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  • Rural Digital Europe
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  • Authors: Elisa P. Souza; Beatriz M. Gomes; Christopher W. Fagg; Luiz Fernando Marques; +2 Authors

    Summary The ipê trees belonging to the genus Handroanthus are among the most exploited species in the Amazon Forest. However, limitations in the wood identification processes can lead to an overexploitation of a single species. We compare, macroscopically, the wood anatomy of five Amazon Handroanthus species (H. barbatus, H. capitatus, H. impetiginosus, H. incanus and H. serratifolius–Bignoniaceae). Except for H. barbatus the species are trees over 20 m tall and are used commercially. We compared leaf morphology of the two most commercially used species (H. impetiginosus and H. serratifolius), aiming to separate them in the field with identification keys. For wood macroscopical analyses, 55 samples were used; the specimens were obtained in the field and from wood collections. The dichotomous key, preferable to be used in a laboratory, enables the distinction of the five species. However, the use of this key requires more knowledge about wood anatomy, since it was necessary to use more quantitative characteristics, due to the great intraspecific variation in Handroanthus woods, also reflected in the PCA (principal components analysis) and grouping analysis. To identify the plant species H. impetiginosus and H. serratifolius, the use of axial parenchyma type and vessel characteristics were important distinguishing factors, while in leaves, the most significant features were characteristics such as leaf margin, trichomes and domatia. In addition, by focusing on these key features, a multiple access identification key was created, which simplified the identification by reducing the number of characteristics necessary for the identification, facilitating its use in the field.

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    IAWA Journal
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Deborah W. Woodcock;

    Summary A wood from a late Middle Eocene in-situ fossil forest in northern Peru shows affinity with Qualea (Vochysiaceae), a genus of South American lowland tropical trees, based on features including vestured pits, aliform-confluent to banded paratracheal parenchyma, and homocellular rays. Additional features suggest adaptation to dry conditions. The fossil is named as a new species within Qualeoxylon (Q. lafila). Vochysiaceae and sister-group Myrtaceae share features unique to Myrtales (vestured pits, intraxylary phloem) or common in the order (vessels generally solitary and in >1 diameter class, heterocellular rays) but in other ways are clearly differentiated. Vochysiaceae has narrow to very wide vessels with elaborated axial parenchyma and lacks most characters considered less specialized such as scalariform perforations. Myrtaceae generally has vessels with vasicentric tracheids, usually exclusively solitary, very narrow to wide, and often diagonally arranged, and includes taxa with less to more specialized features. Woods with elaborated paratracheal parenchyma and vessels wide to very wide occur in wet tropical forest environments in both families Erisma, Vochysia and Qualea/Ruizterania (Vochysiaceae) in the Neotropics and Syzygium (Myrtaceae) in the Asian tropics. The Eucalyptus spp. dominating open forests in Australia have typical myrtaceous features (including vasicentric tracheids) plus homocellular rays, whereas the eucalypt clade Angophora + Corymbia, occurring mainly in the northern, monsoonal regions of Australia, has both vasicentric tracheids and aliform to banded axial parenchyma. The fossil is an early record for Vochysiaceae and adds to indications that Vochysiaceae and sister-group Myrtaceae showed significant diversification by the late Paleogene.

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    IAWA Journal
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Mathew R. Vanner; John G. Conran; Matthew J. Larcombe; Daphne E. Lee;

    Summary The mid-Cretaceous is an important time for the diversification of forests globally, including the rise to dominance of the angiosperms and the beginning of the isolation of Zealandia. In New Zealand, little information is available on the mid-Cretaceous xyloflora. New specimens of fossil wood from the mid-Cretaceous Tupuangi Formation were collected from Waihere Bay, Pitt Island, Chatham Islands, of which 16 well-preserved samples were identified, representing Araucariaceae (Agathoxylon, 5 samples), Cupressaceae (Taxodioxylon and Cupressinoxylon, one sample each), Podocarpaceae (Protophyllocladoxylon, one sample), and the ‘Group B’ and ‘Group C’ Mesozoic conifers (four samples each) defined in Bamford & Philippe (2008). Of these, only Taxodioxylon had been identified previously from the Tupuangi Formation. Two new species are erected, Cupressoxylon dianneae sp. nov. and Protophyllocladoxylon jacobusii sp. nov. These records are important for understanding the mid-Cretaceous flora of New Zealand and the history of the unique modern flora of New Zealand.

