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  • Rural Digital Europe
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Krivić, Petar;

    Računarstvo u magli predstavlja novi koncept arhitekture za isporuku usluga u kojem se osim računalnog oblaka koriste i resursi računalnih čvorova između računalnog oblaka i krajnjih uređaja. Primjenom ovog koncepta omogućuje se optimizacija rješenja zbog blizine izvora podataka i čvorova za njihovu obradu, što je zbog karakteristične okoline posebno naglašeno u okviru Interneta stvari. Virtualizacija zasnovana na kontejnerima i druge moderne tehnologije omogućili su implementaciju raspodijeljenih IoT usluga koje se mogu efikasno izvoditi u promjenjivim heterogenim okolinama kakve podrazumijeva računarstvo u magli. Ipak, raspored izvođenja komponenti IoT usluga u raspodijeljenim okolinama ovoga koncepta ovisit će o optimizaciji koja se u konkretnom slučaju želi postići njegovom primjenom pa je upravo određivanje optimalnog rasporeda izvođenja usluga na dostupnim računalnim resursima računarstva u magli fokus ove disertacije. Stoga su u ovom radu najprije kategorizirane usluge Interneta stvari prema kontekstima relevantnim za primjenu računarstva u magli: kontekstu uređaja, korisnika, i usluge. Također, definirani su i parametri kvalitete usluge kojima se može ocijeniti učinkovitost primjene računarstva u magli te je određen njihov prioritet u prethodno definiranim kategorijama IoT usluga. Zatim je opisan formalni model usluga i specificiranih konteksta, kako bi se faktori koji utječu na izvedbu raspoređivanja usluga mogli uzeti u obzir u konkretnoj implementaciji algoritma. Tako se u razvijenom dinamičkom algoritmu raspoređivanja na temelju kontekstnih informacija o usluzi, korisniku, i dostupnim uređajima određuje raspored izvođenja komponenti usluge kojim se postiže veća kvaliteta njenog izvođenja u okviru definiranih parametara kvalitete usluge. Na kraju je izvedena verifikacija razvijenog dinamičkog algoritma kako bi se utvrdila njegova učinkovitost na odabranim slučajevima primjene. Dobiveni rezultati su potvrdili bolje performanse izvođenja usluga u okolini računarstva u magli primjenom razvijenog algoritma za dva odabrana scenarija (strujanje podataka i automatizaciju upravljanja). Također, rezultati su pokazali da je glavna prednost ovog algoritma u odnosu na postojeće pristupe, njegova mogućnost dinamičkog pokretanja raspoređivanja na temelju promjena u izvedbenoj okolini koje uzrokuju pad kvalitete usluge. The fog computing concept emerged as a novel architecture that extends cloud computing to the edge of the network by utilizing available computing resources between the cloud and the targeted service environment. Such architecture reduces the distance between the end-devices and processing nodes, thus enabling the optimized processing execution that is especially emphasized within the characteristic Internet of Things environments. The inclusion of fog computing concept within such a heterogeneous and distributed environment was significantly facilitated by microservice architecture and container-based virtualization. Still, the effective schedule of service components across the fog computing execution environment depends on the specific use-case scenario and factors defining its efficiency. Thus, the focus of this dissertation is to define a scheduling procedure that determines the most efficient service execution schedule enabling the optimized service delivery. To achieve this goal, we first categorize IoT services based on the contexts relevant for applying the fog computing concept: device context, service context and user context. Also, we define QoS parameters determining the efficiency of applying the fog computing concept and prioritize them for each previously defined category of IoT services. The aforementioned factors affecting the application of fog computing are formally described and considered in the implementation of the dynamic algorithm that determines the most efficient service execution schedule based on the considered contexts and QoS parameters within the available execution environment. Finally, we present the results of the verification procedure conducted on the two common IoT service scenarios (data streaming and automated control management). The results confirmed the efficiency of our dynamic scheduling algorithm and showcased improved service performance within the fog computing execution environment in comparison to the existing approaches. The main advantage of our algorithm compared to the other considered scheduling policies is its ability to dynamically re-schedule service components when the QoS level of service delivery deteriorates because of the changes in a volatile network environment.

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    Doctoral thesis . 2022
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    Authors: Milić, Luka;

    Predlaže se arhitektura za IoT temeljena na metaprotokolu za komunikaciju među čvorovima i sustavu pravila za konfiguraciju čvorova. U njoj se ne rabi tradicionalna podjela na slojeve, nego se svaki čvor promatra kao ravnopravan sa svima ostalima. Kategoriju čvora određuje uloga koja je za taj čvor skrojena. Pri tom čvor može biti jednostavan senzorski čvor, ili nešto složenije, kao što je usmjernik ili čvor koji pohranjuje i obrađuje podatke. Čvor može imati i više uloga, a one se ostvaruju ili posebnim programima ili definiraju sustavom pravila, kao u ostvarenom prototipu programske potpore. Čvorovi komuniciraju tim metaprotokolom, koji je temeljen na SQL-ovim podatkovnim operacijama. Poraba takvih operacija omogućuje vrlo veliku fleksibilnost pri osmišljavanju sustavâ. S druge strane, brojni mehanizmi kraćenja poruka i delegiranje određenih stvari nižim protokolima omogućuju stvaranje što kraćih i jednostavnijih poruka, pa tako i uključivanje i onih najjednostavnijih čvorova u takav sustav. Usporedba predloženoga s postojećim znanstvenim i komercijalnim rješenjima pokazuje da se u nekim slučajima očekuju prednosti porabe predložene arhitekture pred tim rješenjima. Te su prednosti najizraženije kad se rabe najjednostavniji čvorovi i kad se zahtijeva konfiguracija mreže po volji na način drugačiji od tradicionalnih arhitektura. -- Metaprotokol za prijenos podataka u IoT-u temeljen na operacijama svojstvenim bazama podataka & Arhitektura sustava IoT-a temeljena na izgrađenom metaprotokolu i sustavu pravila s naglaskom na prilagodljivost i jednostavnost. An arhichitecture for IoT is proposed based on a metaprotocol for communication between nodes and a rule system for node configuration. In it the traditional split into layers is not used, but every node is considered as equal to all others. The node category is determined by the role that was fit for that node. There a node can be a simple sensor node, or something more complex, like a gateway or a data storage and processing node. The node can even have multiple roles, and they are realized either by special programs or defined by a rule system, like in the implemented software prototype. The nodes communicate by that metaprotocol, which is based on SQL data operations. The usage of such operations enables very big flexibility during system design. On the other side, numerous message-shortening mechanisms and delegation of specific things to lower protocols enable creating as short and simple messages as possible, and so also including even those simplest nodes in such a system. Comparison of the proposed with existing scientific and commercial solutions show that in some cases advantages are expected of using the proposed architecture over those solutions. These advantages are most expressed when the simplest nodes are used and when an arbitrary network configuration is required in the way different from traditional architectures. -- Metaprotocol for data transfer in the IoT based on operations attributed to databases & Architecture of IoT systems based on the developed metaprotocol and rule system with focus on adaptability and simplicity.

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    Authors: Petrlić, Antonija;

