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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Baker, Megan;

    There are many sources that farmers utilize to determine fertilizer needs for crops such as private and public labs, crop advisors, and fertilizer dealers. In many cases, these sources provide recommendations for a specific crop that can vary greatly, which can lead to large differences in cost. An experiment was established in 2021 with 12 sites across the state of Utah in alfalfa, small grains, and corn to test and compare fertilizer recommendations from five labs. The recommendations tested were from two public labs (Utah State University and the University of Idaho) and three commercial labs located in the Western United States. A composite soil sample was sent to multiple labs for analysis and the corresponding macronutrient and micronutrient rates recommended by each lab were applied at each site. Yield and forage quality data were collected from sites from 2021-2023 to evaluate treatment impacts. Fertilizer treatments had little to no impact at silage corn or alfalfa sites, but differences in yield and forage quality were observed at small grain forage sites. High variability in reported soil test results for the same composite soil samples was observed from three commercial soil testing labs. Differences in soil test results are sometimes due to the accuracy of each lab's analyses, but they are also influenced by different chemical procedures being used to determine nutrient levels. Fertilizer recommendations from the five laboratories varied greatly, both for types of nutrients and rates being recommended. This is likely due to a combination of differences in soil test values (minor influence) and the fertilizer recommendation philosophies (major influence) utilized by each lab. When the recommendations were applied in field trials, higher application rates often resulted in increases in soil nutrient concentrations, but the ratio of the application rate to changes in nutrient levels varied greatly among sites and treatments. Applying higher rates to increase soil nutrient levels doesn't work for all nutrients and situations and is often not economical. The results of this study demonstrate that growers should use caution when selecting fertilizer recommendations and that there is opportunity for greater public-private coordination of fertilizer recommendations.

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    Authors: Poudel, Puspa Kamal;

    This thesis presents an investigation on innovative approaches to agricultural management, addressing challenges in both viticulture and turfgrass management. The first topic of this thesis introduces the Adaptive Crop Load Estimation (ACLE) method, a deep learning-based grape counting approach designed to alleviate the need for extensive annotated datasets. By training the model on a limited set of images, this method demonstrates promising results in accurately estimating grape cluster counts across different zones in the vineyards, with an average Mean Absolute Error (MAE)/Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.86/0.66. The ACLE method aims to reduce the cost of deploying automated grape counting systems by minimizing manual image annotation efforts and enabling model reusability across different vineyards. The second topic of this thesis delves into the realm of Turfgrass management, recognizing its pivotal roles in environmental health and aesthetics. Focusing on the challenges posed by spot- based diseases, the study introduces the Spot Treatment Pathfinding and Scheduling (STPAS) method. This framework employs Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV) for targeted spot spraying, optimizing robot stops and trajectories based on varying scenarios such as different spot sizes and robot capabilities. The trajectory planner developed within STPAS utilizes GPS coordinates and the radius of affected areas to determine efficient stops and paths for autonomous vehicles. Comparative analysis on the developed simulators reveals that STPAS reduces the distance traveled and time taken for spot spraying by over 50% compared to conventional boom-based sprayers, thereby enhancing both economic and environmental sustainability in Turfgrass management practices. This thesis explores solutions for improving agricultural practices, specifically focusing on grapevine cultivation and turfgrass management. The first part introduces a novel method called Adaptive Crop Load Estimation (ACLE), which employs deep learning to accurately count grape clusters in vineyards. Unlike traditional methods requiring extensive annotated data, ACLE demonstrates significant results with minimal training images, aiming to reduce the cost of automated grape counting systems and enhance their adaptability across various vineyards. In the second part, the thesis delves into development of planning algorithm for precision spot spraying. Addressing challenges posed by spot-based diseases, the study introduces the Spot Treatment Pathfinding and Scheduling (STPAS) method. This algorithm provides robot stops and optimizes routes based on different scenarios such as spot sizes and robot capabilities. Comparative analysis of the simulation results reveals that STPAS improves efficiency, reducing both the distance traveled and time taken for spot spraying compared to boom-based sprayers. This not only benefits economic considerations but also contributes to environmental sustainability in turfgrass management practices. Master of Science

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    Authors: Tsintotas, Konstantinos A.; Kansizoglou, Ioannis; Pastra, Katerina; Aloimonos, Yiannis; +3 Authors

    Editorial on the Research TopicEnhanced human modeling in robotics for socially-aware place navigation

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    Authors: Haviland, Logan B.; Feuz, Ryan;

    Livestock risk protection (LRP) insurance is a partially subsidized livestock insurance provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Risk Management Agency (RMA) that provides protection to producers against unexpected price declines. This fact sheet presents specific coverage information for swine and presents optimal coverage options based on historical contract performance.

