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  • Authors: J.M. Metsaranta; M. Fortin; J.C. White; D. Sattler; +6 Authors

    Growth and yield models in forest management planning are used to project future forest conditions and estimate quantities such as wood volume and biomass. These models are crucial for assessing forest sustainability, however, some models currently used in Canada do not adequately account for climate and other environmental variables, which limits their effectiveness under a changing climate. Climate-sensitive growth and yield models (CSGYMs) are therefore urgently needed to support forest management decisions. The Canadian Forest Service (CFS) has developed a strategic plan to advance climate-sensitive growth and yield modeling in Canada through collaboration with provincial and territorial agencies, as well as other partners. The primary objective of this plan is to provide a national-level modelling approach to predicting and managing forest growth, mortality, and other ecosystem services. The climate sensitive growth and yield modelling initiative emphasizes collaboration, open data, and open-source code principles to ensure widespread accessibility and uptake of models, thus contributing to the sustainable management of forest resources. This technical review reports on the status of growth and yield models currently applied in each province and territory, assesses the level of climate sensitivity associated with each of these models, synthesizes the relevant modeling approaches and input data required to implement climate sensitivity into these models, and suggests possible pathways for achieving CSGYM at a national scale. Widespread collaboration will be the key to advancing the development of CSGYMs.

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  • Authors: Adam Gorgolewski; Malcolm Cockwell; Thomas McCay; Guillaume Moreau; +1 Authors

    Recent studies have highlighted the need to update hardwood tree marking guides by changing the criteria used to assess vigour and quality, and thus the priority for deciding which trees to remove and retain during selection harvests. However, these studies have recommended different criteria, so it remains uncertain which should be included in the classification systems used to assess vigour and quality. We review these studies with the aim of reducing this uncertainty and identifying potential improvements to the provincial tree marking guides for northern hardwood forests in Canada, particularly the Ontario Tree Marking Guide. We review the differences in methodologies and summarize which defects have been shown to affect vigour and/or quality. The defects that should be used to assess vigour are canopy dieback, cankers, and fungi. Decaying wounds, wounds without decay, canopy density, and bark condition could also be used as secondary criteria for borderline cases in which the primary criteria are not decisive. The defects that should be used to assess quality are cankers, fungi, cracks, cavities, and decay (including black bark and wounds with moisture or soft wood). We present a new classification system based on these results and identify potential challenges to its implementation.

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  • Authors: Cuauhtémoc Sáenz-Romero;

    The 2023–2024 El Niño is inducing an acceleration of global warming that is likely to far exceed 1.5 °C. The Boreal summer of 2023 provided numerous examples of catastrophic forest fires (e.g., >18 million hectares of forest burned in Canada, making the Canadian forest a clear carbon source rather than a carbon sink), a trend that has been accompanied by worldwide examples of unusual tree mortality linked to hotter droughts. It is reasonable to expect that the warming induced by El Niño could push forests in several parts of the world over a tipping point, where they will hardly be able to recover their original state. It is therefore necessary to address the meaning, realistically, of sustainable forest management in the era of accelerated climatic change. The ultimate goal of the broadly accepted silvicultural practice of maintaining forests in a state that resembles what we recognize as temperate or boreal forests is becoming more of an idealistic dream rather than an attainable goal. Thus, the time has arrived to discuss painful forest management decisions, such as anticipated thinning to reduce water competition and the gradual replacement of native local forest populations with more drought-resistant provenances and species.

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  • Authors: Barb R. Thomas; Michael Stoehr; Stefan G. Schreiber; Andy Benowicz; +16 Authors

    This paper consolidates the most current information available on tree improvement in Canada and provides a summary of key historical events leading to its development and expansion across the country. The most recent publication on the topic was by Fowler and Morgenstern (1990) compiled over 30 years ago. Since that time, many things have changed and new technologies, such as the increasing use and adoption of genomics, have become part of the tool-box of tree breeders in forestry and natural resource management. This paper provides information on the status of tree improvement programs including their history, objectives, seed production, future outlook and other performance measures by province across Canada.

