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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Z. H. Mahmoud; H. N. K. AL Salman; H. H. Hussein; A. H. Adhab; +6 Authors

    Abstract Nanosensors work on the “Nano” scale. “Nano” is a unit of measurement around 10− 9 m. A nanosensor is a device capable of carrying data and information about the behavior and characteristics of particles at the nanoscale level to the macroscopic level. Nanosensors can be used to detect chemical or mechanical information such as the presence of chemical species and nanoparticles or monitor physical parameters such as temperature on the nanoscale. Nanosensors are emerging as promising tools for applications in agriculture. They offer an enormous upgrade in selectivity, speed, and sensitivity compared to traditional chemical and biological methods. Nanosensors can be used for the determination of microbe and contaminants. With the advancement of science in the world and the advent of electronic equipment and the great changes that have taken place in recent decades, the need to build more accurate, smaller and more capable sensors was felt. Today, high-sensitivity sensors are used that are sensitive to small amounts of gas, heat, or radiation. Increasing the sensitivity, efficiency and accuracy of these sensors requires the discovery of new materials and tools. Nano sensors are nanometer-sized sensors that, due to their small size and nanometer size, have such high accuracy and responsiveness that they react even to the presence of several atoms of a gas. Nano sensors are inherently smaller and more sensitive than other sensors. Resumo Os nanossensores funcionam na escala “Nano”. “Nano” é uma unidade de medida em torno de 10-9 m. Um nanosensor é um dispositivo capaz de transportar dados e informações sobre o comportamento e as características das partículas no nível da nanoescala para o nível macroscópico. Os nanossensores podem ser usados para detectar informações químicas ou mecânicas, como a presença de espécies químicas e nanopartículas, ou monitorar parâmetros físicos, como temperatura em nanoescala. Os nanossensores estão surgindo como ferramentas promissoras para aplicações na agricultura. Eles oferecem uma abrangente atualização em seletividade, velocidade e sensibilidade em comparação com os métodos químicos e biológicos tradicionais. Os nanossensores podem ser usados para a determinação de micróbios e contaminantes. Com o avanço da ciência no mundo e o advento dos equipamentos eletrônicos e as grandes mudanças ocorridas nas últimas décadas, sentiu-se a necessidade de construir sensores mais precisos, menores e mais capazes. Hoje, são usados sensores de alta sensibilidade que são sensíveis a pequenas quantidades de gás, calor ou radiação. Aumentar a sensibilidade, eficiência e precisão desses sensores requer a descoberta de novos materiais e ferramentas. Os nanossensores são sensores de tamanho nanométrico que, devido ao seu tamanho pequeno e tamanho nanométrico, possuem uma precisão e capacidade de resposta tão altas que reagem até mesmo na presença de vários átomos de um gás. Os nanossensores são inerentemente menores e mais sensíveis do que outros sensores.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Brazilian Journal of...arrow_drop_down
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    Brazilian Journal of Biology
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Brazilian Journal of Biology
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Brazilian Journal of...arrow_drop_down
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      Brazilian Journal of Biology
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Brazilian Journal of Biology
      Article . 2023
      Data sources: DOAJ
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammad Umer Masood; Muhammad Rashid; Saif Haider; Iram Naz; +6 Authors