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    Authors: Haviland, Logan B.; Feuz, Ryan;

    Livestock risk protection (LRP) insurance is a partially subsidized livestock insurance provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Risk Management Agency (RMA) that provides protection to producers against unexpected price declines. This fact sheet presents commonly asked questions and answers surrounding livestock risk protection insurance. It outlines the purpose of the program and explains how producers can use LRP insurance to mitigate price risk.

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    Authors: Haviland, Logan B.; Feuz, Ryan;

    Livestock risk protection (LRP) insurance is a partially subsidized livestock insurance provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Risk Management Agency (RMA) that provides protection to producers against unexpected price declines. This fact sheet presents specific coverage information for fed cattle and presents optimal coverage options based on historical contract performance.

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    Authors: Haviland, Logan B.; Feuz, Ryan;

    Livestock risk protection (LRP) insurance is a partially subsidized livestock insurance provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Risk Management Agency (RMA) that provides protection to producers against unexpected price declines. This fact sheet presents specific coverage information for feeder cattle and presents optimal coverage options based on historical contract performance.

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    Authors: Barker, Burdette; Cardon, Grant; Yost, Matt; Stock, Melanie; +2 Authors

    Salt is an important factor in plant and soil management. Excessive salt concentrations in soil can cause water to be less available to plants because of the osmotic forces of salt in the soil water. Excessive concentrations of different ions can also be toxic to plants. In agricultural soils and irrigation water, salts are typically described in two ways: (1) total salt concentration or salinity, and (2) sodicity, or the concentration of sodium relative to other cations (positively charged atoms or compounds). Understanding the effect of both total salinity and sodicity on plants and soils, along with management and reclamation practices, can improve crop yield and the optimal use of crop inputs.

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    Authors: Claire C. Treat; Anna‐Maria Virkkala; Eleanor Burke; Lori Bruhwiler; +28 Authors

    AbstractSignificant progress in permafrost carbon science made over the past decades include the identification of vast permafrost carbon stocks, the development of new pan‐Arctic permafrost maps, an increase in terrestrial measurement sites for CO2 and methane fluxes, and important factors affecting carbon cycling, including vegetation changes, periods of soil freezing and thawing, wildfire, and other disturbance events. Process‐based modeling studies now include key elements of permafrost carbon cycling and advances in statistical modeling and inverse modeling enhance understanding of permafrost region C budgets. By combining existing data syntheses and model outputs, the permafrost region is likely a wetland methane source and small terrestrial ecosystem CO2 sink with lower net CO2 uptake toward higher latitudes, excluding wildfire emissions. For 2002–2014, the strongest CO2 sink was located in western Canada (median: −52 g C m−2 y−1) and smallest sinks in Alaska, Canadian tundra, and Siberian tundra (medians: −5 to −9 g C m−2 y−1). Eurasian regions had the largest median wetland methane fluxes (16–18 g CH4 m−2 y−1). Quantifying the regional scale carbon balance remains challenging because of high spatial and temporal variability and relatively low density of observations. More accurate permafrost region carbon fluxes require: (a) the development of better maps characterizing wetlands and dynamics of vegetation and disturbances, including abrupt permafrost thaw; (b) the establishment of new year‐round CO2 and methane flux sites in underrepresented areas; and (c) improved models that better represent important permafrost carbon cycle dynamics, including non‐growing season emissions and disturbance effects.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Stelmack, Maxwell Asher;