    Today's dynamic environment requires companies to constantly adapt, which is mainly reflected in the application of new technologies, improvement of business processes and the acceptance and implementation of functions suitable for doing business in digital conditions. Given the growing amount of internal and external data that companies have and the benefits and challenges that this data provides to decision makers, there is a need for functions that, through their activities, can guide management to make effective business decisions. One of those functions is controlling, which provides adequate information to decision-makers, and which in large number of data selects and analyses the key ones, interprets them, and proposes solutions. According to its role, controlling should be one of the key information and advisory functions within today’s companies. Therefore, the purpose of this doctoral dissertation was to define and confirm the influential characteristics that in digital conditions determine the efficiency of the controllers' work and their impact on decision making, but also to prove the importance of controlling as a support to management. Hence, this dissertation aimed to explore and expand existing theoretical knowledge of controlling and to develop and validate a conceptual model for measuring the relationship of controllers, managers, companies, and environmental characteristics with the quality of controller’s outputs and its impact on decision-making. For empirical research and testing of the set conceptual model, i.e. hypotheses, in cooperation with four controllers, a survey questionnaire was developed whose validity and reliability were confirmed through a pilot testing on a sample of 21 controllers. The final sample of the research were 148 controllers and 64 managers from large, medium, and few small companies in the Republic of Croatia. The research involved testing the conceptual model through two samples. The first sample involved testing the model solely on controller responses, and the second on paired manager and controller responses. The multivariate statistical method of partial least squares structural equations modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to test the validity and reliability of the measurement model, and to confirm the set hypotheses and the exploratory and predictive power of the structural model. The results of the research confirmed the relationship between the set characteristics of the controllers, the company, and the environment with the quality of the controllers’ outputs, and the relationship between the quality of their outputs and the controllers' influence on decision- IV making. The research only did not confirm the relationship of managerial characteristics with the quality of the controller outputs, but it confirmed that managerial characteristics are significantly related to the controllers’ influence on decision-making. This was confirmed by examining the model from the perception of controllers, but also by involving managers through the evaluation of controllers’ characteristics, the quality of their outputs, and their impact on decision-making. In the second model, which includes perceptions of managers', only the relationship between the characteristics of the environment and the controllers’ influence on decision-making was not confirmed. In both models, proactivity proved to be the most important characteristic of the controllers, and in the case of managers, leadership and initiator. Strategic orientation was confirmed as the most important characteristic of companies, while the intensity of competitiveness was proven as the most valuable environmental characteristic. From the perception of controllers', it was also confirmed that the length of the controller's work experience in the field of controlling contributes to the quality of the controller's outputs and decision-making role. The importance of other set control variables has not been proven, except the way controlling is organized (centralized/decentralized/combined). Hence, it has been proven as an important control variable of the controllers’ influence on business decision-making only in the first model. Although the application of business intelligence has not been proven as a significant control variable of the quality of the controller's outputs, appropriate to the opinions obtained from the controllers on its usefulness and the need for wider application, it can be emphasized is that these tools will be an integral part of controlling in the future. Accordingly, the doctoral thesis is the basis for further research and improvement of given methodological and applied contributions, which are primarily reflected in the developed and confirmed conceptual model, the possibility of testing it in other countries, and its applications within companies for assessing internal effectiveness of controlling, but also the development of study programs for controlling. In addition, based on the acquired knowledge of empirical research and theoretical background, the thesis provides a proposal for the future development of controlling based on digitalization. Današnje dinamično okruženje zahtjeva od poduzeća stalnu prilagodbu koja se uglavnom ogleda u primjeni novih tehnologija, unaprjeđenju poslovnih procesa te prihvaćanju i implementiranju funkcija primjerenih poslovanju u digitalnim uvjetima. Obzirom na sve veću količinu internih i eksternih podataka kojima poduzeća raspolažu te prednostima i izazovima koje ti podaci pružaju donosiocima odluka, nameće se potreba za funkcijama koje kroz svoje aktivnosti mogu usmjeriti menadžment ka donošenju učinkovitih poslovnih odluka. Jedna od tih funkcija je kontroling, koja pruža adekvatne informacije donosiocima odluka tj. koja u velikom broju podataka odabire i analizira one ključne, interpretira ih, zaključuje i predlaže rješenja. Sukladno svojoj ulozi kontroling bi trebao predstavljati jednu od ključnih informacijskih i savjetodavnih funkcija unutar poduzeća. Stoga je svrha ove doktorske disertacije bila definirati i potvrditi utjecajne karakteristike koje u digitalnim uvjetima određuju efikasnost rada kontrolera i njegov utjecaj na donošenje odluka, te ujedno dokazati važnost kontrolinga kao potpore menadžmentu. Cilj disertacije bio istražiti i proširiti postojeće teorijske spoznaje kontrolinga te razviti i potvrditi konceptualni model za mjerenje povezanosti karakteristika kontrolera, menadžera, poduzeća i okruženja s kvalitetom kontrolerovog outputa i njegovog utjecaja na donošenje poslovnih odluka. Za potrebe empirijskog istraživanja i testiranja postavljenog konceptualnog modela tj. hipoteza, u suradnji sa četiri kontrolera razvijen je anketni upitnik čija je valjanost i pouzdanost potvrđena kroz pilot testiranje na uzorku od 21 kontrolera. Konačni uzorak istraživanja činilo je 148 kontrolera i 64 menadžera iz velikih, srednjih i pojedinih malih poduzeća u Republici Hrvatskoj. Istraživanje je uključivalo testiranje konceptualnog modela kroz dva uzorka. Prvi uzorak podrazumijevao je testiranje modela isključivo na odgovorima kontrolera, a drugi na uparenim odgovorima menadžera i kontrolera. Primjenom multivarijatne statističke metode parcijalnih najmanjih kvadrata modeliranja strukturalnim jednadžbama (PLS-SEM) ispitana je valjanost i pouzdanog mjernog modela te su testirane hipoteze i potvrđena je eksploratorna i prediktivna moć strukturnog modela. Rezultati istraživanja potvrdili su povezanost karakteristika kontrolera, poduzeća i okruženja s kvalitetom kontrolerovih outputa te povezanost kvalitete outputa s kontrolerovim utjecajem na donošenje poslovnih odluka. Istraživanjem jedino nije potvrđena veza karakteristika menadžera s kvalitetom kontrolerovih outputa, ali je potvrđeno da su karakteristike II menadžera značajno povezane s kontrolerovim utjecajem na donošenje poslovnih odluka. Navedeno je potvrđeno ispitivanjem modela sa stajališta kontrolera, ali i uključivanjem menadžera kroz ocjenjivanje karakteristika kontrolera, kvalitete njegovog outputa i utjecaja na donošenje odluka. Pri uključivanju menadžera tj. u drugom modelu nije jedino potvrđena veza između karakteristika okruženja i kontrolerovog utjecaja na donošenje odluka. U oba modela, kao najznačajnija karakteristika kontrolera pokazala se proaktivnost, a kod menadžera vođa i inicijator. Strateška orijentiranost potvrđena je kao najznačajnija karakteristika poduzeća, dok se aspekt okruženja dokazao intenzitet konkurentnosti. Sa stajališta samih kontrolera, tj. prvim modelom, također je potvrđeno da dužina radnog iskustva kontrolera u području kontrolinga pridonosi kvaliteti kontrolerovih outputa i ulozi u poslovnom odlučivanju. Značaj ostalih postavljenih kontrolnih varijabli nije dokazan izuzev načina organizacije kontrolinga (centraliziran/decentraliziran/kombiniran) kao čimbenika utjecaja kontrolera na poslovno odlučivanje u prvom modelu. Iako se primjena poslovne inteligencije nije dokazala kao značajni kontrolni čimbenik kvalitete kontrolerovog outputa, sukladno dobivenim mišljenjima o njenoj korisnosti i potrebi šire primjene, zaključilo se da će ti alati u budućnosti predstavljati neizostavan dio kontrolinga. Sukladno navedenom, doktorski rad predstavlja osnovu za daljnja istraživanja i unaprjeđenje ostvarenog metodološkog i aplikativnog doprinosa, koji se prvenstveno ogleda u razvoju i potvrdi modela, mogućnosti njegovog testiranja na drugim zemljana i primjeni unutar poduzeća u svrhu ocjene interne efikasnosti kontrolinga, ali i razvoju studijskih programa kontroling. Osim toga, rad temeljem dobivenih saznanja empirijskog istraživanja i teorijske podloge pruža prijedlog budućeg razvoja kontrolinga s osnova digitalizacije.

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    Authors: Žaja, Lana;

    This thesis will give an insight into the development of archival science as contemporary science through the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the content of the journal Bulletin d'archives in the period from 1899. to 2017. Overall, research will follow the development of archival science as a scientific discipline through an analysis of three periods. In the first period, from 1899. to 1945., the published articles will be analysed in the period when the journal was dealing exclusively with historical topics. In the second period, from 1958 to 1980, content will be analysed starting from the first year available from the Hrcak portal. The first two periods (1899. - 1945. and 1958. - 1980.) were explored by content analysis of relevant works, particularly editorial editorials, which, since they point to editorial policy, are most relevant to determining the scope and scope of this journal, including Croatian archivistics. The content analysis implies a solid backbone through which data is recorded for later comparison and analysis. The primary framework under which articles are marked include the difference between historical, traditional-archivist and digital-archivist orientation. The third period, from 1981. to 2017., was analyzed by content, but also with scientometric methods and tools, with a breakthrough in 1984. when it was founded by the Department of Archives and Documentary at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Zagreb, and paralel to this event it also links the development of contemporary archivistics as a scientific discipline. The above mentioned periods are preceded by statistical analysis and analysis of the period from 1899. to 1945., which gives insight into the structure of the journal, the total number of titles and works, authorship and the scope of the journal according to editorial policy. From 2001. to 2017., articles are being explored to analyze a specially developed three-step categorization to provide insight into the development of contemporary, particularly digital themes. A more precise analysis of the topic was also possible to systematically incorporate keywords that began in 2000., the classification of which is presented through the frequency of articles. The year 2001. was chosen as the beginning of this period for the formation of the new editorial office of the Archives and the maintenance of the first Congress of Croatian Archives, and in this period the most extensive analyzes were carried out. The total corpus of published digitized publications, for the period from 1899. to 2017., includes 2471 articles. The last period (1981. - 2017.) was explored in the same way as the previous comparison, but further examined by the scientometric methods and indicators that include authorship of works, author's productivity and the most productive authors, network of authors, types of works, scope of work and language works. The above-mentioned analyzes carried out throughout the mentioned period have the results and discussion in the conclusion presented longitudinally at two levels: the first level is from 1958. to 1984. and the second level is from 1985. to 2017. The selection of the breakthrough in 1984. was that the Department of Archival Sciences at the Department of Information and Communication Sciences was founded. to provide information for the interpretation of the development of archivistics as a discipline. Additionally, in the part of the last period (2001. - 2017.) the methodologically developed categorization provided an insight into the representation of certain standardized basic concepts of contemporary archivistics, which, in addition to traditional, includes new concepts such as digitization, computerization, digital document authentication, digital process preservation, digital archives etc. At this point, special attention is given to the transition to a digital networked environment. Content research articles marked by titles, summaries, and keywords. In case of doubt, full texts of the works were also consulted. These approach to professional qualitative assessment of the direction of the articles has enabled the already mentioned scientometric bases to be implemented separately within each group of articles obtained. Since they were obtained by the same deterministic process, the reports thus obtained are directly comparable. This research provides insight into archivist specialization and the differences (or their lack) in publishing and editorial activities as well as significant authors and institutions from which they come from. The qualitative research analysis of the Bulletin d'archives, in this paper, consists of a series of statistical procedures based on the collection of dichotomous data, that is, those data that can reach the value of 0 (an article that does not have value for archivistics) and 1 (an article which has added value for archivistics). These techniques are appropriate where keywords and default entities can be more easily counted or sorted than measured. The same techniques are numerically based. In this research of qualitative reconstruction of contemporary archivistics, they are based on textual records containing expert terms depicting periods of archival development from archival history to archivistics as modern science. The main indicators for achieving the goal by qualitative research are divided into two phases: In the first phase of the research (1958. - 2017.), seven basic indicators of the formal features of the Bulletin d'archives were analyzed: editorial policy, content structure, total number of articles, total number of authors, total number of works, scope of articles and publication language. In the second phase of the research (1958. - 2017.), seven subject-specific characteristics of scientific articles were analyzed, which should correspond to the content of the text: title, abstract, keywords, original scientific paper, review work and professional work. The primary cornerstones of this work are in the research-content analysis of the journal Bulletin d'archives and originally include the difference between archivistcs and archivistcs in the digital environment.

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    Authors: Tomljenović, Braco;