    Groundwater is an important source of freshwater. At the same time, anthropogenic activities, in particular, industrialization, urbanization, population growth, and excessive application of fertilizers, are some of the major reasons for groundwater quality deterioration. Therefore, the present study is conducted to evaluate groundwater quality by using integrated water quality indices and a geospatial approach to identify the different water quality zones and propose management strategies for the improvement of groundwater quality. Groundwater quality was evaluated through the physicochemical parameters (pH, chloride (Cl−), fluoride(F−), iron (Fe−2), nitrate (NO3−1), nitrite (NO2), arsenic (As), total hardness, bicarbonate (HCO3−), calcium (Ca+2), magnesium (Mg+2), color, taste, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS)) and microbiological parameters including total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli of samples collected from the water and sanitation agency (WASA) and urban units. Irrigation parameters crucial to the assessment, including (electrical conductivity (EC), residual sodium carbonates (RSC), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)), were also collected at more than 1100 sites within the study area of upper and central Punjab. After collecting the data of physicochemical parameters, the analysis of data was initiated to compute the water quality index for groundwater quality, a four-step protocol in which the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to determine the weights of selected parameters by generating a pairwise matrix, on the relative importance of parameters using the Satty scale. The index was then classified into five classes for quality assessment of drinking water (excellent, good, medium, bad, and very bad) and four classes for irrigation water quality assessment (excellent, good, permissible, and unsuitable). After computing the index values for drinking as well as irrigation purposes, the values were interpolated, and various maps were developed to identify the status of groundwater quality in different zones of the study area. Mitigation strategies for water pollution involve source control, such as monitoring industrial discharge points and managing waste properly. Additionally, treating wastewater through primary, secondary, or tertiary stages significantly improves water quality, reducing contaminants like heavy metals, microbiological agents, and chemical ions, safeguarding water resources. The findings highlight significant regional variations in water quality issues, with heavy metal concerns concentrated notably in Lahore and widespread emerging microbiological contamination across all studied divisions. This suggests a systemic problem linked to untreated industrial effluents and poorly managed sewerage systems. The computed indices for the Lahore, Sargodha, and Rawalpindi divisions indicate water quality ranging from marginal to unfit, underscoring the urgency for remediation. Conversely, other divisions fall within a medium class, potentially suitable for drinking purposes. Notably, microbiological contamination at 27% poses a major challenge for water supply agencies, emphasizing the critical need for pre-disposal primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments. These treatments could potentially rehabilitate 9%, 35%, and 41% of the study area, respectively, pointing toward tangible, scalable solutions critical for safeguarding broader water resources and public health. With the current pace of water quality deterioration, access to drinking water is a major problem for the public. The government should prioritize implementing strict monitoring mechanisms for industrial effluent discharge, emphasizing proper waste management to curb groundwater contamination. Establishing comprehensive pre-disposal treatments, especially primary, secondary, and tertiary stages, is imperative to address the prevalent heavy metal and microbiological issues, potentially rehabilitating up to 41% of affected areas. Additionally, creating proactive policies and allocating resources for sustainable groundwater management are crucial steps for ensuring broader water resource security and public health in the face of deteriorating water quality. Therefore, urgent regional action is needed to address escalating anthropogenic threats to groundwater, emphasizing the crucial need for proactive measures to safeguard public health and ensure sustainable water resources.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Waterarrow_drop_down
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    Water
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
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    Water
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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      Water
      Article . 2023
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      Water
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Chaitanya B. Pande; Pranaya Diwate; Israel R. Orimoloye; Lariyah Mohd Sidek; +5 Authors

    AbstractThis research uses a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) model with Google Earth Engine (GEE) to assess the winter season’s land cover and change detection mapping impact on the evapotranspiration (crop water requirement) parameters. Winter seasons, crucial for agricultural planning, and irrigation water requirement challenges in accurately mapping land cover and detecting changes due to the dynamic nature of farming practices during this period. In this study, Landsat-8 OLI images have been combined to map Land use and Land cover (LULC) and other change detection mapping in Akola Block, Maharashtra, India, during the 2018–2022 winter season. As an discoverer researcher that found detailed information of LULC classes during last 2018 to 2022 winter seasons, the use of the CART model in combination with a cloud-computing GEE demonstrates to be a practical approach for accurate land cover classification and change detection maps to create a pixel-based winter seasons information of study area. The novelty of this study lies in its innovative use of GEE, a powerful platform for remote sensing and geospatial analysis, to create LULC maps with remarkable accuracy. Achieving a 100% training accuracy across the four years under consideration is an exceptional feat, highlighting the reliability and stability of the methodology. Furthermore, the validation accuracy values, ranging from 89 to 94% for the winter seasons of 2018 to 2022, underscore the robustness of this approach. Such consistently high accuracy in mapping LULC over time is a groundbreaking achievement and offers a new dimension to the field of hydrology. For the hydrological community, the implications of this study are profound. Accurate LULC mapping and change detection provide critical data for modeling and analyzing the effects of land use changes on water resources, watershed management, and water quality. The User, Kappa, and Producer accuracy metrics used in this research highlight the model’s performance and its suitability for hydrological applications. These accurate LULC maps can aid in the development of hydrological models, forecasting, and decision-making processes, ultimately contributing to more effective water resource management and environmental conservation. In summary, this study’s innovative use of GEE, its remarkable accuracy in LULC mapping, and its relevance to the hydrological community demonstrate the potential for advanced remote sensing and geospatial tools to significantly improve our understanding of land use changes and their implications for water resources and environmental management.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Geomatics, Natural H...arrow_drop_down
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    Geomatics, Natural Hazards & Risk
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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      Geomatics, Natural Hazards & Risk
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Karwan A.H. Aljaf; Marina N. Bolshakova;

    The impact of nano-selenium supplementation on lipid metabolism, liver enzymes, renal function, and protein levels in male lambs was investigated in this study during a 60-day period. Lambs were divided into two groups - control and experimental, which were administered nanoselenium orally at a dosage of 0.5 mg/ kg of feed once a day, daily. Each group consisted of five male lambs. According to the findings, cholesterol levels dropped significantly at days 45 (P 0.01) and 60 (P 0.05), whereas triglyceride levels significantly rose at days 15 and 30 (P 0.01). Throughout the trial, the levels of uric acid and creatinine were constant. At days 15 and 60, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were significantly decreased (P 0.05), while at days 45 and 60, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels declined (P 0.01 and P 0.05, respectively). At days 15 and 30, albumin levels dropped significantly (0.05), but day 60 saw an increase in globulin levels significantly (P 0.05). The drop in AST and ALP levels might be a sign that liver function has possibly improved. However, the drop in albumin levels and rise in globulin levels raise the possibility that taking nano-selenium supplements may affect how proteins are metabolized. The findings of this study concluded that the effects of nano-selenium supplementation on lipid metabolism, liver enzymes, renal function, and protein levels in male lambs were time-dependent. In addition to possible improvements in liver function based on decreased AST and ALP levels and changes in albumin and globulin levels, the study also noticed an initial transient increase in triglyceride levels that was followed by a decline in cholesterol levels. To determine the time-dependent changes in liver function, liver enzymes, as well as renal function in response to nano-selenium supplementation in male lambs was objective of this study.