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  • Authors: Shes K. Bhandari; Bradley D. Pinno; Kenneth J. Stadt; Barb R. Thomas;

    Pre-commercial thinning in Alberta is a potential option for increasing the growth rate and shortening the rotation age of regenerating forests. Previous studies have focused on the evaluation of either the immediate- or long-term response to thinning after many decades. Our current study compares the pre-commercial thinning response in lodgepole pine for a 10-year period immediately after thinning, and again 38-45 years after thinning, based on 22 paired plots of precommercially thinned trials in Alberta. The first group of plots was pre-commercially thinned in 1984, measured in 1985 and 1995 (short-term) and the second group was pre-commercially thinned between 1962 and 1969 and measured in 2007 and 2017 (long-term). In the short-term, individual tree DBH growth was 56% greater in pre-commercially thinned plots, while in the long-term plots, there were no measured growth differences between pre-commercially thinned and unthinned plots. Small- and medium-sized trees benefited more from pre-commercial thinning than larger trees. However, at the stand level, the number and volume of merchantable-sized trees (≥13.5 cm DBH) were higher in pre-commercially thinned plots than in unthinned plots in both the short- and long-term. Although the growth response of thinning appeared to be a short-term response (number and volume of larger trees), yield at the end of the long-term measurement period was still higher in pre-commercially thinned than in unthinned plots.

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  • Authors: Malcolm Cecil-Cockwell; Adam Gorgolewski; John Caspersen; Thomas McCay;

    Demonstration forests have been established across the northern hardwoods of the United States to assess the economic and environmental implications of partial harvest systems, such as single tree selection and diameter limit cutting. Single tree selection has been studied at several sites in the northern hardwoods of Canada, but there has not been a structured comparison of partial harvest systems within one site. We assessed the initial harvest results at the Blue Heron Demonstration Forest, in which four partial harvest systems – single tree selection (STS), financial maturity selection (FMS), diameter limit cutting (DLC), and crop tree release (CROP) – and a control treatment were implemented with multiple replicates within a typical northern hardwood forest in central Ontario. DLC harvested the most volume as well as basal area, followed closely by FMS. STS harvested the least basal area and volume and generated the lowest product values as well as the lowest stumpage revenue. However, STS did not harvest significantly more low vigour trees, nor did it significantly increase the proportion of basal area that is high vigour, suggesting that alternative partial harvest systems like FMS may achieve silvicultural objectives while yielding superior financial results over multiple cutting cycles.

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  • Authors: Douglas E.B. Reid; Jevon Hagens;

    Forest regeneration monitoring is critical to inform forest management planning, evaluate silvicultural efficacy, and determine achievement of renewal standards in managed forests. We assessed the accuracy of operational monitoring using interpretation (INT) of true colour 7–10 cm digital stereo imagery in juvenile stands across a wide range of species compositions typical of northwestern Ontario’s boreal forest. Using the same grid of 16 m2 circular plots established at a density of 2 ha-1, interpreted stand-level estimates were compared to field survey estimates from summarized plot data. Using 1508 field plots, estimates of density, stocking and height were derived for species and species groups (e.g., poplars) across 46 stands. Species compositions were developed using two approaches (all stems and stocking) and accuracy of INT estimates of density, stocking, and height were analysed using an observed (field data) vs. predicted (INT data) linear modelling approach. The INT approach appears useful for monitoring regeneration and providing stand-level estimates of density and stocking, particularly for conifers as a group and for jack pine. However, INT underestimated deciduous tree density and stocking and failed to distinguish spruce from balsam fir or count white birch saplings. These errors have implications for determination of species composition from INT of leaf-off imagery. An approach to quality control is described, and recommendations for ways to improve operational estimates of height and species composition using INT assessments are provided.

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  • Authors: Fabien Girard; Christine Frison; Christine Noiville;

    International audience; The chapter aims to re-contextualize the polarity between the commodification and decommodification of seeds, highlighting reactions and resistances to market pressures. It begins by discussing the emergence of the seed market and its main drivers, such as the biotechnological revolution, intellectual property rights, and the consolidation of the seed industry. The chapter then emphasizes that discontent with changes in agricultural production and economic integration has primarily led to discussions on so-called market failures rather than restricting market transactions. The preservation of public goods, specifically innovation and crop diversity, through the handling of purportedly market failures, has remained a key focus.Additionally, the chapter explores proposals advocating for the radical decommodification of seeds. This perspective aligns with research in ethics and economics on the concept of noxious markets. By examining the ethical and economic aspects of seeds as commodities, the exploration of decommodification (through “open source” and commons-based initiatives) aims to challenge the prevailing market-driven approach to seed production and seed provisioning. The chapter closes with a discussion on the coexistence between market society and peasant farming, examining the feasibility and desirability of maintaining control over innovations and agricultural production models while resisting the complete commodification of seeds.