    Stil života u gradskoj i seoskoj sredini, kao i mogućnost bavljenja tjelesnom aktivnošću učenika i učenica razredne nastave u školi i u slobodno vrijeme, ukazali su na potrebu da se utvrde razlike antropoloških obilježja učenika i razlike učenica razredne nastave gradskih i seoskih sredina Like. Cilj istraživanja bio je taj da se na uzorku od 800 sudionika (400 učenika i 400 učenica) razredne nastave, u dobi od 7. do 10. godina, u gradskim i seoskim školama, primjeni skup od 37 varijabli s ciljem da se utvrditi postoji li razlika u manifestnim i latentnim mjerama morfoloških antropometrijskih obilježja i u testovima motoričkih sposobnosti između učenika i između učenica gradskih i seoskih sredina. Svrsishodnost rada jest ta da se na temelju dobivenih informacija na optimalan te što pravovremeniji i efikasniji način može provoditi modeliranje, dijagnosticiranje, planiranje, programiranje i kontroliranje tjelesnog vježbanja učenika i učenica razredne nastave u gradskim i seoskim sredinama. Skup mjera morfoloških antropometrijskih obilježja upotrijebljenih u ovom istraživanju odabran je i mjeren prema postupcima propisanim Međunarodnim biološkim programom, IBP-Weiner i Lourie, 1969. Uzorak varijabli čini 19 mjera za procjenu morfoloških antropoloških obilježja. Longitudinalna dimenzionalnost skeleta procijenjena je pomoću pet mjera, a to su: visina tijela (ALDTV), dužina ruke (ALDDR), dužina noge (ALDDN) i dužina stopala (ALDDS), biakromijalni raspon (ALDBR). Volumen i masa tijela procijenjeni su pomoću pet mjera: tijela masa (AVMTM), središnjeg opseg prsnog koša (AVMSOK), opsega nadlaktice (AVMONA), opsega natkoljenice (AVMONAT) i opsega potkoljenice (AVMOPOT). Potkožno masno tkivo procijenjeno je pomoću četiriju mjera: kožnog nabora na leđima (APMLE), kožnog nabora na trbuhu (APMTR), kožnog nabora na nadlaktici (APMNAD) i kožnog nabora na potkoljenici (APMPOT). Transverzalna dimenzionalnost skeleta procijenjena je pomoću pet mjera: dijametra lakta (ATDLA), dijametra ručnog zgloba (ATDRZ), bikristalnog raspona (ATDBKR), dijametra koljena (ATDKO) i širine stopala (ATDST). Skup testova motoričkih sposobnosti čini 18 testova. Agilnost je procijenjena pomoću tri testa: koraci u stranu (MAGKUS), osmice sagibanjem (MAGOSS) i prenošenjem pretrčavanjem (MAGPRP). Eksplozivna snaga procijenjena je pomoću tri testa: skok u dalj s mjesta (MESSDM ), sprint iz visokog starta na 20 m (MESS20) i bacanje medicinke (1 kg) iz ležanja (MESBML). Fleksibilnost je procijenjena pomoću tri testa: pretklon raznožno (MFLPRR), pretklon na klupici (MFLPRK) i pretklon u uskom raznoženju (MFLPRU). Koordinacija je procijenjena pomoću tri testa: poligon natraške (MKOPLN), kotrljanje lopte nedominantnom rukom (MKOKLR) i poligon okretom (MKOPLO). Repetitivna snaga procijenjena je pomoću tri testa: podizanje trupa iz ležanja (MRSPTL), podizanje trupa -kratko (MRSPTK) i čučnjevi (MRSCUC). Ravnoteža je procijenjena pomoću tri testa: stajanje na jednoj nozi uzduž klupice za ravnotežu sa zatvorenim očima (MBAU1Z), stajanje na klupici za ravnotežu s otvorenim očima (MBAU20) i stajanje na obrnutoj klupici za ravnotežu s otvorenim očima (MBAOKO). U istraživanju dobiveni podaci obrađeni su metodama deskriptivne statistike, provjerene su metrijske karakteristike mjera morfoloških antropoloških obilježja i testova motoričkih sposobnosti. Faktorskom analizom metodom glavnih komponenata, primjenom GK-kriterija, ekstrahirani faktori transformirani su ortogonalnom rotacijom po varimax normalized kriteriju te je određen broj značajnih glavnih komponenta. S obzirom na mjesto stanovanja, spol i dob kanoničkom diskriminacijskom analizom, utvrđene su razlike između učenika i između učenica razredne nastave u prostoru manifestnih i latentnih dimenzija mjera morfoloških antropoloških obilježja kao i testova motoričkih sposobnosti. Učenici gradske sredine u prvom razredu značajno su viši te dužih i širih ekstremiteta kao i veće mase i volumena tijela do četvrtog razreda, a u trećem razredu dobivaju na potkožnom masnom tkivo što je značajno izraženo u četvrtom razredu. Učenici sela niži su, robusnije građe, što je posebno uočljivo od drugog razreda kad imaju veće vrijednosti transverzalne dimenzionalnosti skeleta te veće vrijednosti potkožnog masnog tkiva do trećeg razreda, kad gube masno tkivo i dobivaju na voluminoznosti i masi tijela na osnovi povećanja mišićne mase. Učenice seoske sredine u prvom, drugom i trećem razredu robusnije su građe tijela, imaju veće vrijednosti visine, dužih su ekstremiteta, osim u drugom razredu. Također većih su vrijednosti transverzalne dimenzionalnosti skeleta i potkožnog masnog tkiva. Učenice gradske sredine u prvom i drugom razredu imaju veću voluminoznost tijela, dok je to kod učenica seoske sredine naglašeno u trećem razredu. U četvrtom razredu učenice gradske sredine imaju značajan prirast u: visini, vrijednostima dužine i širine skeleta, mase tijela, voluminoznosti i potkožnom masnom tkivu. To može ukazivati na to da učenice ulaze u drugu fazu ubrzanog rasta. Rezultati testova motoričkih sposobnosti ukazuju na to da učenici seoske sredine u prvom i drugom razredu postižu bolje rezultate u agilnosti, fleksibilnosti, koordinaciji, repetitivnoj snazi i ravnoteži, dok učenici gradske sredine u eksplozivnoj snazi. U trećem razredu učenici seoske sredine uključuju se više u rad na obiteljskim gospodarstvima, manje vremena provode u igri i slabijih su rezultata osim kod ravnoteže. U četvrtom razredu, na osnovu veće mišićne mase, učenici seoske sredine značajno su bolji u svim rezultatima osim u testovima koraka u stranu, pretklona raznožno i čučnjevima. Učenice seoske sredine tijekom razredne nastave postižu bolje rezultate u većini testova, osim kod ravnoteže u prvom i trećem razredu, agilnosti u trećem i četvrtom razredu i koordinacije u četvrtom razredu. Učenice seoske sredine u slobodno vrijeme provode više vremena u igri ali su i umjereno opterećena radnim obvezama. Analizom razlika učenika i razlika učenica gradskih i seoskih sredina, u prostoru 19 mjera morfoloških antropometrijskih obilježja i 18 testova motoričkih sposobnosti, utvrđeno je da su učenici i učenice seoske sredine, u odnosu na učenike i učenice gradske sredine, znatno robusnije građe; učenici seoske sredine većih su vrijednosti potkožnog masnog tkiva i transverzalne dimenzionalnosti skeleta, a učenice i longitudinalne dimenzionalnosti skeleta. Učenici seoske sredine postižu bolje rezultate u većini motoričkih testova osim kod učenika u trećem razredu. Učenici i učenice seoske sredine provode više slobodnog vremena igrajući se u prirodi ali i radnim obvezama. Dobivene razlike objašnjene su različitim uvjetima življenja, odrastanja učenika i učenica, uvjetima prehrane i stanovanja, rada, mogućnosti bavljenja sportom i igrom. Dobivene razlike ukazuju na to da je kod planiranja i programiranja nastavnog procesa u tjelesnom i zdravstvenom području bitno je uvažavati razlike koje definiraju različite sredine. Lifestyle and opportunities, for physical exercise at school and in free time, of female and male pupils attending the first four grades of primary schools in rural and urban areas, have indicated the need to establish the structure and the differences of anthropological features of male and female pupils in primary schools in urban and rural areas of Lika. The aim of this research was to apply the set of 37 variables and tests of motor and functional abilities on the subject sample of 800 participants (400 female and 400 male pupils) aged 7-10 attending the first four grades of primary schools in rural and urban areas in order to determine the differences in manifest and latent measures of anthropometric features between those two groups. The expediency of this work is to provide optimal, fast and effecient way to shape, diagnose, plan, programme and control physical activity among female and male pupils atttending the first four grades of primary schools in rural and urban areas. The set of morphological anthropometrical features used in this research was selected and measured according to the procedures prescribed by International biological programme, IBP-Weiner and Lourie, 1969. The sample of variables consists of 19 measures to estimate morphological measures. Longitudinal skeleton dimensionality was estimated by five measures: Body height (ALDTV), Arm length (ALDDR), Leg length (ALDDN), Foot length (ALDDS) and Biacromial range (ALDBR). Body volume and mass were estimated by five measures: Body weight (AVMTM), Central chest extent (AVMSOK), Upper arm extent (AVMONA), Upper leg extent (AVMONAT) and Lower leg extent (AVMOPOT). Subcutaneous fat tissue was estimated by four measures: Back skinfold (APMLE), Belly skinfold (APMTR), Upper arm skinfold (APMNAD) and Lower leg skinfold (APMPOT). Transversal skeleton dimensionality was estimated by five measures: Elbow diameter (ATDLA), Wrist diameter (ATDRZ), Bicristal range (ATDBKR) , Knee diameter (ATDKO) and Foot width (ATDST). The set of motor abilities' tests consists of 18 tests. Agility was estimated by three tests: Side steps (MAGKUS), Doing the 8 with bending (MAGOSS) and Carrying over by running (MAGPRP). Explosive strength was estimated by three tests: Standing long jump (MESSDM), High start 20 m sprint (MESS20) and Throwing medicine ball (1kg) from lying down (MESBML). Flexibilitiy was estimated by three tests: Forward bend with legs widely spread (MFLPRR), Forward bend on a bench (MFLPRK) and Forward bend with legs slightly spread (MFLPRU). Coordination was estimated by three tests: Ground practice backwards (MKOPLN), Rolling a ball by undominant hand (MKOKLR) and Ground practice with a turn (MKOPLO). Repetitive strenght was estimated by three tests: Lifting the upper body from lying down (MRSPTL), Lifting the upper body – short (MRSPTK) and Squats (MRSCUC). Balance was estimated by three tests: Standing on one leg on a balancing bench with eyes closed (MBAU1Z), Standing on a balancing bench with eyes open (MBAU20) and Standing on a turned over balancing bench with eyes open (MBAOKO). The collected data were processed by descriptive analysis; metric caracteristics of morphological features and motor abilities tests, were verified. Differences in manifest variables of morphological features and motor abilities tests, between female and male pupils attending the first four grades in rural and urban areas, were determined by discriminanat analysis. Defining latent dimensions of measures of morphological features and tests of motor and functional abilities of female and male pupils was conducted by factor analysis, the method of main components according to Guttman Kesir's criteria. The differences in latent dimensions, between female and male pupils in the first four grades of primary schools in rural and urban area, were determined by dicriminant analysis. The results have shown the existance of significant difference among female and among male pupils in manifest measures of anthropometric features and tests of motor abilities. Based on the collected data in manifest measures of morphological antrhropometric features, the first grade male pupils are best determined by discriminant function skeleton dimensionality and volume, and female pupils by subcutaneous fat tissue. The second grade male pupils are best determined by subcutaneous fat tissue, and female pupils by discriminant function of transversal skeleton dimensionality and volume. The third and the fourth grade male pupils differentiate in the function of transversal skeleton dimensionality, the third grade female pupils in the function of subcutaneous fat tissue and the fourth grade female pupils in soft tissues function. In the field of motor abilities the first grade male pupils are best determined by discriminant function of side agility, and female pupils by discriminant function of repetitive trunk strenght and coordination. The second grade male pupils are best determined by discriminant function of repetitive strenght and balance, and female pupils by upper extremities coordination and explosive leg strenght. There are not any significant differences between third grade male pupils, while female pupils show differences in repetitive trunk strenght. The fourth grade male pupils show differences in explosive strenght of lower extremities and agility, and female pupils in trunk strenght. By analysing latent dimensions in the field of morphological antrophometry, three basic components are extracted between the first grade female and male pupils, among which the first component is the biggest and the most explicable. The first basic component extracted among female and male pupils is subcutaneous fat tissue. The second extracted component among male pupils is longitudinal and transversal skeleton dimensionality, and among female pupils longitudinal skeleton dimensionality. The third extracted component among female and male pupils is transversal skeleton dimensionality and body volume. Three components were calculated in the second grade. The first basic component among male pupils is transversal skeleton dimensionality and body volume and among female pupils it is the soft tissues component. The second and the third extracted components among male pupils are subcutaneous fat tissue and longitudinal skeleton dimensionality, and among female pupils it is longitudinal skeleton dimensionality and transversal skeleton dimensionality. The first basic component of soft tissues and transversal skeleton dimensionality is extracted among the third grade male pupils and the components of subcutaneous fat tissue, transversal skeleton dimensionality and body mass among female pupils. The second component among female and male pupils is longitudinal skeleton dimensionality. The third extracted component among male pupils is transversal skeleton dimensionality and among female pupils body volume. Three basic components are extracted among fourth grade male pupils, and among female pupils, two. The first basic component among male pupils is soft tissues component and among female pupils in this grade there is also transversal skeleton dimensionality. The second and the third component among male pupils is longitudinal skeleton dimensionality and transversal skeleton dimensionality and among female pupils they are united in the second component. In the field of motor abilities of female and male pupils in the first grade, six i.e. five basic components were extracted. The first basic component extracted among male pupils is repetitive strenght, agility and explosive strenght of lower extremities, and among female pupils coordination and agility. Extracted components among male pupils are: lower back flexibility and back thigh flexibility, closed eyes balance, opened eyes balance, coordination, repetitive body strenght, body coordination and explosive leg strenght, upper extremities coordination. The first extracted component among male pupils in the second grade is agility and explosive leg strenght and among female pupils coordination and agility. Extracted components among male pupils are flexibility, balance, repetitive leg strenght and body coordination, closed eyes balance and among female pupils: flexibility, repetitive leg strenght, explosive leg strenght, balance, repetitive strenght and agility. The first basic components extracted among the third grade male pupils are agility, coordination and explosive leg strenght and among female pupils agility, explosive leg strenght and coordination. The extracted componenets among male pupils are: flexibility, explosive arm and shoulder strenght, balance, closed eyes balance and repetitive strenght. The extracted components among female pupils are: flexibility, closed eyes balance, opened eyes balance, explosive arm and shoulder strenght. The first basic component extracted among the fourth grade male pupils is body coordination and among female pupils in this grade the extracted components are agility, coordination and explosive leg strenght. The extracted components among male pupils are: flexibility, explosive leg strenght, repetitive leg strenght and agility, explosive arm and shoulder strenght and balance. The extracted components among female pupils are: flexibility, balance, repetitive trunk strenght, repetitive arm and shoulder strenght. Pupils from the first to the fourth grade are best determined by discriminant function of longitudinal and transversal skeleton dimensionality in latent dimensions of morphological anthropometrical features. The first grade female pupils are best determined by discriminant function of subcutaneous fat tissue, the second grade female pupils are best determined by discriminant function of transversal skeleton dimensionality and the third grade female pupils by discriminant function of subcutaneous fat tissue and transversal skeleton dimensionality. The fourth grade female pupils are best determined by longitudinal skeleton dimensionality. Values of discriminant analysis in latent motor abilities of the first grade pupils indicate that there are not any statistically important differences. Pupils in the second grade are best defined by discriminative function of balance. There are not any statistically important differences between pupils in the third grade. In the third grade there are not any statistically significant differences among pupils in the defined latnent motor factors. In the fourth grade pupils are best defined by the discriminative function of explosive leg strength. In the first grade female pupils are best defined by the discriminative functions of coordination and agility and coordination of upper extremities, while in the second grade there are not any statistically significant differences. In the third grade female pupils are best defined by the discriminative function of opened eyes balance and in the fourth grade female pupils are best defined by agility, and explosive leg strength. Based on the given results, it can be concluded that primary school pupils attending the first four grades show statistically important differences in manifest measures of morphological features. The first grade male pupils are taller and show higher measures in values, while male pupils from rural areas are, in higher classes, shorter and more robust with more subcutaneous fat tissue. As far as motor abilities are concerned, the first grade male pupils from urban areas achieve better results in agility and explosive strenght tests, while higher grades male pupils from rural areas achieve better results in flexibility, repetitive and explosive strenght and agility tests. Female pupils from rural areas attending the first three grades are more robust and shorter with more subcutaneous fat tissue, while female pupils from urban areas suddenly step into the period of pre-puberty in the fourth grade. Female pupils from rural areas achieve better results in explosive and repetitive strenght and coordination tests, while female pupils from urban areas achieve better results in agility tests. Differences among female and male pupils are also confirmed in latent dimensions of morphological features and motor abilities. The first grade pupils show higher values of longitudinal and transversal skleton dimensionality, while in higher classes male pupils from urban areas show higher values of longitudinal skeleton dimensionality; pupils from rural areas show higher values of transversal skeleton dimensionality. Male pupils from urban areas achieve better results in latent dimensions of explosive strenght and coordination while male pupils from rural areas achieve better results in latent dimensions of balance, repetitive strenght and flexibility. Female pupils from rural areas attending the first four grades show higher values in latent dimensions of subcutaneous fat tissue and transversal skeleton dimensionality; and female pupils from urban areas attending the fourth grade show higher values in longitudinal and transversal skeleton dimensionality. These female pupils show better results in latent dimensions of motor coordination tests, agility and closed eyes balance, in lower grades. Female pupils from rural areas attending the fourth grade show better results in agility tests, explosive and repetitive strenght and coordination.