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    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Bingwei Chen; Yu’na Kan; Shengcheng Zhai; Michaela Eder; +1 Authors

    Summary Pteroceltis tatarinowii, a tertiary relic plant, has a long and fascinating history in China due to its irreplaceable role in traditional papermaking. In this study, the anatomical differences between young and old bark were analysed by light microscopy (LM), fluorescence microscopy (FM), and polarized light microscopy (PLM). Both the young and old bark contain periderm, cortex, and phloem. In the non-conducting phloem, the curved radial phloem rays were perpendicular to bands of sieve-tube elements and axial parenchyma cells, forming a net-like pattern. Primary phloem fibres only occurred in young bark, and both primary and secondary phloem fibres contained a gelatinous layer (G-layer). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the thickness of the G-layer in the primary phloem fibres was about 1.5–4 times higher than that of the secondary phloem fibres. The thick G-layer might be an important potential reason for the absorption of ink by paper made from P. tatarinowii phloem fibres, due to the good water absorption of the gelatinous layer.

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    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Alana Assunção da Silva; Kaick Coelho de Sousa; Fernanda Ilkiu Borges de Souza; João Rodrigo Coimbra Nobre; +2 Authors

    Summary The illegal harvest of timber and the subsequent production of charcoal have been contributing to the deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon and its degradation. Analysis of wood anatomy is a well-established tool used to detect illegally harvested wood and is commonly employed in the control of illegal forestry activities. This study aimed to contribute to a database used for the anatomical identification of wood and charcoal from tree species commonly harvested and marketed in the Amazon. The macro- and microscopic characteristics of wood and charcoal for 15 forest species were described. Characteristics that could be described in detail, such as vessel grouping, type of axial parenchyma, and in some cases, perforation plates and uniseriate rays, are fundamental to the identification of wood and charcoal that are illegally, or even legally, marketed. The study aids in the monitoring of the illegal marketing of wood and charcoal and will contribute to the construction of a database and reference collections that will be available for research, training, and use by forest managers, anatomists and anthracologists who study both wood and charcoal.

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    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Perrine Hamel; Ning Ding; Frederic Cherqui; Qingchuan Zhu; +7 Authors

    Sound urban water management relies on extensive and reliable monitoring of water infrastructure. As low-cost sensors and networks have become increasingly available for environmental monitoring, urban water researchers and practitioners must consider the benefits and disadvantages of such technologies. In this perspective paper, we highlight six technical and socio-technological considerations for low-cost monitoring technology to reach its full potential in the field of urban water management, including: technical barriers to implementation, complementarity with traditional sensing technologies, low-cost sensor reliability, added value of produced information, opportunities to democratize data collection, and economic and environmental costs of the technology. For each consideration, we present recent experiences from our own work and broader literature and identify future research needs to address current challenges. Our experience supports the strong potential of low-cost monitoring technology, in particular that it promotes extensive and innovative monitoring of urban water infrastructure. Future efforts should focus on more systematic documenting of experiences to lower barriers to designing, implementing, and testing of low-cost sensor networks, and on assessing the economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits of low-cost sensor deployments.

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    Water Research X
    Article . 2024
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    Water Research X
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Water Research X
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      Water Research X
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Ariane Néroulidis; Thomas Pouyet; Sarah Tournon; Miled Rousset; +9 Authors

    This article explores the design, development and deployment of a digital platform for scholarly work at Notre Dame Cathedral and demonstrates the transformative impact of digital technology on heritage disciplines. By merging technology and human expertise, the platform facilitates the creation, integration, sharing, and analysis of extensive scientific data on the multidisciplinary post-fire study of the cathedral. This multi-layered approach includes community building for collaborative efforts, digital tools tailored to different stakeholders, data structuring approaches for managing multidimensional features, and experience-based workflows for documenting, categorising and semantically enriching scientific and restoration data. The overall goal is to introduce an integrated solution for collaborative studies and to promote a digital memory of the collective initiative in accordance with the principles of FAIR for scientific heritage data. This initiative not only supports the research and restoration of Notre Dame, but also serves as a paradigm for future conservation and documentation efforts in the field of cultural heritage. International audience

