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[EN] Elevated atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on terrestrial ecosystems has become one of the most important drivers of microbial diversity loss on a global scale, and has been reported to alter the soil function of nutrient-poor, montane Calluna vulgaris heathlands in the context of global change. In this work we analyze for the first time the shifts of bacterial communities in response to experimental addition of N in Calluna heathlands as a simulation of atmospheric deposition. Specifically, we evaluated the effects of five N addition treatments (0, 10, 20, and 50 kg N ha−1 yr−1 for 3-years; and 56 kg N ha−1 yr−1 for 10-years) on the resistance of soil bacterial communities as determined by changes in their composition and alpha and beta diversities. The study was conducted in montane Calluna heathlands at different development stages (young and mature phases) in the southern side of the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain). Our results evidenced a substantial increase of long-term (10-years) N inputs on soil extractable N-NH4+, particularly in young Calluna stands. The alpha diversity of soil bacterial communities in mature Calluna stands did not show a significant response to experimental N addition, whereas it was significantly higher under long-term chronic N addition (56 kg N ha−1 yr−1 for 10-years) in young Calluna stands. These bacterial community shifts are mainly attributable to a decrease in the dominance of Acidobacteria phylum, the most representative in montane Calluna ecosystems, in favor of copiotrophic taxa such as Actinobacteria or Proteobacteria phyla, favored under increased N availability. Future research should investigate what specific ecosystem functions performed by soil bacterial communities may be sensitive to increased nitrogen depositions, which may have substantial implications for the understanding of montane Calluna ecosystems' stability. SI Next-Generation Funds of the European Union (EU) in the framework of the FIREMAP project (TED2021-130925B-I00) Regional Government of Castile and León in the framework of the IA-FIREXTCyL project (LE081P23) Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology in the frame of project UIDB/04033/2020 Spanish Ministry of Universities (FPU21/00309)

​​​​​​​Fire Ecology is the official journal of the Association for Fire Ecology [EN] Background Fire‑vegetation feedbacks can modulate the global change effects conducive to extreme fire behavior and high fire severity of subsequent wildfires in reburn areas by altering the composition, flammability traits, and spatial arrangement of fuels. Repeated, high‑severity wildfires at short return intervals may trigger long‑term vegetation state transitions. However, empirical evidence about these feedbacks is absent in fire‑prone ecosystems of the west‑ern Mediterranean Basin, where the response of fire activity has been enhanced by contemporary socioeconomic and land‑use changes. Here, we evaluated whether fire severity differs between initial burns and subsequent wild‑fires in reburn areas (fire‑free periods = 10–15 years) of maritime pine and Aleppo pine forests, holm oak woodlands, and shrublands in the western Mediterranean Basin, and whether there is a relationship between the severity of such interactive wildfire disturbances. We also tested how the type of ecosystem and changes in vegetation structure after the initial wildfires influence these relationships. We leveraged Landsat‑based fire severity estimates for initial and last wildfires using the Relativized Burn Ratio (RBR) and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data acquired before the last wildfire. Results Fire severity of the last wildfire was significantly higher than that of the initial wildfire for each dominant ecosystem type in reburn areas. These differences were very pronounced in maritime pine forests and shrublands. For consistency, the same patterns were evidenced for the fire severity in reburn and first‑entry areas of the last wild‑fire for each dominant ecosystem type. Fire severity of the last wildfire in forests and woodlands (particularly maritime pine‑dominated) raised with increasing severity of the previous wildfire to a greater extent than in shrublands. Pre‑fire fuel density in the lower vegetation strata (up to 4 m high in maritime and Aleppo pine forests, as well as in shrub‑lands, and up to 2 m high in holm oak forests) was significantly higher in reburn than in first‑entry areas of the last wildfire. Conclusions Our results suggest that land managers should promote more fire‑resistant landscapes to high fire severity by minimizing fuel build‑up and thus fire hazard through pre‑fire fuel reduction treatments such as pre‑scribed burning [ES] Antecedentes La retroalimentación entre el fuego y la vegetación puede modular los efectos del cambio global que conducen al comportamiento extremo del fuego y a una alta severidad de fuegos subsiguientes en áreas de interacción entre incendios. Esto se puede producir mediante alteraciones en la composición, características de inflamabilidad, y la disposición espacial del combustible. Los incendios repetidos, de alta severidad en intervalos de tiempo cortos, pueden producir transiciones a largo plazo sobre el estado de la vegetación. Sin embargo, la evidencia empírica sobre estas retroalimentaciones está ausente en los ecosistemas propensos al fuego en la cuenca oeste del Mediterráneo, donde la respuesta a la actividad del fuego ha aumentado por las actividades socioeconómicas y el cambio en los usos del suelo. En este trabajo, evaluamos si la severidad del fuego difiere entre incendios iniciales y subsiguientes en áreas con fuegos recurrentes (período libre de incendios de 10–15 años), en bosques de pino marítimo y pino de Alepo, en bosques de encinas y en matorrales de la cuenca oeste del Mediterráneo, y si existe una relación entre la severidad de estas perturbaciones interactivas. Testeamos asimismo cómo el tipo de ecosistema y cambios en la estructura de la vegetación después de los incendios iniciales influencian esas relaciones. Potenciamos las estimaciones de severidad basadas en LANDSAT para los incendios iniciales y finales, usando el Ratio Relativo a de Quema (Relativized Burn Ratio o RBR en inglés), y datos LIDAR adquiridos antes del último incendio. Resultados La severidad del último incendio fue significativamente más alta que la del fuego inicial para cada tipo de ecosistema dominante en áreas de interacción de incendios. Estas diferencias fueron muy pronunciadas en bosques de pino marítimo y en matorrales. Consistentemente, los mismos patrones fueron evidenciados para la severidad de los incendios en áreas de interacción de incendios y en aquellas en que el fuego entró por vez primera durante el último incendio para cada tipo de ecosistema. La severidad del último incendio en bosques (particularmente los dominados por pino marítimo) aumentó con una la severidad del incendio anterior en mayor grado que en matorrales. La densidad del combustible preincendio en los estratos de vegetación bajos (hasta 4 m de altura en bosques de pino marítimo y de Alepo, como también en matorrales, y hasta 2 m de altura en bosques de encinas), fueron también significativamente más altos en las zonas de interacción de incendios que en la primera entrada del fuego durante el último incendio. Conclusiones Nuestros resultados sugieren que los gestores del territorio deben promover paisajes más resistentes a la alta severidad, minimizando el aumento de la carga de combustible y por lo tanto el riesgo de incendio, mediante tratamientos de reducción del combustible, como por ejemplo quemas prescriptas SI This study was fnancially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation in the framework of LANDSUSFIRE project (PID2022-139156OBC21) within the National Program for the Promotion of Scientifc-Technical Research (2021-2023), and with Next-Generation Funds of the European Union (EU) in the framework of the FIREMAP project (TED2021-130925B-I00); by the Regional Government of Castile and León in the framework of the IA-FIREXTCyL project (LE081P23); and by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology in the frame of project UIDB/04033/2020. José Manuel Fernández-Guisuraga was supported by a Ramón Areces Foundation postdoctoral fellowship