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    RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC
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      RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC
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    Authors: József Vásárhelyi; Omar M. Salih; Hussam Mahmod Rostum; Rabab Benotsname;

    Considering the current world trends, the most challenging issue industry is facing revolves around how to reduce the power consumption of electronic systems. Since the invention of computers, electrical energy consumption has increased dramatically; this is due to the emergence of new systems in industry. Systems like industrial robots and autonomous vehicles—including electric vehicles (EVs) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)—have had a great impact in making human life easier but have also led to higher energy consumption. At present, researchers and developers are actively seeking solutions and patents to optimize the energy consumption of the mentioned systems and generate savings, with the goal of reducing their environmental impact and improving their efficiency and effectiveness. From the literature review, papers related to energy optimization and energy consumption are considered vital, and a huge number of research publications and survey papers discuss it. This paper presents a systematic review of the classification and analysis of various methodologies and solutions that have been developed to enhance the energy performance of robotic systems, focusing on industrial robots, autonomous vehicles, and embedded systems. The aim of this research is to provide a reference point for the existing methods, techniques, and technologies that are available. It compares and evaluates different hardware and software methods related to industrial robots, autonomous vehicles, and embedded systems, highlighting the possible future perspectives in the field.

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    Energies
    Article . 2023
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    Energies
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      Energies
      Article . 2023
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      Energies
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Abdallah E. Elwakeel; Yasser S. A. Mazrou; Ahmed S. Eissa; Abdelaziz M. Okasha; +5 Authors

    The current study aimed to design and test the accuracy of a variable-rate control metering mechanism (VRCMM) and a remote smart monitoring system (RSMS) for a precision sugarcane transplanter based on IoT technology. The VRCMM is used to operate the seedling metering device at different speeds using a stepper motor based on the travel speed, and the RSMS was employed to evaluate of the three basic parameters of seedling amount, optimum rate, and missed rate. Two types of sensors were used for detecting the sugarcane seedling (SS) and travel speed, including one ultrasonic sensor and one infrared RPM sensor. The study was performed at five travel speeds and four transplant spacings. The findings of laboratory tests showed that the mean record of the relative error between the desired stepper motor speed of the VRCMM and the real value was 3.39%, and it increased with increasing the travel speed. as Additionally, the speed regulation performance was in agreement with the transplanting index. The change in RSMS accuracy is obvious when the travel speed is high and the transplant spacing is small. The RSMS accuracy drops sharply, revealing a leaping change. In conclusion, the smart and intelligent designed sugarcane transplanter would be very useful in sugarcane production.

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    Agriculture
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Agriculture
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      Agriculture
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      Agriculture
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    Authors: Huda Jamal Jumaah; Hazem Ghassan Abdo; Hussein Habeeb Hamed; Hiro Mohammed Obaid; +3 Authors

    AbstractIraq and other nations have had fatalities as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which started from China. In Iraq, the 2020 coronavirus pandemic spread started on February 24–2020, in the Najaf province. Other cases of COVID-19 were detected in other governorates, where the overall number of confirmed infections in Iraq reached 2,114,313 including 24,267 deaths, as of January 16–2022. This study aims to identify infection recognition patterns using data mining applications by Remote Sensing RS and Geographical Information Systems GIS techniques to prepare coronavirus spread mapping based on spatial-temporal distribution and GIS-based spreading pattern processes in Iraq. In addition, to evaluate the air quality in the period of virus breakout and lockdown. The assessed data included the period from the beginning of the spread of the corona until its end. To present the mode of spread at the beginning of pandemic, we relied on statistical and remotely sensed data from February 24 to June 25–2020. Along with the results of the GIS spatial distribution maps, we provided a visual view of infection queries and presented the results as a spreading pattern map of COVID-19 in Iraq. Thus, GIS and remote sensing technologies are indispensable to overcoming contagious diseases by monitoring their geographical distribution.