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    Article . 2023
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    Journal of Cultural Heritage
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Fernanda Bessa; Vicelina Sousa; Teresa Quilhó; Helena Pereira;

    Summary The wood colour variability of 98 tropical species from India (Goa), Mozambique and East Timor was described using CIELab colour parameters and related to wood density and anatomical features. Wood colours were mostly light and yellowish, ranging from 24.0–84.4 for wood lightness, 2.6–20.4 for redness, 1.8–36.6 for yellowness, 2.1–35.9 for chromaticity and 27.5–81.6 for hue angle. Among the colour parameters, the positive correlation between L* and b* was the most significant, followed by a negative correlation between L* and a*, while the positive correlation between a* and b* was non-significant. Positive correlations between L* and both h and C* were also highly significant. CIELab colour parameters were significantly correlated to wood density, the stronger negative correlation was found with L*, followed by the negative correlation with b*. Wood colour was not strongly correlated with the quantitative anatomical features studied showing only weak negative correlations between L* and the fibre wall thickness/fibre width ratio and between b* and fibre length. Wood density was correlated to almost all anatomical features showing the strongest correlations with fibre wall thickness/fibre width ratio and fibre width. The darker-coloured tropical woods showed high wood density, high fibre wall proportion, high vessel frequency and narrow vessels compared to the lighter coloured woods. Overall, wood colour diversity of tropical species could contribute to increase the international timber market by including lesser-known species, which would enhance local development and sustainability of endangered tropical species.

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    IAWA Journal
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Alexei A. Oskolski; Funmilade M. Akinlabi;

    Summary Fynbos, a shrubland from the Cape Floristic Region in South Africa, is one of five Mediterranean-climate biomes alongside maquis in the Mediterranean Basin, chaparral in California, matorral in Central Chile and kwongan in Southwestern Australia. We compiled the available information on the wood anatomy of 226 species belonging to 65 genera of 14 families that occurred in fynbos and compared this dataset with the published data on wood diversity in Californian chaparral and Israeli maquis. “Carlquist’s Law”, i.e., the association between the ground tissue made of fibre tracheids and low vessel grouping, has been confirmed for the fynbos plants. The lack of ring porosity and very low incidence of semi-ring-porous woods is the most prominent difference of the fynbos from the other two vegetation types. These features are attributed to the paucity of deciduous plants in fynbos which is probably associated with the poor-nutrient soils in this biome. The fynbos differs from chaparral and maquis also in the greatest percentage of the species having no tracheids in their wood as well as with the lowest incidence of helical thickenings on the vessel walls. These differences could be explained by the lower tolerance of fynbos shrubs to seasonal drought due to the relatively mild dry season in this biome. We also found that some differences between fynbos, chaparral, and maquis in the incidences of fibre tracheids and vasicentric/vascular tracheids associated with large vessel groups can be at least partly explained by different systematic compositions of their floras. The higher percentage of distinct growth rings, greater vessel diameter, and lower vessel frequency in maquis compared with fynbos and chaparral can be attributed to a common occurrence of relatively tall trees in this vegetation.

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    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Peiwei Liu; Yuxiu Zhang; Yun Yang; Xingning Lin; +4 Authors

    Summary Barrier and reaction zones are core parts of compartmentalization in trees. However, little is known about the relationship between them. Here, agarwood and barrier zone formation in Aquilaria sinensis trees were studied for the first time using compartmentalization theory. The main results were as follows: (1) Wounding methods had a very important influence on the occurrence of barrier zones in A. sinensis. (2) The barrier zone development process was divided into three phases based on the morphological features. (3) The agarwood resin mainly accreted during the barrier zone lag and division phases; then, after the barrier zone entered the differentiation phase, the resin no longer accreted and even tended to degrade. (4) In the application of the whole-tree agarwood-inducing technique, the barrier zone generally began to appear 10 months after the technique treatment, and the barrier zones were more severe in the lower part of the stem. (5) Considering the agarwood yield, agarwood resin filling degree and ethanol-soluble extract content, the serious barrier zone indeed reduced the agarwood productivity. This study is important for revealing the agarwood and barrier zone formation mechanism in Aquilaria trees. It also provides a good research model for considering the high economic value of agarwood when studying compartmentalization.