Residual biomass is a valuable and growing by-product, but often underutilized. This research aims to investigate the possible strategies for the energetic valorisation of agri-food industry wastes: grape seed and chestnut shell. Pyrolysis thermal process was the selected for this work. Applied to biomass, pyrolysis is a promising method for the simultaneous production of biochar, bio-oil, and gas. Two different pyrolysis processes were conducted: conventional pyrolysis at 750 °C and flash pyrolysis at 750 °C and 850 °C. Flash pyrolysis yielded superior product properties compared to conventional pyrolysis. The gas obtained through flash pyrolysis presented a four-fold higher high heating value due to increased CH4 and H2 content. Bio-oil contains over 90% of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and calorific value reached up to 32 MJ kg−1 for grape seed, which is 7% more than bioethanol HHV. Biochar can be used both as fuel or as activated carbon precursor due to its high carbon content (91%). Calorific value of chestnut shell biochar (32.7 MJ kg−1), comparable to mineral coals, increased by 72% with respect to the value of this untreated raw material. This work approved the potential of flash pyrolysis as a method to process biomass wastes in a renewable energy scenario. Agencia Española de Investigación (PDC2022-133394-I00 y PID2021-124347OB-I00) FICYT - Fundación Fomento Asturias Investigación - FEDER (AYUD/2021/51379) Producción Científica