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    Cogent Social Sciences
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Cogent Social Sciences
    Article . 2023
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      Cogent Social Sciences
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Cogent Social Sciences
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    Authors: Dheeraj Mohan Gururani; Yogendra Kumar; Salwan Ali Abed; Vinod Kumar; +5 Authors

    The indiscriminate use of groundwater and its overexploitation has led to a significant decline in groundwater resources in India, making it essential to identify potential recharge zones for aquifer recharge. A study was conducted to determine such potential recharge zones in the Nandhour-Kailash River watershed. The study area included 1481 streams divided into 12 sub-basins (SWS). The results show that the downstream Saraunj sub-basins (SWS-11) and Odra sub-basins (SWS-12) were high priority and required immediate soil and water conservation attention. Sub catchments Lobchla West (SWS-4), Deotar (SWS-5), Balot South (SWS-8), Nandhour (SWS-9), and Nakoliy (SWS-10) had medium priority and were designated for moderate soil erosion and degradation. In contrast, sub-catchments Aligad (SWS-1), Kundal (SWS-2), Lowarnala North (SWS-3), Bhalseni (SWS-6), and Uparla Gauniyarao (SWS-7) had low priority, indicating a low risk of soil erosion and degradation. Using the existing groundwater level data, the potential map of groundwater was validated to confirm its validity. According to the guidelines provided by the Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (IMSD), the results of the groundwater potential zones for good to very good zones have been integrated at the slope and stream order. In a 120.94 km2 area with a slope of 0–5% in first-order streams, 36 ponds were proposed, and in a 218.03 km2 area with a slope of 15% in first- to fourth-order streams, 105 retention dams were proposed and recognized as possible sites for artificial groundwater recharge. The proposed water harvesting structure may aid in continuously recharging these zones and benefit water resource managers and planners. Thus, various governmental organizations can use the results to identify possible future recharge areas. Funder: Al-Amodi Autism Research Chair, King Saud University; College of Dentistry, King Saud University; College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University; College of Medicine, King Saud University; Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University; Female Center for Scientific and Medical Colleges, King Saud University; King Saud University; Research Center of the College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University;Full text license: CC BY

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    Water
    Article . 2023
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    Water
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Water
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      Water
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mohamed Abdelkareem; Fathy Abdalla; Fahad Alshehri; Chaitanya B. Pande;

    Integration of remote sensing (RS) and GIS methods has allowed for the identification of potential water resource zones. Here, climatic, ecological, hydrologic, and topographic data have been integrated with microwave and multispectral data. Sentinel-2, SRTM, and TRMM data were developed to characterize the climatic, hydrologic, and topographic landscapes of Wadi Fatima, a portion of western Saudi Arabia that drains to the Red Sea. The physical characteristics of Wadi Fatima’s catchment area that are essential for mapping groundwater potential zones were derived from topographic data, rainfall zones, lineaments, and soil maps through RS data and GIS techniques. Twelve thematic factors were merged with a GIS-based knowledge-driven approach after providing a weight for every factor. Processing of recent Sentinel-2 data acquired on 4 August 2023 verified the existence of a zone of vegetation belonging to promising areas of groundwater potential zones (GPZs). The output map is categorized into six zones: excellent (10.98%), very high (21.98%), high (24.99%), moderate (21.44%), low (14.70%), and very low (5.91%). SAR CCD derived from Sentinel-1 from 2022 to 2023 showed that the parts of no unity are in high-activity areas in agricultural and anthropogenic activities. The model predictions were proven with the ROC curves with ground data, existing wells’ locations, and the water-bearing formations’ thickness inferred from geophysical data. Their performance was accepted (AUC: 0.73). The outcomes of the applied methodologies were excellent and important for exploring, planning, managing, and sustainable development of resources of water in desert areas. The present study successfully provided insights into the watershed’s hydrologic, climatic, vegetated variation, and terrain database information using radar, optical, and multi-temporal InSAR data. Furthermore, the applied multi-criteria overlay technique revealed promising areas for groundwater abstraction, which can be applied elsewhere in various environmental situations.

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    Sustainability
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2023
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      Sustainability
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Ghodsiyeh Loghmani; Shima Rahmani; Hadi Kiadaliri;

    Abstract Cydalima perspectalis (Walker 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a destructive pest that has recently been reported from the ancient Hyrcanian forests feeding on leaves and shoots of Buxus hyrcana Pojarkova. To gain a deeper insight into the biology and population dynamics of C. perspectalis, a laboratory population was studied under controlled conditions. The moth was reared on B. hyrcana at 25 ± 1°C, 65 ± 10% RH and 16 h:8 h (L:D), and the data obtained were used to build a life table, adjusted to allow for the evaluation of the stage duration, for both males and females. The mean adult survival was 11.94 ± 0.26 days, the pre‐oviposition period lasted, on average, for 6.71 ± 0.18 days and the mean fecundity attained was 58.19 ± 7.81 eggs/female. Newly emerged females had a life expectancy (exj) of 14 days and males 19 days. The intrinsic rate of increase for the population was 0.05 ± 0.00 days−1, and the net reproductive rate was 24.05 ± 3.95 offspring/female. The biological and ecological data obtained allowed for the estimation of C. perspectalis biotic potential, thus contributing to the development of sustainable control methods for this pest and, consequently, to a reduction of the damage caused to box trees.