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    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Elisa P. Souza; Beatriz M. Gomes; Christopher W. Fagg; Luiz Fernando Marques; +2 Authors

    Summary The ipê trees belonging to the genus Handroanthus are among the most exploited species in the Amazon Forest. However, limitations in the wood identification processes can lead to an overexploitation of a single species. We compare, macroscopically, the wood anatomy of five Amazon Handroanthus species (H. barbatus, H. capitatus, H. impetiginosus, H. incanus and H. serratifolius–Bignoniaceae). Except for H. barbatus the species are trees over 20 m tall and are used commercially. We compared leaf morphology of the two most commercially used species (H. impetiginosus and H. serratifolius), aiming to separate them in the field with identification keys. For wood macroscopical analyses, 55 samples were used; the specimens were obtained in the field and from wood collections. The dichotomous key, preferable to be used in a laboratory, enables the distinction of the five species. However, the use of this key requires more knowledge about wood anatomy, since it was necessary to use more quantitative characteristics, due to the great intraspecific variation in Handroanthus woods, also reflected in the PCA (principal components analysis) and grouping analysis. To identify the plant species H. impetiginosus and H. serratifolius, the use of axial parenchyma type and vessel characteristics were important distinguishing factors, while in leaves, the most significant features were characteristics such as leaf margin, trichomes and domatia. In addition, by focusing on these key features, a multiple access identification key was created, which simplified the identification by reducing the number of characteristics necessary for the identification, facilitating its use in the field.

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    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Deborah W. Woodcock;

    Summary A wood from a late Middle Eocene in-situ fossil forest in northern Peru shows affinity with Qualea (Vochysiaceae), a genus of South American lowland tropical trees, based on features including vestured pits, aliform-confluent to banded paratracheal parenchyma, and homocellular rays. Additional features suggest adaptation to dry conditions. The fossil is named as a new species within Qualeoxylon (Q. lafila). Vochysiaceae and sister-group Myrtaceae share features unique to Myrtales (vestured pits, intraxylary phloem) or common in the order (vessels generally solitary and in >1 diameter class, heterocellular rays) but in other ways are clearly differentiated. Vochysiaceae has narrow to very wide vessels with elaborated axial parenchyma and lacks most characters considered less specialized such as scalariform perforations. Myrtaceae generally has vessels with vasicentric tracheids, usually exclusively solitary, very narrow to wide, and often diagonally arranged, and includes taxa with less to more specialized features. Woods with elaborated paratracheal parenchyma and vessels wide to very wide occur in wet tropical forest environments in both families Erisma, Vochysia and Qualea/Ruizterania (Vochysiaceae) in the Neotropics and Syzygium (Myrtaceae) in the Asian tropics. The Eucalyptus spp. dominating open forests in Australia have typical myrtaceous features (including vasicentric tracheids) plus homocellular rays, whereas the eucalypt clade Angophora + Corymbia, occurring mainly in the northern, monsoonal regions of Australia, has both vasicentric tracheids and aliform to banded axial parenchyma. The fossil is an early record for Vochysiaceae and adds to indications that Vochysiaceae and sister-group Myrtaceae showed significant diversification by the late Paleogene.

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    IAWA Journal
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Mathew R. Vanner; John G. Conran; Matthew J. Larcombe; Daphne E. Lee;

    Summary The mid-Cretaceous is an important time for the diversification of forests globally, including the rise to dominance of the angiosperms and the beginning of the isolation of Zealandia. In New Zealand, little information is available on the mid-Cretaceous xyloflora. New specimens of fossil wood from the mid-Cretaceous Tupuangi Formation were collected from Waihere Bay, Pitt Island, Chatham Islands, of which 16 well-preserved samples were identified, representing Araucariaceae (Agathoxylon, 5 samples), Cupressaceae (Taxodioxylon and Cupressinoxylon, one sample each), Podocarpaceae (Protophyllocladoxylon, one sample), and the ‘Group B’ and ‘Group C’ Mesozoic conifers (four samples each) defined in Bamford & Philippe (2008). Of these, only Taxodioxylon had been identified previously from the Tupuangi Formation. Two new species are erected, Cupressoxylon dianneae sp. nov. and Protophyllocladoxylon jacobusii sp. nov. These records are important for understanding the mid-Cretaceous flora of New Zealand and the history of the unique modern flora of New Zealand.