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  • Authors: Hugues Power; Patricia Raymond; François Guillemette; Steve Bédard; +2 Authors

    Since the mid 1990s, partial cuts have been widely used in yellow birch–conifer stands (BJR, bétulaies jaunes résineuses) in the temperate forests of Québec. We studied the impact of residual basal area on stand composition and on the time required to reconstitute enough merchantable basal area to allow for a second partial cut, according to the usual standards of forest management in Québec. To do so, we used a dataset from 9 experiments as well as simulations of the Artémis-2014 growth model and those of a new model, BJR, which we calibrated using the study data. Our results show that residual basal area influences stand periodic annual increment, which peaks 10 to 15 years after the cut. Residual basal area also influences the length of the cutting cycle and future stand composition. We estimated a mean cutting cycle of 24 years for a mean residual basal area of 18 m2·ha-1, and of 40 years for a mean residual basal area of 14 m2·ha-1. For the latter, our results also show that some opportunistic species of lesser commercial value, such as red maple, could become more abundant.

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  • Authors: François Guillemette; Sébastien Michaud-Larochelle; Steve Bédard; Stéphane Tremblay;

    Production goals for certain stands previously used mainly to produce sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) lumber are being revised due to the growing demand for products made from maple sap. This paper therefore estimates the impacts that maple sap production may have for maple lumber production. We began by developing a model able to predict sugar maple lumber losses due to tapping for sap collection. We then used the model to simulate two management scenarios: one for timber production alone, and one for production of both lumber and maple sap in the same stand. The results suggest that the net harvested volume of lumber declines by approximately 40% in the co-production scenario, compared to the timber production scenario.

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  • Authors: J.M. Metsaranta; M. Fortin; J.C. White; D. Sattler; +6 Authors

    Growth and yield models in forest management planning are used to project future forest conditions and estimate quantities such as wood volume and biomass. These models are crucial for assessing forest sustainability, however, some models currently used in Canada do not adequately account for climate and other environmental variables, which limits their effectiveness under a changing climate. Climate-sensitive growth and yield models (CSGYMs) are therefore urgently needed to support forest management decisions. The Canadian Forest Service (CFS) has developed a strategic plan to advance climate-sensitive growth and yield modeling in Canada through collaboration with provincial and territorial agencies, as well as other partners. The primary objective of this plan is to provide a national-level modelling approach to predicting and managing forest growth, mortality, and other ecosystem services. The climate sensitive growth and yield modelling initiative emphasizes collaboration, open data, and open-source code principles to ensure widespread accessibility and uptake of models, thus contributing to the sustainable management of forest resources. This technical review reports on the status of growth and yield models currently applied in each province and territory, assesses the level of climate sensitivity associated with each of these models, synthesizes the relevant modeling approaches and input data required to implement climate sensitivity into these models, and suggests possible pathways for achieving CSGYM at a national scale. Widespread collaboration will be the key to advancing the development of CSGYMs.

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  • Authors: Adam Gorgolewski; Malcolm Cockwell; Thomas McCay; Guillaume Moreau; +1 Authors

    Recent studies have highlighted the need to update hardwood tree marking guides by changing the criteria used to assess vigour and quality, and thus the priority for deciding which trees to remove and retain during selection harvests. However, these studies have recommended different criteria, so it remains uncertain which should be included in the classification systems used to assess vigour and quality. We review these studies with the aim of reducing this uncertainty and identifying potential improvements to the provincial tree marking guides for northern hardwood forests in Canada, particularly the Ontario Tree Marking Guide. We review the differences in methodologies and summarize which defects have been shown to affect vigour and/or quality. The defects that should be used to assess vigour are canopy dieback, cankers, and fungi. Decaying wounds, wounds without decay, canopy density, and bark condition could also be used as secondary criteria for borderline cases in which the primary criteria are not decisive. The defects that should be used to assess quality are cankers, fungi, cracks, cavities, and decay (including black bark and wounds with moisture or soft wood). We present a new classification system based on these results and identify potential challenges to its implementation.