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    Agricultural and Forest Entomology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Agricultural and For...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Agricultural and Forest Entomology
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    Authors: Z. H. Mahmoud; H. N. K. AL Salman; H. H. Hussein; A. H. Adhab; +6 Authors

    Abstract Nanosensors work on the “Nano” scale. “Nano” is a unit of measurement around 10− 9 m. A nanosensor is a device capable of carrying data and information about the behavior and characteristics of particles at the nanoscale level to the macroscopic level. Nanosensors can be used to detect chemical or mechanical information such as the presence of chemical species and nanoparticles or monitor physical parameters such as temperature on the nanoscale. Nanosensors are emerging as promising tools for applications in agriculture. They offer an enormous upgrade in selectivity, speed, and sensitivity compared to traditional chemical and biological methods. Nanosensors can be used for the determination of microbe and contaminants. With the advancement of science in the world and the advent of electronic equipment and the great changes that have taken place in recent decades, the need to build more accurate, smaller and more capable sensors was felt. Today, high-sensitivity sensors are used that are sensitive to small amounts of gas, heat, or radiation. Increasing the sensitivity, efficiency and accuracy of these sensors requires the discovery of new materials and tools. Nano sensors are nanometer-sized sensors that, due to their small size and nanometer size, have such high accuracy and responsiveness that they react even to the presence of several atoms of a gas. Nano sensors are inherently smaller and more sensitive than other sensors. Resumo Os nanossensores funcionam na escala “Nano”. “Nano” é uma unidade de medida em torno de 10-9 m. Um nanosensor é um dispositivo capaz de transportar dados e informações sobre o comportamento e as características das partículas no nível da nanoescala para o nível macroscópico. Os nanossensores podem ser usados para detectar informações químicas ou mecânicas, como a presença de espécies químicas e nanopartículas, ou monitorar parâmetros físicos, como temperatura em nanoescala. Os nanossensores estão surgindo como ferramentas promissoras para aplicações na agricultura. Eles oferecem uma abrangente atualização em seletividade, velocidade e sensibilidade em comparação com os métodos químicos e biológicos tradicionais. Os nanossensores podem ser usados para a determinação de micróbios e contaminantes. Com o avanço da ciência no mundo e o advento dos equipamentos eletrônicos e as grandes mudanças ocorridas nas últimas décadas, sentiu-se a necessidade de construir sensores mais precisos, menores e mais capazes. Hoje, são usados sensores de alta sensibilidade que são sensíveis a pequenas quantidades de gás, calor ou radiação. Aumentar a sensibilidade, eficiência e precisão desses sensores requer a descoberta de novos materiais e ferramentas. Os nanossensores são sensores de tamanho nanométrico que, devido ao seu tamanho pequeno e tamanho nanométrico, possuem uma precisão e capacidade de resposta tão altas que reagem até mesmo na presença de vários átomos de um gás. Os nanossensores são inerentemente menores e mais sensíveis do que outros sensores.

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    Brazilian Journal of Biology
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Brazilian Journal of Biology
    Article . 2023
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      Brazilian Journal of Biology
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      Brazilian Journal of Biology
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    Authors: Muhammad Umer Masood; Muhammad Rashid; Saif Haider; Iram Naz; +6 Authors

    Groundwater is an important source of freshwater. At the same time, anthropogenic activities, in particular, industrialization, urbanization, population growth, and excessive application of fertilizers, are some of the major reasons for groundwater quality deterioration. Therefore, the present study is conducted to evaluate groundwater quality by using integrated water quality indices and a geospatial approach to identify the different water quality zones and propose management strategies for the improvement of groundwater quality. Groundwater quality was evaluated through the physicochemical parameters (pH, chloride (Cl−), fluoride(F−), iron (Fe−2), nitrate (NO3−1), nitrite (NO2), arsenic (As), total hardness, bicarbonate (HCO3−), calcium (Ca+2), magnesium (Mg+2), color, taste, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS)) and microbiological parameters including total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli of samples collected from the water and sanitation agency (WASA) and urban units. Irrigation parameters crucial to the assessment, including (electrical conductivity (EC), residual sodium carbonates (RSC), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)), were also collected at more than 1100 sites within the study area of upper and central Punjab. After collecting the data of physicochemical parameters, the analysis of data was initiated to compute the water quality index for groundwater quality, a four-step protocol in which the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to determine the weights of selected parameters by generating a pairwise matrix, on the relative importance of parameters using the Satty scale. The index was then classified into five classes for quality assessment of drinking water (excellent, good, medium, bad, and very bad) and four classes for irrigation water quality assessment (excellent, good, permissible, and unsuitable). After computing the index values for drinking as well as irrigation purposes, the values were interpolated, and various maps were developed to identify the status of groundwater quality in different zones of the study area. Mitigation strategies for water pollution involve source control, such as monitoring industrial discharge points and managing waste properly. Additionally, treating wastewater through primary, secondary, or tertiary stages significantly improves water quality, reducing contaminants like heavy metals, microbiological agents, and chemical ions, safeguarding water resources. The findings highlight significant regional variations in water quality issues, with heavy metal concerns concentrated notably in Lahore and widespread emerging microbiological contamination across all studied divisions. This suggests a systemic problem linked to untreated industrial effluents and poorly managed sewerage systems. The computed indices for the Lahore, Sargodha, and Rawalpindi divisions indicate water quality ranging from marginal to unfit, underscoring the urgency for remediation. Conversely, other divisions fall within a medium class, potentially suitable for drinking purposes. Notably, microbiological contamination at 27% poses a major challenge for water supply agencies, emphasizing the critical need for pre-disposal primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments. These treatments could potentially rehabilitate 9%, 35%, and 41% of the study area, respectively, pointing toward tangible, scalable solutions critical for safeguarding broader water resources and public health. With the current pace of water quality deterioration, access to drinking water is a major problem for the public. The government should prioritize implementing strict monitoring mechanisms for industrial effluent discharge, emphasizing proper waste management to curb groundwater contamination. Establishing comprehensive pre-disposal treatments, especially primary, secondary, and tertiary stages, is imperative to address the prevalent heavy metal and microbiological issues, potentially rehabilitating up to 41% of affected areas. Additionally, creating proactive policies and allocating resources for sustainable groundwater management are crucial steps for ensuring broader water resource security and public health in the face of deteriorating water quality. Therefore, urgent regional action is needed to address escalating anthropogenic threats to groundwater, emphasizing the crucial need for proactive measures to safeguard public health and ensure sustainable water resources.