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    Authors: Švaco, Marko;

    Robot je programabilan mehanizam čije se djelovanje temelji na upravljačkim algoritmima. Prilikom rada u nestrukturiranoj okolini upravljački algoritmi postaju eksplicitne funkcije položaja i vremena u povratnoj vezi sa stanjem okoline. Obradu podataka iz okoline te zaključivanje o odgovarajućem djelovanju robota moguće je temeljiti na principima strojnoga učenja. Predloženo istraživanje bavi se razvojem modela učenja i planiranja djelovanja robota. Proces učenja temelji se na novoj umjetnoj neuronskoj mreži klasifikacijom prostornih struktura. Pojam prostorne strukture podrazumijeva interpretaciju rasporeda poznatih objekata u ravnini koje robot percipira vizijskim sustavom. Umjetna neuronska mreža za klasifikaciju i prepoznavanje prostornih struktura zasniva se na teoriji adaptivne rezonancije. Planiranje djelovanja robota temeljno je na usporednoj evoluciji rješenja razvojem novoga genetskoga algoritma. Genetski algoritam kao osnovni cilj ima prostornu pretvorbu neuređenoga stanja objekata u uređeno. Izvorni znanstveni doprinos rada očituje se u sljedećem: 1) Samoorganizirajuća umjetna neuronska mreža za klasifikaciju i prepoznavanje prostornih struktura zasnovana na teoriji adaptivne rezonancije, koju odlikuje nova dvorazinska klasifikacija po obliku i rasporedu objekata te mehanizam asocijativnoga povezivanja neuređenoga skupa objekata s uređenim i 2) Novi genetski algoritam za planiranje robotskoga djelovanja u nestrukturiranoj radnoj okolini karakteriziran usporednom evolucijskom strategijom za pronalaženje rješenja, s ciljem prostorne pretvorbe neuređenoga stanja objekata u uređeno. A robot can be defined as a programmable mechanism with behaviour based on control algorithms. In nondeterministic environments control algorithms become explicit functions of position with respect to time and feedback of the current environment state. Information processing and reasoning about appropriate robot behaviour can be based on machine learning principles.In the proposed research robot learning and behaviour planning model is developed. Robot learning is based on a new neural network by classifying spatial structures. A spatial structure denotes two-dimensional interpretation of known objects and their arrangement in a plane, acquired by the robot vision system.The neural network for classification of spatial structures is based on adaptive resonance theory. Robot behaviour planning is based on parallel evolution by developing a new genetic algorithm. The main goal of the developed genetic algorithm is spatial transformation of an unordered set of objects into an ordered object set.rnOriginal scientific contribution:rnA selforganizing artificial neural network for recognition and classification of spatial structures based on Adaptive resonance theory, with a novel two-level classification based on object shape and arrangement and a new mechanism for associating an unordered object set with an ordered object set.rnA new geneic algorithm for robot task planning in an unstructured environment characterized by a parallel evolution strategy, with the main goal of spatial transformation of an unordered object set.

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    Authors: Ćurković, Petar;

    U ovoj disertaciji razvijena je metodologija za planiranje kretanja dva robota 2R konfiguracije koji dijele radni prostor i predstavljaju dinamičku prepreku jedan drugome. Ovaj problem spada u klasu NP kompletnih problema, čije je rješavanje egzaktnim matematičkim algoritmima s poznatim gornjim granicama vremenske složenosti ograničeno primjenjivo. Razvijena metodologija planiranja kretanja temeljena je na istodobnom rješavanju problema planiranja kretanja za dva robota paralelnim, dijelom neovisnim evolucijskim - koevolucijskim algoritmom. Postavljena je i potvrđena hipoteza o mogućnosti vremenski efikasnog planiranja kretanja za dva robota temeljena na predloženom koevolucijskom algoritmu. S ciljem potvrđivanja hipoteze, razvijeno je simulacijsko okružje u kojemu je, za različite početne i konačne konfiguracije, moguće planirati kretanje za jednog, ili više robotskih agenata u radnom prostoru koji može uključivati stacionarne prepreke. Određen je skup kriterija kojima je moguće vrednovati ponašanje agenata, te su utvrđene prirode veza među pojedinim kriterijima. Skup kriterija čine kriteriji broja sudara, ukupno prijeđenog puta, kuta zakreta u zglobovima te neravnomjernosti profila brzine. Izvršena je formalna analiza sustava sastavljenog od dva robota 2R konfiguracije te su izvedeni analitički uvjeti za postojanje sudara među robotima. Izvedeni su izrazi za izračun potrebne duljine gena evolucijskog algoritma. \Na temelju ovih spoznaja formulirana je funkcija dobrote i odgovarajuća metoda izbora agenata, čime je omogućena njihova paralelna evolucija i međusobna prilagodba, koja rezultira neprekinutim, vremenski i energetski učinkovitim gibanjem bez sudara od početne do konačne konfiguracije u radnom prostoru. Sa svrhom dodatne uštede procesorskog vremena, predložena je metoda diskretizacije kretanja robota te komplementarna metoda rekonstrukcije kretanja s proizvoljno malim vremenskim intervalom između dvije uzastopne robotske konfiguracije. Metodologija je verificirana na realnom robotskom sustavu, sastavljenom od dva robota za koja je problem planiranja kretanja razvijenom metodologijom uspješno riješen. In this thesis a method is developed to solve the problem of path planning for two 2R type robots, which share workspace and thus present dynamic obstacle to each other. This problem, according to its computational complexity, belongs to NP complete class problems. Solving such problems with exact mathematical algorithms with known upper time complexity bound is limitedly applicable. The motion planning methodology developed in this thesis is based on concurrent path planning of both robots using parallel, partly independent evolutionary – coevolutionary algorithms. Time efficient planning is possible for two robots using developed algorithms what proves the hypothesis formulated in the dissertation. To prove the hypothesis, a simulation environment is developed in the first step, in which path planning is possible for arbitrary setup of initial and final configurations of the robots. It is possible to conduct path planning either for one robotic agent or for more, including presence of arbitrarily distributed obstacles. Set of criteria is determined to evaluate the evolution of agents, and the nature of connections between different conflicting criteria is revealed. Number of collisions, total path, joint rotation angle and velocity profile of the end effector are the criteria to be optimized. Formal analysis of the system composed of two 2R type robots is conducted and analytical conditions for collision occurrence are derived. Based on these understandings, the fitness function is formulated with appropriate selection mechanisms, what enabled parallel evolution and adaptation between the two robotic agents. The result is continuous, time and energy efficient motion without collisions for the two agents in the given workspace. To additionally optimize processing time; a motion discretization method is proposed together with complementary motion reconstruction method to execute the motion with arbitrarily small time step between two consecutive configurations. The methodology proposed in this thesis is verified on a real robotic system composed of two robots for which the path planning problem is successfully solved.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Krivić, Petar;