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    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Bingwei Chen; Yu’na Kan; Shengcheng Zhai; Michaela Eder; +1 Authors

    Summary Pteroceltis tatarinowii, a tertiary relic plant, has a long and fascinating history in China due to its irreplaceable role in traditional papermaking. In this study, the anatomical differences between young and old bark were analysed by light microscopy (LM), fluorescence microscopy (FM), and polarized light microscopy (PLM). Both the young and old bark contain periderm, cortex, and phloem. In the non-conducting phloem, the curved radial phloem rays were perpendicular to bands of sieve-tube elements and axial parenchyma cells, forming a net-like pattern. Primary phloem fibres only occurred in young bark, and both primary and secondary phloem fibres contained a gelatinous layer (G-layer). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the thickness of the G-layer in the primary phloem fibres was about 1.5–4 times higher than that of the secondary phloem fibres. The thick G-layer might be an important potential reason for the absorption of ink by paper made from P. tatarinowii phloem fibres, due to the good water absorption of the gelatinous layer.

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    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Alana Assunção da Silva; Kaick Coelho de Sousa; Fernanda Ilkiu Borges de Souza; João Rodrigo Coimbra Nobre; +2 Authors

    Summary The illegal harvest of timber and the subsequent production of charcoal have been contributing to the deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon and its degradation. Analysis of wood anatomy is a well-established tool used to detect illegally harvested wood and is commonly employed in the control of illegal forestry activities. This study aimed to contribute to a database used for the anatomical identification of wood and charcoal from tree species commonly harvested and marketed in the Amazon. The macro- and microscopic characteristics of wood and charcoal for 15 forest species were described. Characteristics that could be described in detail, such as vessel grouping, type of axial parenchyma, and in some cases, perforation plates and uniseriate rays, are fundamental to the identification of wood and charcoal that are illegally, or even legally, marketed. The study aids in the monitoring of the illegal marketing of wood and charcoal and will contribute to the construction of a database and reference collections that will be available for research, training, and use by forest managers, anatomists and anthracologists who study both wood and charcoal.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Perrine Hamel; Ning Ding; Frederic Cherqui; Qingchuan Zhu; +7 Authors

    Sound urban water management relies on extensive and reliable monitoring of water infrastructure. As low-cost sensors and networks have become increasingly available for environmental monitoring, urban water researchers and practitioners must consider the benefits and disadvantages of such technologies. In this perspective paper, we highlight six technical and socio-technological considerations for low-cost monitoring technology to reach its full potential in the field of urban water management, including: technical barriers to implementation, complementarity with traditional sensing technologies, low-cost sensor reliability, added value of produced information, opportunities to democratize data collection, and economic and environmental costs of the technology. For each consideration, we present recent experiences from our own work and broader literature and identify future research needs to address current challenges. Our experience supports the strong potential of low-cost monitoring technology, in particular that it promotes extensive and innovative monitoring of urban water infrastructure. Future efforts should focus on more systematic documenting of experiences to lower barriers to designing, implementing, and testing of low-cost sensor networks, and on assessing the economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits of low-cost sensor deployments.

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    Water Research X
    Article . 2024
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    Water Research X
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Water Research X
      Article . 2024
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      Water Research X
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Ariane Néroulidis; Thomas Pouyet; Sarah Tournon; Miled Rousset; +9 Authors

    This article explores the design, development and deployment of a digital platform for scholarly work at Notre Dame Cathedral and demonstrates the transformative impact of digital technology on heritage disciplines. By merging technology and human expertise, the platform facilitates the creation, integration, sharing, and analysis of extensive scientific data on the multidisciplinary post-fire study of the cathedral. This multi-layered approach includes community building for collaborative efforts, digital tools tailored to different stakeholders, data structuring approaches for managing multidimensional features, and experience-based workflows for documenting, categorising and semantically enriching scientific and restoration data. The overall goal is to introduce an integrated solution for collaborative studies and to promote a digital memory of the collective initiative in accordance with the principles of FAIR for scientific heritage data. This initiative not only supports the research and restoration of Notre Dame, but also serves as a paradigm for future conservation and documentation efforts in the field of cultural heritage. International audience