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    Water
    Article . 2023
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    Water
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Water
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      Water
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    Authors: Chaitanya B. Pande; Pranaya Diwate; Israel R. Orimoloye; Lariyah Mohd Sidek; +5 Authors

    AbstractThis research uses a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) model with Google Earth Engine (GEE) to assess the winter season’s land cover and change detection mapping impact on the evapotranspiration (crop water requirement) parameters. Winter seasons, crucial for agricultural planning, and irrigation water requirement challenges in accurately mapping land cover and detecting changes due to the dynamic nature of farming practices during this period. In this study, Landsat-8 OLI images have been combined to map Land use and Land cover (LULC) and other change detection mapping in Akola Block, Maharashtra, India, during the 2018–2022 winter season. As an discoverer researcher that found detailed information of LULC classes during last 2018 to 2022 winter seasons, the use of the CART model in combination with a cloud-computing GEE demonstrates to be a practical approach for accurate land cover classification and change detection maps to create a pixel-based winter seasons information of study area. The novelty of this study lies in its innovative use of GEE, a powerful platform for remote sensing and geospatial analysis, to create LULC maps with remarkable accuracy. Achieving a 100% training accuracy across the four years under consideration is an exceptional feat, highlighting the reliability and stability of the methodology. Furthermore, the validation accuracy values, ranging from 89 to 94% for the winter seasons of 2018 to 2022, underscore the robustness of this approach. Such consistently high accuracy in mapping LULC over time is a groundbreaking achievement and offers a new dimension to the field of hydrology. For the hydrological community, the implications of this study are profound. Accurate LULC mapping and change detection provide critical data for modeling and analyzing the effects of land use changes on water resources, watershed management, and water quality. The User, Kappa, and Producer accuracy metrics used in this research highlight the model’s performance and its suitability for hydrological applications. These accurate LULC maps can aid in the development of hydrological models, forecasting, and decision-making processes, ultimately contributing to more effective water resource management and environmental conservation. In summary, this study’s innovative use of GEE, its remarkable accuracy in LULC mapping, and its relevance to the hydrological community demonstrate the potential for advanced remote sensing and geospatial tools to significantly improve our understanding of land use changes and their implications for water resources and environmental management.

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    Geomatics, Natural Hazards & Risk
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Geomatics, Natural Hazards & Risk
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    Authors: Karwan A.H. Aljaf; Marina N. Bolshakova;

    The impact of nano-selenium supplementation on lipid metabolism, liver enzymes, renal function, and protein levels in male lambs was investigated in this study during a 60-day period. Lambs were divided into two groups - control and experimental, which were administered nanoselenium orally at a dosage of 0.5 mg/ kg of feed once a day, daily. Each group consisted of five male lambs. According to the findings, cholesterol levels dropped significantly at days 45 (P 0.01) and 60 (P 0.05), whereas triglyceride levels significantly rose at days 15 and 30 (P 0.01). Throughout the trial, the levels of uric acid and creatinine were constant. At days 15 and 60, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were significantly decreased (P 0.05), while at days 45 and 60, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels declined (P 0.01 and P 0.05, respectively). At days 15 and 30, albumin levels dropped significantly (0.05), but day 60 saw an increase in globulin levels significantly (P 0.05). The drop in AST and ALP levels might be a sign that liver function has possibly improved. However, the drop in albumin levels and rise in globulin levels raise the possibility that taking nano-selenium supplements may affect how proteins are metabolized. The findings of this study concluded that the effects of nano-selenium supplementation on lipid metabolism, liver enzymes, renal function, and protein levels in male lambs were time-dependent. In addition to possible improvements in liver function based on decreased AST and ALP levels and changes in albumin and globulin levels, the study also noticed an initial transient increase in triglyceride levels that was followed by a decline in cholesterol levels. To determine the time-dependent changes in liver function, liver enzymes, as well as renal function in response to nano-selenium supplementation in male lambs was objective of this study.