    Računarstvo u magli predstavlja novi koncept arhitekture za isporuku usluga u kojem se osim računalnog oblaka koriste i resursi računalnih čvorova između računalnog oblaka i krajnjih uređaja. Primjenom ovog koncepta omogućuje se optimizacija rješenja zbog blizine izvora podataka i čvorova za njihovu obradu, što je zbog karakteristične okoline posebno naglašeno u okviru Interneta stvari. Virtualizacija zasnovana na kontejnerima i druge moderne tehnologije omogućili su implementaciju raspodijeljenih IoT usluga koje se mogu efikasno izvoditi u promjenjivim heterogenim okolinama kakve podrazumijeva računarstvo u magli. Ipak, raspored izvođenja komponenti IoT usluga u raspodijeljenim okolinama ovoga koncepta ovisit će o optimizaciji koja se u konkretnom slučaju želi postići njegovom primjenom pa je upravo određivanje optimalnog rasporeda izvođenja usluga na dostupnim računalnim resursima računarstva u magli fokus ove disertacije. Stoga su u ovom radu najprije kategorizirane usluge Interneta stvari prema kontekstima relevantnim za primjenu računarstva u magli: kontekstu uređaja, korisnika, i usluge. Također, definirani su i parametri kvalitete usluge kojima se može ocijeniti učinkovitost primjene računarstva u magli te je određen njihov prioritet u prethodno definiranim kategorijama IoT usluga. Zatim je opisan formalni model usluga i specificiranih konteksta, kako bi se faktori koji utječu na izvedbu raspoređivanja usluga mogli uzeti u obzir u konkretnoj implementaciji algoritma. Tako se u razvijenom dinamičkom algoritmu raspoređivanja na temelju kontekstnih informacija o usluzi, korisniku, i dostupnim uređajima određuje raspored izvođenja komponenti usluge kojim se postiže veća kvaliteta njenog izvođenja u okviru definiranih parametara kvalitete usluge. Na kraju je izvedena verifikacija razvijenog dinamičkog algoritma kako bi se utvrdila njegova učinkovitost na odabranim slučajevima primjene. Dobiveni rezultati su potvrdili bolje performanse izvođenja usluga u okolini računarstva u magli primjenom razvijenog algoritma za dva odabrana scenarija (strujanje podataka i automatizaciju upravljanja). Također, rezultati su pokazali da je glavna prednost ovog algoritma u odnosu na postojeće pristupe, njegova mogućnost dinamičkog pokretanja raspoređivanja na temelju promjena u izvedbenoj okolini koje uzrokuju pad kvalitete usluge. The fog computing concept emerged as a novel architecture that extends cloud computing to the edge of the network by utilizing available computing resources between the cloud and the targeted service environment. Such architecture reduces the distance between the end-devices and processing nodes, thus enabling the optimized processing execution that is especially emphasized within the characteristic Internet of Things environments. The inclusion of fog computing concept within such a heterogeneous and distributed environment was significantly facilitated by microservice architecture and container-based virtualization. Still, the effective schedule of service components across the fog computing execution environment depends on the specific use-case scenario and factors defining its efficiency. Thus, the focus of this dissertation is to define a scheduling procedure that determines the most efficient service execution schedule enabling the optimized service delivery. To achieve this goal, we first categorize IoT services based on the contexts relevant for applying the fog computing concept: device context, service context and user context. Also, we define QoS parameters determining the efficiency of applying the fog computing concept and prioritize them for each previously defined category of IoT services. The aforementioned factors affecting the application of fog computing are formally described and considered in the implementation of the dynamic algorithm that determines the most efficient service execution schedule based on the considered contexts and QoS parameters within the available execution environment. Finally, we present the results of the verification procedure conducted on the two common IoT service scenarios (data streaming and automated control management). The results confirmed the efficiency of our dynamic scheduling algorithm and showcased improved service performance within the fog computing execution environment in comparison to the existing approaches. The main advantage of our algorithm compared to the other considered scheduling policies is its ability to dynamically re-schedule service components when the QoS level of service delivery deteriorates because of the changes in a volatile network environment.

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    Authors: Milić, Luka;

    Predlaže se arhitektura za IoT temeljena na metaprotokolu za komunikaciju među čvorovima i sustavu pravila za konfiguraciju čvorova. U njoj se ne rabi tradicionalna podjela na slojeve, nego se svaki čvor promatra kao ravnopravan sa svima ostalima. Kategoriju čvora određuje uloga koja je za taj čvor skrojena. Pri tom čvor može biti jednostavan senzorski čvor, ili nešto složenije, kao što je usmjernik ili čvor koji pohranjuje i obrađuje podatke. Čvor može imati i više uloga, a one se ostvaruju ili posebnim programima ili definiraju sustavom pravila, kao u ostvarenom prototipu programske potpore. Čvorovi komuniciraju tim metaprotokolom, koji je temeljen na SQL-ovim podatkovnim operacijama. Poraba takvih operacija omogućuje vrlo veliku fleksibilnost pri osmišljavanju sustavâ. S druge strane, brojni mehanizmi kraćenja poruka i delegiranje određenih stvari nižim protokolima omogućuju stvaranje što kraćih i jednostavnijih poruka, pa tako i uključivanje i onih najjednostavnijih čvorova u takav sustav. Usporedba predloženoga s postojećim znanstvenim i komercijalnim rješenjima pokazuje da se u nekim slučajima očekuju prednosti porabe predložene arhitekture pred tim rješenjima. Te su prednosti najizraženije kad se rabe najjednostavniji čvorovi i kad se zahtijeva konfiguracija mreže po volji na način drugačiji od tradicionalnih arhitektura. -- Metaprotokol za prijenos podataka u IoT-u temeljen na operacijama svojstvenim bazama podataka & Arhitektura sustava IoT-a temeljena na izgrađenom metaprotokolu i sustavu pravila s naglaskom na prilagodljivost i jednostavnost. An arhichitecture for IoT is proposed based on a metaprotocol for communication between nodes and a rule system for node configuration. In it the traditional split into layers is not used, but every node is considered as equal to all others. The node category is determined by the role that was fit for that node. There a node can be a simple sensor node, or something more complex, like a gateway or a data storage and processing node. The node can even have multiple roles, and they are realized either by special programs or defined by a rule system, like in the implemented software prototype. The nodes communicate by that metaprotocol, which is based on SQL data operations. The usage of such operations enables very big flexibility during system design. On the other side, numerous message-shortening mechanisms and delegation of specific things to lower protocols enable creating as short and simple messages as possible, and so also including even those simplest nodes in such a system. Comparison of the proposed with existing scientific and commercial solutions show that in some cases advantages are expected of using the proposed architecture over those solutions. These advantages are most expressed when the simplest nodes are used and when an arbitrary network configuration is required in the way different from traditional architectures. -- Metaprotocol for data transfer in the IoT based on operations attributed to databases & Architecture of IoT systems based on the developed metaprotocol and rule system with focus on adaptability and simplicity.

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    Authors: Petrlić, Antonija;