Total soluble solids (TSS) is a key variable taken into account in determining optimal grape maturity for harvest. In this work, partial least square (PLS) regression models were developed to estimate TSS content for Godello, Verdejo (white), Mencía, and Tempranillo (red) grape varieties based on diffuse spectroscopy measurements. To identify the most suitable spectral range for TSS prediction, the regression models were calibrated for four datasets that included the following spectral ranges: 400–700 nm (visible), 701–1000 nm (near infrared), 1001–2500 nm (short wave infrared) and 400–2500 nm (the entire spectral range). We also tested the standard normal variate transformation technique. Leave-one-out cross-validation was implemented to evaluate the regression models, using the root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2), ratio of performance to deviation (RPD), and the number of factors (F) as evaluation metrics. The regression models for the red varieties were generally more accurate than the models of those for the white varieties. The best regression model was obtained for Mencía (red): R2 = 0.72, RMSE = 0.55 °Brix, RPD = 1.87, and factors n = 7. For white grapes, the best result was achieved for Godello: R2 = 0.75, RMSE = 0.98 °Brix, RPD = 1.97, and factors n = 7. The methodology used and the results obtained show that it is possible to estimate TSS content in grapes using diffuse spectroscopy and regression models that use reflectance values as predictor variables. Spectroscopy is a non-invasive and efficient technique for determining optimal grape maturity for harvest.

27 págs, fotobrafía, tablas y bibliografía [ES] La intensificación de la actividad agraria tiene un fuerte impacto sobre el paisaje, los suelos y aguas, con una pérdida general de biodiversidad cuando los cultivos se intensifican. El presente trabajo de fin de grado tiene como principal objetivo comparar dos zonas con diferente grado de intensificación agrícola (secano vs. regadío) en la comarca de La Sobarriba, respecto de las comunidades de aves invernantes que las utilizan. Varios transectos tanto en zonas de secano como de regadío, fueron definidos y su composición de aves fue inventariada durante los meses de noviembre a febrero. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran una mayor abundancia en el secano, pero una mayor riqueza en el regadío, además de una mayor abundancia de especies insectívoras en este último. Estos resultados muestran una clara diferenciación entre las comunidades presentes en ambas zonas, siendo estas el resultado de la combinación de las fuentes de alimento disponibles y de la vegetación asociada a cada zona. Como conclusión se puede decir que el ecosistema de regadío presenta una mayor diversidad frente al de secano, además de albergar el mayor número de especies insectívoras [EN] The intensification of agricultural activity has a strong impact on the landscape, soils and water, with a general loss of biodiversity when crops are intensified. The main objective of this thesis is to compare two areas with different degrees of agricultural intensification (rainfed vs. irrigated) in the Sobarriba region, with respect to the wintering bird communities that use them. Several transects in both unirrigated and irrigated areas were defined and their bird composition was inventoried during the months of November to February. The results obtained show a higher abundance in rainfed areas, but a higher richness in irrigated areas, as well as a higher abundance of insectivorous species in the latter. These results show a clear differentiation between the communities present in both areas, which are the result of the combination of the available food sources and the vegetation associated with each area. In conclusion, it can be said that the irrigated ecosystem has a greater diversity than the rainfed ecosystem, as well as being home to the greatest number of insectivorous species

26 páginas, ilustraciones, tablas, referencias bibliográficas [ES] La finalidad de este Trabajo de Fin de Grado ha sido realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre las aplicaciones de algas sobre cultivos con el objetivo de mejorar las técnicas agrícolas y fomentar una agricultura más sostenible. Se han logrado grandes resultados en investigaciones mediante el uso de extractos de algas con diferentes propiedades, por ejemplo, su uso como biofertilizantes para estimular el crecimiento vegetal. También se han conseguido buenos resultados para su uso frente a la protección de plagas y enfermedades, debido a su actividad herbicida, antiviral, antibacteriana, nematicida o antifúngica. Finalmente, se propone una técnica innovadora sobre edición genómica que pretende introducir el gen de la quitina sintetasa en el microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, con el objetivo de que pueda sintetizar quitina en su pared celular y contribuya a la protección de plantas debido a su actividad inmunoestimulante [EN] The purpose of this Final Degree Project has been to carry out a literature review on the applications of algae in crops with the aim of improving agricultural techniques and promoting more sustainable agriculture. Significant results have been achieved in research through the use of algae extracts with interesting properties, such as their use as biofertilizers to stimulate plant growth. Promising results have also been achieved for their use in pest and disease plant protection, due to their herbicidal, antiviral, antibacterial, nematicidal, or antifungal activity. Finally, an innovative technique is proposed for genome editing, aiming to introduce the chitin synthase gene into the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, so that it can synthesize chitin in its cell wall and contribute to plant protection through its immunostimulant activity