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  • Authors: Cuauhtémoc Sáenz-Romero;

    The 2023–2024 El Niño is inducing an acceleration of global warming that is likely to far exceed 1.5 °C. The Boreal summer of 2023 provided numerous examples of catastrophic forest fires (e.g., >18 million hectares of forest burned in Canada, making the Canadian forest a clear carbon source rather than a carbon sink), a trend that has been accompanied by worldwide examples of unusual tree mortality linked to hotter droughts. It is reasonable to expect that the warming induced by El Niño could push forests in several parts of the world over a tipping point, where they will hardly be able to recover their original state. It is therefore necessary to address the meaning, realistically, of sustainable forest management in the era of accelerated climatic change. The ultimate goal of the broadly accepted silvicultural practice of maintaining forests in a state that resembles what we recognize as temperate or boreal forests is becoming more of an idealistic dream rather than an attainable goal. Thus, the time has arrived to discuss painful forest management decisions, such as anticipated thinning to reduce water competition and the gradual replacement of native local forest populations with more drought-resistant provenances and species.

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  • Authors: Barb R. Thomas; Michael Stoehr; Stefan G. Schreiber; Andy Benowicz; +16 Authors

    This paper consolidates the most current information available on tree improvement in Canada and provides a summary of key historical events leading to its development and expansion across the country. The most recent publication on the topic was by Fowler and Morgenstern (1990) compiled over 30 years ago. Since that time, many things have changed and new technologies, such as the increasing use and adoption of genomics, have become part of the tool-box of tree breeders in forestry and natural resource management. This paper provides information on the status of tree improvement programs including their history, objectives, seed production, future outlook and other performance measures by province across Canada.

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  • Authors: Shes K. Bhandari; Bradley D. Pinno; Kenneth J. Stadt; Barb R. Thomas;

    Pre-commercial thinning in Alberta is a potential option for increasing the growth rate and shortening the rotation age of regenerating forests. Previous studies have focused on the evaluation of either the immediate- or long-term response to thinning after many decades. Our current study compares the pre-commercial thinning response in lodgepole pine for a 10-year period immediately after thinning, and again 38-45 years after thinning, based on 22 paired plots of precommercially thinned trials in Alberta. The first group of plots was pre-commercially thinned in 1984, measured in 1985 and 1995 (short-term) and the second group was pre-commercially thinned between 1962 and 1969 and measured in 2007 and 2017 (long-term). In the short-term, individual tree DBH growth was 56% greater in pre-commercially thinned plots, while in the long-term plots, there were no measured growth differences between pre-commercially thinned and unthinned plots. Small- and medium-sized trees benefited more from pre-commercial thinning than larger trees. However, at the stand level, the number and volume of merchantable-sized trees (≥13.5 cm DBH) were higher in pre-commercially thinned plots than in unthinned plots in both the short- and long-term. Although the growth response of thinning appeared to be a short-term response (number and volume of larger trees), yield at the end of the long-term measurement period was still higher in pre-commercially thinned than in unthinned plots.

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  • Authors: Malcolm Cecil-Cockwell; Adam Gorgolewski; John Caspersen; Thomas McCay;

    Demonstration forests have been established across the northern hardwoods of the United States to assess the economic and environmental implications of partial harvest systems, such as single tree selection and diameter limit cutting. Single tree selection has been studied at several sites in the northern hardwoods of Canada, but there has not been a structured comparison of partial harvest systems within one site. We assessed the initial harvest results at the Blue Heron Demonstration Forest, in which four partial harvest systems – single tree selection (STS), financial maturity selection (FMS), diameter limit cutting (DLC), and crop tree release (CROP) – and a control treatment were implemented with multiple replicates within a typical northern hardwood forest in central Ontario. DLC harvested the most volume as well as basal area, followed closely by FMS. STS harvested the least basal area and volume and generated the lowest product values as well as the lowest stumpage revenue. However, STS did not harvest significantly more low vigour trees, nor did it significantly increase the proportion of basal area that is high vigour, suggesting that alternative partial harvest systems like FMS may achieve silvicultural objectives while yielding superior financial results over multiple cutting cycles.