    Today's dynamic environment requires companies to constantly adapt, which is mainly reflected in the application of new technologies, improvement of business processes and the acceptance and implementation of functions suitable for doing business in digital conditions. Given the growing amount of internal and external data that companies have and the benefits and challenges that this data provides to decision makers, there is a need for functions that, through their activities, can guide management to make effective business decisions. One of those functions is controlling, which provides adequate information to decision-makers, and which in large number of data selects and analyses the key ones, interprets them, and proposes solutions. According to its role, controlling should be one of the key information and advisory functions within today’s companies. Therefore, the purpose of this doctoral dissertation was to define and confirm the influential characteristics that in digital conditions determine the efficiency of the controllers' work and their impact on decision making, but also to prove the importance of controlling as a support to management. Hence, this dissertation aimed to explore and expand existing theoretical knowledge of controlling and to develop and validate a conceptual model for measuring the relationship of controllers, managers, companies, and environmental characteristics with the quality of controller’s outputs and its impact on decision-making. For empirical research and testing of the set conceptual model, i.e. hypotheses, in cooperation with four controllers, a survey questionnaire was developed whose validity and reliability were confirmed through a pilot testing on a sample of 21 controllers. The final sample of the research were 148 controllers and 64 managers from large, medium, and few small companies in the Republic of Croatia. The research involved testing the conceptual model through two samples. The first sample involved testing the model solely on controller responses, and the second on paired manager and controller responses. The multivariate statistical method of partial least squares structural equations modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to test the validity and reliability of the measurement model, and to confirm the set hypotheses and the exploratory and predictive power of the structural model. The results of the research confirmed the relationship between the set characteristics of the controllers, the company, and the environment with the quality of the controllers’ outputs, and the relationship between the quality of their outputs and the controllers' influence on decision- IV making. The research only did not confirm the relationship of managerial characteristics with the quality of the controller outputs, but it confirmed that managerial characteristics are significantly related to the controllers’ influence on decision-making. This was confirmed by examining the model from the perception of controllers, but also by involving managers through the evaluation of controllers’ characteristics, the quality of their outputs, and their impact on decision-making. In the second model, which includes perceptions of managers', only the relationship between the characteristics of the environment and the controllers’ influence on decision-making was not confirmed. In both models, proactivity proved to be the most important characteristic of the controllers, and in the case of managers, leadership and initiator. Strategic orientation was confirmed as the most important characteristic of companies, while the intensity of competitiveness was proven as the most valuable environmental characteristic. From the perception of controllers', it was also confirmed that the length of the controller's work experience in the field of controlling contributes to the quality of the controller's outputs and decision-making role. The importance of other set control variables has not been proven, except the way controlling is organized (centralized/decentralized/combined). Hence, it has been proven as an important control variable of the controllers’ influence on business decision-making only in the first model. Although the application of business intelligence has not been proven as a significant control variable of the quality of the controller's outputs, appropriate to the opinions obtained from the controllers on its usefulness and the need for wider application, it can be emphasized is that these tools will be an integral part of controlling in the future. Accordingly, the doctoral thesis is the basis for further research and improvement of given methodological and applied contributions, which are primarily reflected in the developed and confirmed conceptual model, the possibility of testing it in other countries, and its applications within companies for assessing internal effectiveness of controlling, but also the development of study programs for controlling. In addition, based on the acquired knowledge of empirical research and theoretical background, the thesis provides a proposal for the future development of controlling based on digitalization. Današnje dinamično okruženje zahtjeva od poduzeća stalnu prilagodbu koja se uglavnom ogleda u primjeni novih tehnologija, unaprjeđenju poslovnih procesa te prihvaćanju i implementiranju funkcija primjerenih poslovanju u digitalnim uvjetima. Obzirom na sve veću količinu internih i eksternih podataka kojima poduzeća raspolažu te prednostima i izazovima koje ti podaci pružaju donosiocima odluka, nameće se potreba za funkcijama koje kroz svoje aktivnosti mogu usmjeriti menadžment ka donošenju učinkovitih poslovnih odluka. Jedna od tih funkcija je kontroling, koja pruža adekvatne informacije donosiocima odluka tj. koja u velikom broju podataka odabire i analizira one ključne, interpretira ih, zaključuje i predlaže rješenja. Sukladno svojoj ulozi kontroling bi trebao predstavljati jednu od ključnih informacijskih i savjetodavnih funkcija unutar poduzeća. Stoga je svrha ove doktorske disertacije bila definirati i potvrditi utjecajne karakteristike koje u digitalnim uvjetima određuju efikasnost rada kontrolera i njegov utjecaj na donošenje odluka, te ujedno dokazati važnost kontrolinga kao potpore menadžmentu. Cilj disertacije bio istražiti i proširiti postojeće teorijske spoznaje kontrolinga te razviti i potvrditi konceptualni model za mjerenje povezanosti karakteristika kontrolera, menadžera, poduzeća i okruženja s kvalitetom kontrolerovog outputa i njegovog utjecaja na donošenje poslovnih odluka. Za potrebe empirijskog istraživanja i testiranja postavljenog konceptualnog modela tj. hipoteza, u suradnji sa četiri kontrolera razvijen je anketni upitnik čija je valjanost i pouzdanost potvrđena kroz pilot testiranje na uzorku od 21 kontrolera. Konačni uzorak istraživanja činilo je 148 kontrolera i 64 menadžera iz velikih, srednjih i pojedinih malih poduzeća u Republici Hrvatskoj. Istraživanje je uključivalo testiranje konceptualnog modela kroz dva uzorka. Prvi uzorak podrazumijevao je testiranje modela isključivo na odgovorima kontrolera, a drugi na uparenim odgovorima menadžera i kontrolera. Primjenom multivarijatne statističke metode parcijalnih najmanjih kvadrata modeliranja strukturalnim jednadžbama (PLS-SEM) ispitana je valjanost i pouzdanog mjernog modela te su testirane hipoteze i potvrđena je eksploratorna i prediktivna moć strukturnog modela. Rezultati istraživanja potvrdili su povezanost karakteristika kontrolera, poduzeća i okruženja s kvalitetom kontrolerovih outputa te povezanost kvalitete outputa s kontrolerovim utjecajem na donošenje poslovnih odluka. Istraživanjem jedino nije potvrđena veza karakteristika menadžera s kvalitetom kontrolerovih outputa, ali je potvrđeno da su karakteristike II menadžera značajno povezane s kontrolerovim utjecajem na donošenje poslovnih odluka. Navedeno je potvrđeno ispitivanjem modela sa stajališta kontrolera, ali i uključivanjem menadžera kroz ocjenjivanje karakteristika kontrolera, kvalitete njegovog outputa i utjecaja na donošenje odluka. Pri uključivanju menadžera tj. u drugom modelu nije jedino potvrđena veza između karakteristika okruženja i kontrolerovog utjecaja na donošenje odluka. U oba modela, kao najznačajnija karakteristika kontrolera pokazala se proaktivnost, a kod menadžera vođa i inicijator. Strateška orijentiranost potvrđena je kao najznačajnija karakteristika poduzeća, dok se aspekt okruženja dokazao intenzitet konkurentnosti. Sa stajališta samih kontrolera, tj. prvim modelom, također je potvrđeno da dužina radnog iskustva kontrolera u području kontrolinga pridonosi kvaliteti kontrolerovih outputa i ulozi u poslovnom odlučivanju. Značaj ostalih postavljenih kontrolnih varijabli nije dokazan izuzev načina organizacije kontrolinga (centraliziran/decentraliziran/kombiniran) kao čimbenika utjecaja kontrolera na poslovno odlučivanje u prvom modelu. Iako se primjena poslovne inteligencije nije dokazala kao značajni kontrolni čimbenik kvalitete kontrolerovog outputa, sukladno dobivenim mišljenjima o njenoj korisnosti i potrebi šire primjene, zaključilo se da će ti alati u budućnosti predstavljati neizostavan dio kontrolinga. Sukladno navedenom, doktorski rad predstavlja osnovu za daljnja istraživanja i unaprjeđenje ostvarenog metodološkog i aplikativnog doprinosa, koji se prvenstveno ogleda u razvoju i potvrdi modela, mogućnosti njegovog testiranja na drugim zemljana i primjeni unutar poduzeća u svrhu ocjene interne efikasnosti kontrolinga, ali i razvoju studijskih programa kontroling. Osim toga, rad temeljem dobivenih saznanja empirijskog istraživanja i teorijske podloge pruža prijedlog budućeg razvoja kontrolinga s osnova digitalizacije.

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    Authors: Žaja, Lana;

    This thesis will give an insight into the development of archival science as contemporary science through the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the content of the journal Bulletin d'archives in the period from 1899. to 2017. Overall, research will follow the development of archival science as a scientific discipline through an analysis of three periods. In the first period, from 1899. to 1945., the published articles will be analysed in the period when the journal was dealing exclusively with historical topics. In the second period, from 1958 to 1980, content will be analysed starting from the first year available from the Hrcak portal. The first two periods (1899. - 1945. and 1958. - 1980.) were explored by content analysis of relevant works, particularly editorial editorials, which, since they point to editorial policy, are most relevant to determining the scope and scope of this journal, including Croatian archivistics. The content analysis implies a solid backbone through which data is recorded for later comparison and analysis. The primary framework under which articles are marked include the difference between historical, traditional-archivist and digital-archivist orientation. The third period, from 1981. to 2017., was analyzed by content, but also with scientometric methods and tools, with a breakthrough in 1984. when it was founded by the Department of Archives and Documentary at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Zagreb, and paralel to this event it also links the development of contemporary archivistics as a scientific discipline. The above mentioned periods are preceded by statistical analysis and analysis of the period from 1899. to 1945., which gives insight into the structure of the journal, the total number of titles and works, authorship and the scope of the journal according to editorial policy. From 2001. to 2017., articles are being explored to analyze a specially developed three-step categorization to provide insight into the development of contemporary, particularly digital themes. A more precise analysis of the topic was also possible to systematically incorporate keywords that began in 2000., the classification of which is presented through the frequency of articles. The year 2001. was chosen as the beginning of this period for the formation of the new editorial office of the Archives and the maintenance of the first Congress of Croatian Archives, and in this period the most extensive analyzes were carried out. The total corpus of published digitized publications, for the period from 1899. to 2017., includes 2471 articles. The last period (1981. - 2017.) was explored in the same way as the previous comparison, but further examined by the scientometric methods and indicators that include authorship of works, author's productivity and the most productive authors, network of authors, types of works, scope of work and language works. The above-mentioned analyzes carried out throughout the mentioned period have the results and discussion in the conclusion presented longitudinally at two levels: the first level is from 1958. to 1984. and the second level is from 1985. to 2017. The selection of the breakthrough in 1984. was that the Department of Archival Sciences at the Department of Information and Communication Sciences was founded. to provide information for the interpretation of the development of archivistics as a discipline. Additionally, in the part of the last period (2001. - 2017.) the methodologically developed categorization provided an insight into the representation of certain standardized basic concepts of contemporary archivistics, which, in addition to traditional, includes new concepts such as digitization, computerization, digital document authentication, digital process preservation, digital archives etc. At this point, special attention is given to the transition to a digital networked environment. Content research articles marked by titles, summaries, and keywords. In case of doubt, full texts of the works were also consulted. These approach to professional qualitative assessment of the direction of the articles has enabled the already mentioned scientometric bases to be implemented separately within each group of articles obtained. Since they were obtained by the same deterministic process, the reports thus obtained are directly comparable. This research provides insight into archivist specialization and the differences (or their lack) in publishing and editorial activities as well as significant authors and institutions from which they come from. The qualitative research analysis of the Bulletin d'archives, in this paper, consists of a series of statistical procedures based on the collection of dichotomous data, that is, those data that can reach the value of 0 (an article that does not have value for archivistics) and 1 (an article which has added value for archivistics). These techniques are appropriate where keywords and default entities can be more easily counted or sorted than measured. The same techniques are numerically based. In this research of qualitative reconstruction of contemporary archivistics, they are based on textual records containing expert terms depicting periods of archival development from archival history to archivistics as modern science. The main indicators for achieving the goal by qualitative research are divided into two phases: In the first phase of the research (1958. - 2017.), seven basic indicators of the formal features of the Bulletin d'archives were analyzed: editorial policy, content structure, total number of articles, total number of authors, total number of works, scope of articles and publication language. In the second phase of the research (1958. - 2017.), seven subject-specific characteristics of scientific articles were analyzed, which should correspond to the content of the text: title, abstract, keywords, original scientific paper, review work and professional work. The primary cornerstones of this work are in the research-content analysis of the journal Bulletin d'archives and originally include the difference between archivistcs and archivistcs in the digital environment.

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    Authors: Tomljenović, Braco;