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    ISTI Open Portal
    Article . 2023
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Cultural Heritage
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Cultural Heritage
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Fernanda Bessa; Vicelina Sousa; Teresa Quilhó; Helena Pereira;

    Summary The wood colour variability of 98 tropical species from India (Goa), Mozambique and East Timor was described using CIELab colour parameters and related to wood density and anatomical features. Wood colours were mostly light and yellowish, ranging from 24.0–84.4 for wood lightness, 2.6–20.4 for redness, 1.8–36.6 for yellowness, 2.1–35.9 for chromaticity and 27.5–81.6 for hue angle. Among the colour parameters, the positive correlation between L* and b* was the most significant, followed by a negative correlation between L* and a*, while the positive correlation between a* and b* was non-significant. Positive correlations between L* and both h and C* were also highly significant. CIELab colour parameters were significantly correlated to wood density, the stronger negative correlation was found with L*, followed by the negative correlation with b*. Wood colour was not strongly correlated with the quantitative anatomical features studied showing only weak negative correlations between L* and the fibre wall thickness/fibre width ratio and between b* and fibre length. Wood density was correlated to almost all anatomical features showing the strongest correlations with fibre wall thickness/fibre width ratio and fibre width. The darker-coloured tropical woods showed high wood density, high fibre wall proportion, high vessel frequency and narrow vessels compared to the lighter coloured woods. Overall, wood colour diversity of tropical species could contribute to increase the international timber market by including lesser-known species, which would enhance local development and sustainability of endangered tropical species.

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    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Alexei A. Oskolski; Funmilade M. Akinlabi;

    Summary Fynbos, a shrubland from the Cape Floristic Region in South Africa, is one of five Mediterranean-climate biomes alongside maquis in the Mediterranean Basin, chaparral in California, matorral in Central Chile and kwongan in Southwestern Australia. We compiled the available information on the wood anatomy of 226 species belonging to 65 genera of 14 families that occurred in fynbos and compared this dataset with the published data on wood diversity in Californian chaparral and Israeli maquis. “Carlquist’s Law”, i.e., the association between the ground tissue made of fibre tracheids and low vessel grouping, has been confirmed for the fynbos plants. The lack of ring porosity and very low incidence of semi-ring-porous woods is the most prominent difference of the fynbos from the other two vegetation types. These features are attributed to the paucity of deciduous plants in fynbos which is probably associated with the poor-nutrient soils in this biome. The fynbos differs from chaparral and maquis also in the greatest percentage of the species having no tracheids in their wood as well as with the lowest incidence of helical thickenings on the vessel walls. These differences could be explained by the lower tolerance of fynbos shrubs to seasonal drought due to the relatively mild dry season in this biome. We also found that some differences between fynbos, chaparral, and maquis in the incidences of fibre tracheids and vasicentric/vascular tracheids associated with large vessel groups can be at least partly explained by different systematic compositions of their floras. The higher percentage of distinct growth rings, greater vessel diameter, and lower vessel frequency in maquis compared with fynbos and chaparral can be attributed to a common occurrence of relatively tall trees in this vegetation.

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    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Peiwei Liu; Yuxiu Zhang; Yun Yang; Xingning Lin; +4 Authors

    Summary Barrier and reaction zones are core parts of compartmentalization in trees. However, little is known about the relationship between them. Here, agarwood and barrier zone formation in Aquilaria sinensis trees were studied for the first time using compartmentalization theory. The main results were as follows: (1) Wounding methods had a very important influence on the occurrence of barrier zones in A. sinensis. (2) The barrier zone development process was divided into three phases based on the morphological features. (3) The agarwood resin mainly accreted during the barrier zone lag and division phases; then, after the barrier zone entered the differentiation phase, the resin no longer accreted and even tended to degrade. (4) In the application of the whole-tree agarwood-inducing technique, the barrier zone generally began to appear 10 months after the technique treatment, and the barrier zones were more severe in the lower part of the stem. (5) Considering the agarwood yield, agarwood resin filling degree and ethanol-soluble extract content, the serious barrier zone indeed reduced the agarwood productivity. This study is important for revealing the agarwood and barrier zone formation mechanism in Aquilaria trees. It also provides a good research model for considering the high economic value of agarwood when studying compartmentalization.

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    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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