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  • Authors: Douglas E.B. Reid; Jevon Hagens;

    Forest regeneration monitoring is critical to inform forest management planning, evaluate silvicultural efficacy, and determine achievement of renewal standards in managed forests. We assessed the accuracy of operational monitoring using interpretation (INT) of true colour 7–10 cm digital stereo imagery in juvenile stands across a wide range of species compositions typical of northwestern Ontario’s boreal forest. Using the same grid of 16 m2 circular plots established at a density of 2 ha-1, interpreted stand-level estimates were compared to field survey estimates from summarized plot data. Using 1508 field plots, estimates of density, stocking and height were derived for species and species groups (e.g., poplars) across 46 stands. Species compositions were developed using two approaches (all stems and stocking) and accuracy of INT estimates of density, stocking, and height were analysed using an observed (field data) vs. predicted (INT data) linear modelling approach. The INT approach appears useful for monitoring regeneration and providing stand-level estimates of density and stocking, particularly for conifers as a group and for jack pine. However, INT underestimated deciduous tree density and stocking and failed to distinguish spruce from balsam fir or count white birch saplings. These errors have implications for determination of species composition from INT of leaf-off imagery. An approach to quality control is described, and recommendations for ways to improve operational estimates of height and species composition using INT assessments are provided.

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  • Authors: Fabien Girard; Christine Frison; Christine Noiville;

    International audience; The chapter aims to re-contextualize the polarity between the commodification and decommodification of seeds, highlighting reactions and resistances to market pressures. It begins by discussing the emergence of the seed market and its main drivers, such as the biotechnological revolution, intellectual property rights, and the consolidation of the seed industry. The chapter then emphasizes that discontent with changes in agricultural production and economic integration has primarily led to discussions on so-called market failures rather than restricting market transactions. The preservation of public goods, specifically innovation and crop diversity, through the handling of purportedly market failures, has remained a key focus.Additionally, the chapter explores proposals advocating for the radical decommodification of seeds. This perspective aligns with research in ethics and economics on the concept of noxious markets. By examining the ethical and economic aspects of seeds as commodities, the exploration of decommodification (through “open source” and commons-based initiatives) aims to challenge the prevailing market-driven approach to seed production and seed provisioning. The chapter closes with a discussion on the coexistence between market society and peasant farming, examining the feasibility and desirability of maintaining control over innovations and agricultural production models while resisting the complete commodification of seeds.

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  • Authors: Hugues Power; Patricia Raymond; François Guillemette; Steve Bédard; +2 Authors

    Since the mid 1990s, partial cuts have been widely used in yellow birch–conifer stands (BJR, bétulaies jaunes résineuses) in the temperate forests of Québec. We studied the impact of residual basal area on stand composition and on the time required to reconstitute enough merchantable basal area to allow for a second partial cut, according to the usual standards of forest management in Québec. To do so, we used a dataset from 9 experiments as well as simulations of the Artémis-2014 growth model and those of a new model, BJR, which we calibrated using the study data. Our results show that residual basal area influences stand periodic annual increment, which peaks 10 to 15 years after the cut. Residual basal area also influences the length of the cutting cycle and future stand composition. We estimated a mean cutting cycle of 24 years for a mean residual basal area of 18 m2·ha-1, and of 40 years for a mean residual basal area of 14 m2·ha-1. For the latter, our results also show that some opportunistic species of lesser commercial value, such as red maple, could become more abundant.

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  • Authors: François Guillemette; Sébastien Michaud-Larochelle; Steve Bédard; Stéphane Tremblay;

    Production goals for certain stands previously used mainly to produce sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) lumber are being revised due to the growing demand for products made from maple sap. This paper therefore estimates the impacts that maple sap production may have for maple lumber production. We began by developing a model able to predict sugar maple lumber losses due to tapping for sap collection. We then used the model to simulate two management scenarios: one for timber production alone, and one for production of both lumber and maple sap in the same stand. The results suggest that the net harvested volume of lumber declines by approximately 40% in the co-production scenario, compared to the timber production scenario.

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