[ES] El papel de las mujeres en la agricultura ha evolucionado a lo largo de la historia, pasando de ser una más de sus “labores”, a ser reconocido como fundamental para el desarrollo económico y social de las zonas rurales. A partir de los años setenta, cono los avances propios del momento, se les otorgaron derechos laborales y fueron reconocidas por la Seguridad Social como trabajadoras. A pesar de los progresos en igualdad de género en el sector agrícola, las mujeres agricultoras siguen enfrentando discriminación y desafíos en el acceso a recursos y derechos. Tanto a nivel internacional como de España, se ha trabajado en la protección social de los trabajadores agrarios y se han implementado programas y políticas para mejorar la situación del colectivo, prestando atención a las mujeres del sector. A nivel autonómico también se han tomado medidas para promover la participación de las mujeres en la agricultura, incluyendo formación y capacitación, empoderamiento económico, conciliación laboral y familiar, promoción del relevo generacional sensibilización y visibilización. Estas acciones buscan reducir las brechas de género y fortalecer el papel de las mujeres rurales como agentes de cambio y desarrollo en sus comunidades. [EN] The role of women in agriculture has evolved throughout history, transitioning from being just one of their “tasks” to being recognized as essential for the economic and social development of rural areas. Starting from the 1970s, with the progress of the time, they were granted labour rights and they were recognized in the Social Security system. Despite progress in gender equality in the agricultural sector, women farmers still face discrimination and challenges in accessing resources and rights. Both internationally and in Spain, efforts have been made to ensure social protection for agricultural workers and to implement programs and policies to improve the situation of the collective, paying attention to women in the sector. At the regional level, measures are also being taken to promote women’s participation in agriculture, including training, economic empowerment, work-life balance, promotion of generational succession and visibility. These actions aim to reduce gender gaps and strengthen the role of rural women as agents of change and development in their communities.

[ES] El TFM realizado consiste en un plan de prevención sobre los posibles riesgos laborales en una empresa dedicada a la agricultura y a la ganadería. El Plan de Prevención es una herramienta donde se especifica cómo se integra la prevención de riesgos laborales en el funcionamiento general de la empresa, cuyo objetivo es identificar, evaluar y controlar los riesgos en un entorno laboral para proteger la salud y seguridad de los trabajadores. Este trabajo engloba varios elementos como la identificación de los riesgos, incluyendo una evaluación de los mismos, analizando la probabilidad de que ocurra un riesgo y la gravedad de sus posibles consecuencias para determinar el nivel de riesgo. También un Plan de Emergencia en el que se delimitan los protocolos y planes de acción en caso de situaciones de emergencia o riesgo inminente, y haciendo referencia a la Vigilancia de la salud de los trabajadores con seguimiento de su salud para detectar posibles lesiones o enfermedades derivados de la exposición a los riesgos laborales. Así mismo, también incluye la información, consulta, participación y formación de los trabajadores, fomentando una activa participación de los mismos en todo lo relativo a la prevención de riesgos laborales. [EN] This TFM consists in a workplace risk prevention plan on possible occupational risks in a company dedicated to agriculture and livestock. The Prevention Plan is a tool that specifies how occupational risk prevention is integrated into the general operation of the company, whose objective is to identify, evaluate and control risks in a work environment to protect the health and safety of workers (article 16 of the Occupational Risk Prevention Law). This prevention plan has several elements such as Risk identification, including an evaluation of them analyzing the probability that they foresee a risk and the severity of its possible consequences to determine the level of risk. Also, an emergency plan in which the protocols and action plans are defined in case of emergency situations or imminent risk. And making reference to the surveillance of the health of workers with monitoring of their health to detect possible injuries or illnesses derived from exposure to occupational hazards. Likewise, it also includes information, consultation, participation and training of workers to promote an active participation of workers in relation to the prevention of occupational hazards.

[ES] El presente trabajo académico consiste en brindar un acercamiento a la regulación de la ciberseguridad en la cadena de suministro de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación en el marco jurídico de la Unión Europea. Así mismo, se presenta su efecto en las empresas del sector privado y principales obligaciones de gobernanza y gestión de riesgo que estas deben de cumplir. Adicionalmente, se exploran los roles y responsabilidades de la ciberseguridad, que se deben de considerar en una organización, para afrontar los retos de dicha cadena de suministro, así como las acciones y procesos que se deben de tomar en cuenta en la elaboración de una política interna que contribuya a su supervisión. [EN] This academic dissertation aims to provide an approach to the regulation of cybersecurity of the ICT supply chain in the legal framework of the EuropeanUnion. It also presents its effect on private sector companies and the main governance and risk management obligations they must fulfill. Additionally, it explores the roles and responsibilities of cybersecurity, that an organization must consider facing the challenges of ICT supply chain, along with the actions and processes that must be taken into account in the development of an internal policy that contributes to its supervision.