSAR sensor in winter 2012 over Lake Orajärvi in northern Finland and over landfast ice in the Bay of Bothnia of the Baltic Sea. Co-incident with the SnowSAR acquisitions, in situ snow and ice data were measured. In addition, time series of TerraSAR-X images and ice mass balance buoy data were acquired for Lake Orajärvi in 2011–2012. The main objective of our study was to investigate relationships between SAR backscattering signatures and snow depth over lake and sea ice, with the ultimate objective of assessing the feasibility of retrieval of snow characteristics using X- and Ku-band dual-polarization (VV and VH) SAR over freshwater or sea ice. This study constitutes the first comprehensive survey of snow backscattering signatures at these two combined frequencies over both lake and sea ice. For lake ice, we show that X-band VH-polarized backscattering coefficient ((Formula presented.)) and the Ku-band VV/VH-ratio exhibited the highest sensitivity to the snow depth. For sea ice, the highest sensitivity to the snow depth was found from the Ku-band VV-polarized (Formula presented.) and the Ku-band VV/VH-ratio. However, the observed relations were relatively weak, indicating that at least for the prevailing snow conditions, obtaining reliable estimates of snow depth over lake and sea ice would be challenging using only X- and Ku-band backscattering information. Funding Information: This research was partly funded by ESA SnowSAR Campaign Data Analysis Study (SCADAS); ESA Contract No. 4000118400/16/NL/FF/gp. Publisher Copyright: © 2024 by the authors. Peer reviewed

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    Remote Sensing
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.20944/prepr...
    Preprint . 2023
    License: CC BY
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    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2024
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