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    RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries
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    Authors: József Vásárhelyi; Omar M. Salih; Hussam Mahmod Rostum; Rabab Benotsname;

    Considering the current world trends, the most challenging issue industry is facing revolves around how to reduce the power consumption of electronic systems. Since the invention of computers, electrical energy consumption has increased dramatically; this is due to the emergence of new systems in industry. Systems like industrial robots and autonomous vehicles—including electric vehicles (EVs) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)—have had a great impact in making human life easier but have also led to higher energy consumption. At present, researchers and developers are actively seeking solutions and patents to optimize the energy consumption of the mentioned systems and generate savings, with the goal of reducing their environmental impact and improving their efficiency and effectiveness. From the literature review, papers related to energy optimization and energy consumption are considered vital, and a huge number of research publications and survey papers discuss it. This paper presents a systematic review of the classification and analysis of various methodologies and solutions that have been developed to enhance the energy performance of robotic systems, focusing on industrial robots, autonomous vehicles, and embedded systems. The aim of this research is to provide a reference point for the existing methods, techniques, and technologies that are available. It compares and evaluates different hardware and software methods related to industrial robots, autonomous vehicles, and embedded systems, highlighting the possible future perspectives in the field.

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    Energies
    Article . 2023
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    Energies
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energies
      Article . 2023
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      Energies
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Abdallah E. Elwakeel; Yasser S. A. Mazrou; Ahmed S. Eissa; Abdelaziz M. Okasha; +5 Authors

    The current study aimed to design and test the accuracy of a variable-rate control metering mechanism (VRCMM) and a remote smart monitoring system (RSMS) for a precision sugarcane transplanter based on IoT technology. The VRCMM is used to operate the seedling metering device at different speeds using a stepper motor based on the travel speed, and the RSMS was employed to evaluate of the three basic parameters of seedling amount, optimum rate, and missed rate. Two types of sensors were used for detecting the sugarcane seedling (SS) and travel speed, including one ultrasonic sensor and one infrared RPM sensor. The study was performed at five travel speeds and four transplant spacings. The findings of laboratory tests showed that the mean record of the relative error between the desired stepper motor speed of the VRCMM and the real value was 3.39%, and it increased with increasing the travel speed. as Additionally, the speed regulation performance was in agreement with the transplanting index. The change in RSMS accuracy is obvious when the travel speed is high and the transplant spacing is small. The RSMS accuracy drops sharply, revealing a leaping change. In conclusion, the smart and intelligent designed sugarcane transplanter would be very useful in sugarcane production.

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    Agriculture
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Agriculture
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      Agriculture
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      Agriculture
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    Authors: Huda Jamal Jumaah; Hazem Ghassan Abdo; Hussein Habeeb Hamed; Hiro Mohammed Obaid; +3 Authors

    AbstractIraq and other nations have had fatalities as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which started from China. In Iraq, the 2020 coronavirus pandemic spread started on February 24–2020, in the Najaf province. Other cases of COVID-19 were detected in other governorates, where the overall number of confirmed infections in Iraq reached 2,114,313 including 24,267 deaths, as of January 16–2022. This study aims to identify infection recognition patterns using data mining applications by Remote Sensing RS and Geographical Information Systems GIS techniques to prepare coronavirus spread mapping based on spatial-temporal distribution and GIS-based spreading pattern processes in Iraq. In addition, to evaluate the air quality in the period of virus breakout and lockdown. The assessed data included the period from the beginning of the spread of the corona until its end. To present the mode of spread at the beginning of pandemic, we relied on statistical and remotely sensed data from February 24 to June 25–2020. Along with the results of the GIS spatial distribution maps, we provided a visual view of infection queries and presented the results as a spreading pattern map of COVID-19 in Iraq. Thus, GIS and remote sensing technologies are indispensable to overcoming contagious diseases by monitoring their geographical distribution.