    Stil života u gradskoj i seoskoj sredini, kao i mogućnost bavljenja tjelesnom aktivnošću učenika i učenica razredne nastave u školi i u slobodno vrijeme, ukazali su na potrebu da se utvrde razlike antropoloških obilježja učenika i razlike učenica razredne nastave gradskih i seoskih sredina Like. Cilj istraživanja bio je taj da se na uzorku od 800 sudionika (400 učenika i 400 učenica) razredne nastave, u dobi od 7. do 10. godina, u gradskim i seoskim školama, primjeni skup od 37 varijabli s ciljem da se utvrditi postoji li razlika u manifestnim i latentnim mjerama morfoloških antropometrijskih obilježja i u testovima motoričkih sposobnosti između učenika i između učenica gradskih i seoskih sredina. Svrsishodnost rada jest ta da se na temelju dobivenih informacija na optimalan te što pravovremeniji i efikasniji način može provoditi modeliranje, dijagnosticiranje, planiranje, programiranje i kontroliranje tjelesnog vježbanja učenika i učenica razredne nastave u gradskim i seoskim sredinama. Skup mjera morfoloških antropometrijskih obilježja upotrijebljenih u ovom istraživanju odabran je i mjeren prema postupcima propisanim Međunarodnim biološkim programom, IBP-Weiner i Lourie, 1969. Uzorak varijabli čini 19 mjera za procjenu morfoloških antropoloških obilježja. Longitudinalna dimenzionalnost skeleta procijenjena je pomoću pet mjera, a to su: visina tijela (ALDTV), dužina ruke (ALDDR), dužina noge (ALDDN) i dužina stopala (ALDDS), biakromijalni raspon (ALDBR). Volumen i masa tijela procijenjeni su pomoću pet mjera: tijela masa (AVMTM), središnjeg opseg prsnog koša (AVMSOK), opsega nadlaktice (AVMONA), opsega natkoljenice (AVMONAT) i opsega potkoljenice (AVMOPOT). Potkožno masno tkivo procijenjeno je pomoću četiriju mjera: kožnog nabora na leđima (APMLE), kožnog nabora na trbuhu (APMTR), kožnog nabora na nadlaktici (APMNAD) i kožnog nabora na potkoljenici (APMPOT). Transverzalna dimenzionalnost skeleta procijenjena je pomoću pet mjera: dijametra lakta (ATDLA), dijametra ručnog zgloba (ATDRZ), bikristalnog raspona (ATDBKR), dijametra koljena (ATDKO) i širine stopala (ATDST). Skup testova motoričkih sposobnosti čini 18 testova. Agilnost je procijenjena pomoću tri testa: koraci u stranu (MAGKUS), osmice sagibanjem (MAGOSS) i prenošenjem pretrčavanjem (MAGPRP). Eksplozivna snaga procijenjena je pomoću tri testa: skok u dalj s mjesta (MESSDM ), sprint iz visokog starta na 20 m (MESS20) i bacanje medicinke (1 kg) iz ležanja (MESBML). Fleksibilnost je procijenjena pomoću tri testa: pretklon raznožno (MFLPRR), pretklon na klupici (MFLPRK) i pretklon u uskom raznoženju (MFLPRU). Koordinacija je procijenjena pomoću tri testa: poligon natraške (MKOPLN), kotrljanje lopte nedominantnom rukom (MKOKLR) i poligon okretom (MKOPLO). Repetitivna snaga procijenjena je pomoću tri testa: podizanje trupa iz ležanja (MRSPTL), podizanje trupa -kratko (MRSPTK) i čučnjevi (MRSCUC). Ravnoteža je procijenjena pomoću tri testa: stajanje na jednoj nozi uzduž klupice za ravnotežu sa zatvorenim očima (MBAU1Z), stajanje na klupici za ravnotežu s otvorenim očima (MBAU20) i stajanje na obrnutoj klupici za ravnotežu s otvorenim očima (MBAOKO). U istraživanju dobiveni podaci obrađeni su metodama deskriptivne statistike, provjerene su metrijske karakteristike mjera morfoloških antropoloških obilježja i testova motoričkih sposobnosti. Faktorskom analizom metodom glavnih komponenata, primjenom GK-kriterija, ekstrahirani faktori transformirani su ortogonalnom rotacijom po varimax normalized kriteriju te je određen broj značajnih glavnih komponenta. S obzirom na mjesto stanovanja, spol i dob kanoničkom diskriminacijskom analizom, utvrđene su razlike između učenika i između učenica razredne nastave u prostoru manifestnih i latentnih dimenzija mjera morfoloških antropoloških obilježja kao i testova motoričkih sposobnosti. Učenici gradske sredine u prvom razredu značajno su viši te dužih i širih ekstremiteta kao i veće mase i volumena tijela do četvrtog razreda, a u trećem razredu dobivaju na potkožnom masnom tkivo što je značajno izraženo u četvrtom razredu. Učenici sela niži su, robusnije građe, što je posebno uočljivo od drugog razreda kad imaju veće vrijednosti transverzalne dimenzionalnosti skeleta te veće vrijednosti potkožnog masnog tkiva do trećeg razreda, kad gube masno tkivo i dobivaju na voluminoznosti i masi tijela na osnovi povećanja mišićne mase. Učenice seoske sredine u prvom, drugom i trećem razredu robusnije su građe tijela, imaju veće vrijednosti visine, dužih su ekstremiteta, osim u drugom razredu. Također većih su vrijednosti transverzalne dimenzionalnosti skeleta i potkožnog masnog tkiva. Učenice gradske sredine u prvom i drugom razredu imaju veću voluminoznost tijela, dok je to kod učenica seoske sredine naglašeno u trećem razredu. U četvrtom razredu učenice gradske sredine imaju značajan prirast u: visini, vrijednostima dužine i širine skeleta, mase tijela, voluminoznosti i potkožnom masnom tkivu. To može ukazivati na to da učenice ulaze u drugu fazu ubrzanog rasta. Rezultati testova motoričkih sposobnosti ukazuju na to da učenici seoske sredine u prvom i drugom razredu postižu bolje rezultate u agilnosti, fleksibilnosti, koordinaciji, repetitivnoj snazi i ravnoteži, dok učenici gradske sredine u eksplozivnoj snazi. U trećem razredu učenici seoske sredine uključuju se više u rad na obiteljskim gospodarstvima, manje vremena provode u igri i slabijih su rezultata osim kod ravnoteže. U četvrtom razredu, na osnovu veće mišićne mase, učenici seoske sredine značajno su bolji u svim rezultatima osim u testovima koraka u stranu, pretklona raznožno i čučnjevima. Učenice seoske sredine tijekom razredne nastave postižu bolje rezultate u većini testova, osim kod ravnoteže u prvom i trećem razredu, agilnosti u trećem i četvrtom razredu i koordinacije u četvrtom razredu. Učenice seoske sredine u slobodno vrijeme provode više vremena u igri ali su i umjereno opterećena radnim obvezama. Analizom razlika učenika i razlika učenica gradskih i seoskih sredina, u prostoru 19 mjera morfoloških antropometrijskih obilježja i 18 testova motoričkih sposobnosti, utvrđeno je da su učenici i učenice seoske sredine, u odnosu na učenike i učenice gradske sredine, znatno robusnije građe; učenici seoske sredine većih su vrijednosti potkožnog masnog tkiva i transverzalne dimenzionalnosti skeleta, a učenice i longitudinalne dimenzionalnosti skeleta. Učenici seoske sredine postižu bolje rezultate u većini motoričkih testova osim kod učenika u trećem razredu. Učenici i učenice seoske sredine provode više slobodnog vremena igrajući se u prirodi ali i radnim obvezama. Dobivene razlike objašnjene su različitim uvjetima življenja, odrastanja učenika i učenica, uvjetima prehrane i stanovanja, rada, mogućnosti bavljenja sportom i igrom. Dobivene razlike ukazuju na to da je kod planiranja i programiranja nastavnog procesa u tjelesnom i zdravstvenom području bitno je uvažavati razlike koje definiraju različite sredine. Lifestyle and opportunities, for physical exercise at school and in free time, of female and male pupils attending the first four grades of primary schools in rural and urban areas, have indicated the need to establish the structure and the differences of anthropological features of male and female pupils in primary schools in urban and rural areas of Lika. The aim of this research was to apply the set of 37 variables and tests of motor and functional abilities on the subject sample of 800 participants (400 female and 400 male pupils) aged 7-10 attending the first four grades of primary schools in rural and urban areas in order to determine the differences in manifest and latent measures of anthropometric features between those two groups. The expediency of this work is to provide optimal, fast and effecient way to shape, diagnose, plan, programme and control physical activity among female and male pupils atttending the first four grades of primary schools in rural and urban areas. The set of morphological anthropometrical features used in this research was selected and measured according to the procedures prescribed by International biological programme, IBP-Weiner and Lourie, 1969. The sample of variables consists of 19 measures to estimate morphological measures. Longitudinal skeleton dimensionality was estimated by five measures: Body height (ALDTV), Arm length (ALDDR), Leg length (ALDDN), Foot length (ALDDS) and Biacromial range (ALDBR). Body volume and mass were estimated by five measures: Body weight (AVMTM), Central chest extent (AVMSOK), Upper arm extent (AVMONA), Upper leg extent (AVMONAT) and Lower leg extent (AVMOPOT). Subcutaneous fat tissue was estimated by four measures: Back skinfold (APMLE), Belly skinfold (APMTR), Upper arm skinfold (APMNAD) and Lower leg skinfold (APMPOT). Transversal skeleton dimensionality was estimated by five measures: Elbow diameter (ATDLA), Wrist diameter (ATDRZ), Bicristal range (ATDBKR) , Knee diameter (ATDKO) and Foot width (ATDST). The set of motor abilities' tests consists of 18 tests. Agility was estimated by three tests: Side steps (MAGKUS), Doing the 8 with bending (MAGOSS) and Carrying over by running (MAGPRP). Explosive strength was estimated by three tests: Standing long jump (MESSDM), High start 20 m sprint (MESS20) and Throwing medicine ball (1kg) from lying down (MESBML). Flexibilitiy was estimated by three tests: Forward bend with legs widely spread (MFLPRR), Forward bend on a bench (MFLPRK) and Forward bend with legs slightly spread (MFLPRU). Coordination was estimated by three tests: Ground practice backwards (MKOPLN), Rolling a ball by undominant hand (MKOKLR) and Ground practice with a turn (MKOPLO). Repetitive strenght was estimated by three tests: Lifting the upper body from lying down (MRSPTL), Lifting the upper body – short (MRSPTK) and Squats (MRSCUC). Balance was estimated by three tests: Standing on one leg on a balancing bench with eyes closed (MBAU1Z), Standing on a balancing bench with eyes open (MBAU20) and Standing on a turned over balancing bench with eyes open (MBAOKO). The collected data were processed by descriptive analysis; metric caracteristics of morphological features and motor abilities tests, were verified. Differences in manifest variables of morphological features and motor abilities tests, between female and male pupils attending the first four grades in rural and urban areas, were determined by discriminanat analysis. Defining latent dimensions of measures of morphological features and tests of motor and functional abilities of female and male pupils was conducted by factor analysis, the method of main components according to Guttman Kesir's criteria. The differences in latent dimensions, between female and male pupils in the first four grades of primary schools in rural and urban area, were determined by dicriminant analysis. The results have shown the existance of significant difference among female and among male pupils in manifest measures of anthropometric features and tests of motor abilities. Based on the collected data in manifest measures of morphological antrhropometric features, the first grade male pupils are best determined by discriminant function skeleton dimensionality and volume, and female pupils by subcutaneous fat tissue. The second grade male pupils are best determined by subcutaneous fat tissue, and female pupils by discriminant function of transversal skeleton dimensionality and volume. The third and the fourth grade male pupils differentiate in the function of transversal skeleton dimensionality, the third grade female pupils in the function of subcutaneous fat tissue and the fourth grade female pupils in soft tissues function. In the field of motor abilities the first grade male pupils are best determined by discriminant function of side agility, and female pupils by discriminant function of repetitive trunk strenght and coordination. The second grade male pupils are best determined by discriminant function of repetitive strenght and balance, and female pupils by upper extremities coordination and explosive leg strenght. There are not any significant differences between third grade male pupils, while female pupils show differences in repetitive trunk strenght. The fourth grade male pupils show differences in explosive strenght of lower extremities and agility, and female pupils in trunk strenght. By analysing latent dimensions in the field of morphological antrophometry, three basic components are extracted between the first grade female and male pupils, among which the first component is the biggest and the most explicable. The first basic component extracted among female and male pupils is subcutaneous fat tissue. The second extracted component among male pupils is longitudinal and transversal skeleton dimensionality, and among female pupils longitudinal skeleton dimensionality. The third extracted component among female and male pupils is transversal skeleton dimensionality and body volume. Three components were calculated in the second grade. The first basic component among male pupils is transversal skeleton dimensionality and body volume and among female pupils it is the soft tissues component. The second and the third extracted components among male pupils are subcutaneous fat tissue and longitudinal skeleton dimensionality, and among female pupils it is longitudinal skeleton dimensionality and transversal skeleton dimensionality. The first basic component of soft tissues and transversal skeleton dimensionality is extracted among the third grade male pupils and the components of subcutaneous fat tissue, transversal skeleton dimensionality and body mass among female pupils. The second component among female and male pupils is longitudinal skeleton dimensionality. The third extracted component among male pupils is transversal skeleton dimensionality and among female pupils body volume. Three basic components are extracted among fourth grade male pupils, and among female pupils, two. The first basic component among male pupils is soft tissues component and among female pupils in this grade there is also transversal skeleton dimensionality. The second and the third component among male pupils is longitudinal skeleton dimensionality and transversal skeleton dimensionality and among female pupils they are united in the second component. In the field of motor abilities of female and male pupils in the first grade, six i.e. five basic components were extracted. The first basic component extracted among male pupils is repetitive strenght, agility and explosive strenght of lower extremities, and among female pupils coordination and agility. Extracted components among male pupils are: lower back flexibility and back thigh flexibility, closed eyes balance, opened eyes balance, coordination, repetitive body strenght, body coordination and explosive leg strenght, upper extremities coordination. The first extracted component among male pupils in the second grade is agility and explosive leg strenght and among female pupils coordination and agility. Extracted components among male pupils are flexibility, balance, repetitive leg strenght and body coordination, closed eyes balance and among female pupils: flexibility, repetitive leg strenght, explosive leg strenght, balance, repetitive strenght and agility. The first basic components extracted among the third grade male pupils are agility, coordination and explosive leg strenght and among female pupils agility, explosive leg strenght and coordination. The extracted componenets among male pupils are: flexibility, explosive arm and shoulder strenght, balance, closed eyes balance and repetitive strenght. The extracted components among female pupils are: flexibility, closed eyes balance, opened eyes balance, explosive arm and shoulder strenght. The first basic component extracted among the fourth grade male pupils is body coordination and among female pupils in this grade the extracted components are agility, coordination and explosive leg strenght. The extracted components among male pupils are: flexibility, explosive leg strenght, repetitive leg strenght and agility, explosive arm and shoulder strenght and balance. The extracted components among female pupils are: flexibility, balance, repetitive trunk strenght, repetitive arm and shoulder strenght. Pupils from the first to the fourth grade are best determined by discriminant function of longitudinal and transversal skeleton dimensionality in latent dimensions of morphological anthropometrical features. The first grade female pupils are best determined by discriminant function of subcutaneous fat tissue, the second grade female pupils are best determined by discriminant function of transversal skeleton dimensionality and the third grade female pupils by discriminant function of subcutaneous fat tissue and transversal skeleton dimensionality. The fourth grade female pupils are best determined by longitudinal skeleton dimensionality. Values of discriminant analysis in latent motor abilities of the first grade pupils indicate that there are not any statistically important differences. Pupils in the second grade are best defined by discriminative function of balance. There are not any statistically important differences between pupils in the third grade. In the third grade there are not any statistically significant differences among pupils in the defined latnent motor factors. In the fourth grade pupils are best defined by the discriminative function of explosive leg strength. In the first grade female pupils are best defined by the discriminative functions of coordination and agility and coordination of upper extremities, while in the second grade there are not any statistically significant differences. In the third grade female pupils are best defined by the discriminative function of opened eyes balance and in the fourth grade female pupils are best defined by agility, and explosive leg strength. Based on the given results, it can be concluded that primary school pupils attending the first four grades show statistically important differences in manifest measures of morphological features. The first grade male pupils are taller and show higher measures in values, while male pupils from rural areas are, in higher classes, shorter and more robust with more subcutaneous fat tissue. As far as motor abilities are concerned, the first grade male pupils from urban areas achieve better results in agility and explosive strenght tests, while higher grades male pupils from rural areas achieve better results in flexibility, repetitive and explosive strenght and agility tests. Female pupils from rural areas attending the first three grades are more robust and shorter with more subcutaneous fat tissue, while female pupils from urban areas suddenly step into the period of pre-puberty in the fourth grade. Female pupils from rural areas achieve better results in explosive and repetitive strenght and coordination tests, while female pupils from urban areas achieve better results in agility tests. Differences among female and male pupils are also confirmed in latent dimensions of morphological features and motor abilities. The first grade pupils show higher values of longitudinal and transversal skleton dimensionality, while in higher classes male pupils from urban areas show higher values of longitudinal skeleton dimensionality; pupils from rural areas show higher values of transversal skeleton dimensionality. Male pupils from urban areas achieve better results in latent dimensions of explosive strenght and coordination while male pupils from rural areas achieve better results in latent dimensions of balance, repetitive strenght and flexibility. Female pupils from rural areas attending the first four grades show higher values in latent dimensions of subcutaneous fat tissue and transversal skeleton dimensionality; and female pupils from urban areas attending the fourth grade show higher values in longitudinal and transversal skeleton dimensionality. These female pupils show better results in latent dimensions of motor coordination tests, agility and closed eyes balance, in lower grades. Female pupils from rural areas attending the fourth grade show better results in agility tests, explosive and repetitive strenght and coordination.