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    Cogent Social Sciences
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Cogent Social Sciences
    Article . 2023
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      Cogent Social Sciences
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      Cogent Social Sciences
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    Authors: Dheeraj Mohan Gururani; Yogendra Kumar; Salwan Ali Abed; Vinod Kumar; +5 Authors

    The indiscriminate use of groundwater and its overexploitation has led to a significant decline in groundwater resources in India, making it essential to identify potential recharge zones for aquifer recharge. A study was conducted to determine such potential recharge zones in the Nandhour-Kailash River watershed. The study area included 1481 streams divided into 12 sub-basins (SWS). The results show that the downstream Saraunj sub-basins (SWS-11) and Odra sub-basins (SWS-12) were high priority and required immediate soil and water conservation attention. Sub catchments Lobchla West (SWS-4), Deotar (SWS-5), Balot South (SWS-8), Nandhour (SWS-9), and Nakoliy (SWS-10) had medium priority and were designated for moderate soil erosion and degradation. In contrast, sub-catchments Aligad (SWS-1), Kundal (SWS-2), Lowarnala North (SWS-3), Bhalseni (SWS-6), and Uparla Gauniyarao (SWS-7) had low priority, indicating a low risk of soil erosion and degradation. Using the existing groundwater level data, the potential map of groundwater was validated to confirm its validity. According to the guidelines provided by the Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (IMSD), the results of the groundwater potential zones for good to very good zones have been integrated at the slope and stream order. In a 120.94 km2 area with a slope of 0–5% in first-order streams, 36 ponds were proposed, and in a 218.03 km2 area with a slope of 15% in first- to fourth-order streams, 105 retention dams were proposed and recognized as possible sites for artificial groundwater recharge. The proposed water harvesting structure may aid in continuously recharging these zones and benefit water resource managers and planners. Thus, various governmental organizations can use the results to identify possible future recharge areas. Funder: Al-Amodi Autism Research Chair, King Saud University; College of Dentistry, King Saud University; College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University; College of Medicine, King Saud University; Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University; Female Center for Scientific and Medical Colleges, King Saud University; King Saud University; Research Center of the College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University;Full text license: CC BY

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    Water
    Article . 2023
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    Water
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Water
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      Water
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    Authors: Mohamed Abdelkareem; Fathy Abdalla; Fahad Alshehri; Chaitanya B. Pande;

    Integration of remote sensing (RS) and GIS methods has allowed for the identification of potential water resource zones. Here, climatic, ecological, hydrologic, and topographic data have been integrated with microwave and multispectral data. Sentinel-2, SRTM, and TRMM data were developed to characterize the climatic, hydrologic, and topographic landscapes of Wadi Fatima, a portion of western Saudi Arabia that drains to the Red Sea. The physical characteristics of Wadi Fatima’s catchment area that are essential for mapping groundwater potential zones were derived from topographic data, rainfall zones, lineaments, and soil maps through RS data and GIS techniques. Twelve thematic factors were merged with a GIS-based knowledge-driven approach after providing a weight for every factor. Processing of recent Sentinel-2 data acquired on 4 August 2023 verified the existence of a zone of vegetation belonging to promising areas of groundwater potential zones (GPZs). The output map is categorized into six zones: excellent (10.98%), very high (21.98%), high (24.99%), moderate (21.44%), low (14.70%), and very low (5.91%). SAR CCD derived from Sentinel-1 from 2022 to 2023 showed that the parts of no unity are in high-activity areas in agricultural and anthropogenic activities. The model predictions were proven with the ROC curves with ground data, existing wells’ locations, and the water-bearing formations’ thickness inferred from geophysical data. Their performance was accepted (AUC: 0.73). The outcomes of the applied methodologies were excellent and important for exploring, planning, managing, and sustainable development of resources of water in desert areas. The present study successfully provided insights into the watershed’s hydrologic, climatic, vegetated variation, and terrain database information using radar, optical, and multi-temporal InSAR data. Furthermore, the applied multi-criteria overlay technique revealed promising areas for groundwater abstraction, which can be applied elsewhere in various environmental situations.

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    Sustainability
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2023
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      Sustainability
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Ghodsiyeh Loghmani; Shima Rahmani; Hadi Kiadaliri;

    Abstract Cydalima perspectalis (Walker 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a destructive pest that has recently been reported from the ancient Hyrcanian forests feeding on leaves and shoots of Buxus hyrcana Pojarkova. To gain a deeper insight into the biology and population dynamics of C. perspectalis, a laboratory population was studied under controlled conditions. The moth was reared on B. hyrcana at 25 ± 1°C, 65 ± 10% RH and 16 h:8 h (L:D), and the data obtained were used to build a life table, adjusted to allow for the evaluation of the stage duration, for both males and females. The mean adult survival was 11.94 ± 0.26 days, the pre‐oviposition period lasted, on average, for 6.71 ± 0.18 days and the mean fecundity attained was 58.19 ± 7.81 eggs/female. Newly emerged females had a life expectancy (exj) of 14 days and males 19 days. The intrinsic rate of increase for the population was 0.05 ± 0.00 days−1, and the net reproductive rate was 24.05 ± 3.95 offspring/female. The biological and ecological data obtained allowed for the estimation of C. perspectalis biotic potential, thus contributing to the development of sustainable control methods for this pest and, consequently, to a reduction of the damage caused to box trees.

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    Agricultural and Forest Entomology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agricultural and Forest Entomology
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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