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    Authors: Švaco, Marko;

    Robot je programabilan mehanizam čije se djelovanje temelji na upravljačkim algoritmima. Prilikom rada u nestrukturiranoj okolini upravljački algoritmi postaju eksplicitne funkcije položaja i vremena u povratnoj vezi sa stanjem okoline. Obradu podataka iz okoline te zaključivanje o odgovarajućem djelovanju robota moguće je temeljiti na principima strojnoga učenja. Predloženo istraživanje bavi se razvojem modela učenja i planiranja djelovanja robota. Proces učenja temelji se na novoj umjetnoj neuronskoj mreži klasifikacijom prostornih struktura. Pojam prostorne strukture podrazumijeva interpretaciju rasporeda poznatih objekata u ravnini koje robot percipira vizijskim sustavom. Umjetna neuronska mreža za klasifikaciju i prepoznavanje prostornih struktura zasniva se na teoriji adaptivne rezonancije. Planiranje djelovanja robota temeljno je na usporednoj evoluciji rješenja razvojem novoga genetskoga algoritma. Genetski algoritam kao osnovni cilj ima prostornu pretvorbu neuređenoga stanja objekata u uređeno. Izvorni znanstveni doprinos rada očituje se u sljedećem: 1) Samoorganizirajuća umjetna neuronska mreža za klasifikaciju i prepoznavanje prostornih struktura zasnovana na teoriji adaptivne rezonancije, koju odlikuje nova dvorazinska klasifikacija po obliku i rasporedu objekata te mehanizam asocijativnoga povezivanja neuređenoga skupa objekata s uređenim i 2) Novi genetski algoritam za planiranje robotskoga djelovanja u nestrukturiranoj radnoj okolini karakteriziran usporednom evolucijskom strategijom za pronalaženje rješenja, s ciljem prostorne pretvorbe neuređenoga stanja objekata u uređeno. A robot can be defined as a programmable mechanism with behaviour based on control algorithms. In nondeterministic environments control algorithms become explicit functions of position with respect to time and feedback of the current environment state. Information processing and reasoning about appropriate robot behaviour can be based on machine learning principles.In the proposed research robot learning and behaviour planning model is developed. Robot learning is based on a new neural network by classifying spatial structures. A spatial structure denotes two-dimensional interpretation of known objects and their arrangement in a plane, acquired by the robot vision system.The neural network for classification of spatial structures is based on adaptive resonance theory. Robot behaviour planning is based on parallel evolution by developing a new genetic algorithm. The main goal of the developed genetic algorithm is spatial transformation of an unordered set of objects into an ordered object set.rnOriginal scientific contribution:rnA selforganizing artificial neural network for recognition and classification of spatial structures based on Adaptive resonance theory, with a novel two-level classification based on object shape and arrangement and a new mechanism for associating an unordered object set with an ordered object set.rnA new geneic algorithm for robot task planning in an unstructured environment characterized by a parallel evolution strategy, with the main goal of spatial transformation of an unordered object set.

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    Authors: Ćurković, Petar;

    U ovoj disertaciji razvijena je metodologija za planiranje kretanja dva robota 2R konfiguracije koji dijele radni prostor i predstavljaju dinamičku prepreku jedan drugome. Ovaj problem spada u klasu NP kompletnih problema, čije je rješavanje egzaktnim matematičkim algoritmima s poznatim gornjim granicama vremenske složenosti ograničeno primjenjivo. Razvijena metodologija planiranja kretanja temeljena je na istodobnom rješavanju problema planiranja kretanja za dva robota paralelnim, dijelom neovisnim evolucijskim - koevolucijskim algoritmom. Postavljena je i potvrđena hipoteza o mogućnosti vremenski efikasnog planiranja kretanja za dva robota temeljena na predloženom koevolucijskom algoritmu. S ciljem potvrđivanja hipoteze, razvijeno je simulacijsko okružje u kojemu je, za različite početne i konačne konfiguracije, moguće planirati kretanje za jednog, ili više robotskih agenata u radnom prostoru koji može uključivati stacionarne prepreke. Određen je skup kriterija kojima je moguće vrednovati ponašanje agenata, te su utvrđene prirode veza među pojedinim kriterijima. Skup kriterija čine kriteriji broja sudara, ukupno prijeđenog puta, kuta zakreta u zglobovima te neravnomjernosti profila brzine. Izvršena je formalna analiza sustava sastavljenog od dva robota 2R konfiguracije te su izvedeni analitički uvjeti za postojanje sudara među robotima. Izvedeni su izrazi za izračun potrebne duljine gena evolucijskog algoritma. \Na temelju ovih spoznaja formulirana je funkcija dobrote i odgovarajuća metoda izbora agenata, čime je omogućena njihova paralelna evolucija i međusobna prilagodba, koja rezultira neprekinutim, vremenski i energetski učinkovitim gibanjem bez sudara od početne do konačne konfiguracije u radnom prostoru. Sa svrhom dodatne uštede procesorskog vremena, predložena je metoda diskretizacije kretanja robota te komplementarna metoda rekonstrukcije kretanja s proizvoljno malim vremenskim intervalom između dvije uzastopne robotske konfiguracije. Metodologija je verificirana na realnom robotskom sustavu, sastavljenom od dva robota za koja je problem planiranja kretanja razvijenom metodologijom uspješno riješen. In this thesis a method is developed to solve the problem of path planning for two 2R type robots, which share workspace and thus present dynamic obstacle to each other. This problem, according to its computational complexity, belongs to NP complete class problems. Solving such problems with exact mathematical algorithms with known upper time complexity bound is limitedly applicable. The motion planning methodology developed in this thesis is based on concurrent path planning of both robots using parallel, partly independent evolutionary – coevolutionary algorithms. Time efficient planning is possible for two robots using developed algorithms what proves the hypothesis formulated in the dissertation. To prove the hypothesis, a simulation environment is developed in the first step, in which path planning is possible for arbitrary setup of initial and final configurations of the robots. It is possible to conduct path planning either for one robotic agent or for more, including presence of arbitrarily distributed obstacles. Set of criteria is determined to evaluate the evolution of agents, and the nature of connections between different conflicting criteria is revealed. Number of collisions, total path, joint rotation angle and velocity profile of the end effector are the criteria to be optimized. Formal analysis of the system composed of two 2R type robots is conducted and analytical conditions for collision occurrence are derived. Based on these understandings, the fitness function is formulated with appropriate selection mechanisms, what enabled parallel evolution and adaptation between the two robotic agents. The result is continuous, time and energy efficient motion without collisions for the two agents in the given workspace. To additionally optimize processing time; a motion discretization method is proposed together with complementary motion reconstruction method to execute the motion with arbitrarily small time step between two consecutive configurations. The methodology proposed in this thesis is verified on a real robotic system composed of two robots for which the path planning problem is successfully solved.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Repository of Facult...arrow_drop_down
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