    When controlling the real-time system that is a robotic joint, reliability is the chief concern. Implementing controllers via embedded software imposes several limitations on the controller frequency, such as algorithm latency and supplemental processes (like networking) competing for execution time. If these obstacles prevent a controller from finishing a cycle before its period expires, stability cannot be guaranteed. A developer of embedded software controls ought to be able to prove the timeliness of the controller based on analysis and validation. Otherwise, the choice of controller frequency is arbitrary, without any guarantee of stability in worst-case scenarios. This work realized a truly distributed control system for a humanoid robot by migrating a portion of the joint controller to the low-level. While the central computer is still responsible for determining a joint torque to properly realize whole-body objectives, the low-level processor executes force control locally to produce that torque via a linear actuator. Decoupling the force controller from networking reduced its latency and variability, allowing it to execute several times between receiving desired forces. Furthermore, a real-time operating system was added on top of the existing firmware to enforce and verify timing constraints. Preemptive threading modules within the real-time kernel allow the processor to prioritize controller execution above all other activities, aiding its routine completion. The chosen RTOS provides powerful instrumentation and debugging tools to efficiently verify proper execution and quickly resolve errors. These changes allowed the controller to demonstratively operate at a greater frequency with a full guarantee that timeliness is enforced under all possible circumstances. Verification was performed on a robotic joint test stand to prepare for deployment on a full-scale humanoid robot. A "control algorithm", or simply "controller", can be made to balance a humanoid robot by taking a snapshot of the robot's pose and motion to calculate how to manipulate each motor to maintain stability. This process repeats many times per second. The precise rate is a design choice termed as the controller's "frequency". While a higher frequency generally yields better performance, too great a frequency means the algorithm cannot finish before it is time to repeat, resulting in malfunction. This work implements tools for developers to observe exactly how long a controller algorithm takes to run. This helps the developer choose a frequency fast enough to maintain robot balance within the computer's capabilities. Master of Science

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Baker, Megan;

    There are many sources that farmers utilize to determine fertilizer needs for crops such as private and public labs, crop advisors, and fertilizer dealers. In many cases, these sources provide recommendations for a specific crop that can vary greatly, which can lead to large differences in cost. An experiment was established in 2021 with 12 sites across the state of Utah in alfalfa, small grains, and corn to test and compare fertilizer recommendations from five labs. The recommendations tested were from two public labs (Utah State University and the University of Idaho) and three commercial labs located in the Western United States. A composite soil sample was sent to multiple labs for analysis and the corresponding macronutrient and micronutrient rates recommended by each lab were applied at each site. Yield and forage quality data were collected from sites from 2021-2023 to evaluate treatment impacts. Fertilizer treatments had little to no impact at silage corn or alfalfa sites, but differences in yield and forage quality were observed at small grain forage sites. High variability in reported soil test results for the same composite soil samples was observed from three commercial soil testing labs. Differences in soil test results are sometimes due to the accuracy of each lab's analyses, but they are also influenced by different chemical procedures being used to determine nutrient levels. Fertilizer recommendations from the five laboratories varied greatly, both for types of nutrients and rates being recommended. This is likely due to a combination of differences in soil test values (minor influence) and the fertilizer recommendation philosophies (major influence) utilized by each lab. When the recommendations were applied in field trials, higher application rates often resulted in increases in soil nutrient concentrations, but the ratio of the application rate to changes in nutrient levels varied greatly among sites and treatments. Applying higher rates to increase soil nutrient levels doesn't work for all nutrients and situations and is often not economical. The results of this study demonstrate that growers should use caution when selecting fertilizer recommendations and that there is opportunity for greater public-private coordination of fertilizer recommendations.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Poudel, Puspa Kamal;

    This thesis presents an investigation on innovative approaches to agricultural management, addressing challenges in both viticulture and turfgrass management. The first topic of this thesis introduces the Adaptive Crop Load Estimation (ACLE) method, a deep learning-based grape counting approach designed to alleviate the need for extensive annotated datasets. By training the model on a limited set of images, this method demonstrates promising results in accurately estimating grape cluster counts across different zones in the vineyards, with an average Mean Absolute Error (MAE)/Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.86/0.66. The ACLE method aims to reduce the cost of deploying automated grape counting systems by minimizing manual image annotation efforts and enabling model reusability across different vineyards. The second topic of this thesis delves into the realm of Turfgrass management, recognizing its pivotal roles in environmental health and aesthetics. Focusing on the challenges posed by spot- based diseases, the study introduces the Spot Treatment Pathfinding and Scheduling (STPAS) method. This framework employs Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV) for targeted spot spraying, optimizing robot stops and trajectories based on varying scenarios such as different spot sizes and robot capabilities. The trajectory planner developed within STPAS utilizes GPS coordinates and the radius of affected areas to determine efficient stops and paths for autonomous vehicles. Comparative analysis on the developed simulators reveals that STPAS reduces the distance traveled and time taken for spot spraying by over 50% compared to conventional boom-based sprayers, thereby enhancing both economic and environmental sustainability in Turfgrass management practices. This thesis explores solutions for improving agricultural practices, specifically focusing on grapevine cultivation and turfgrass management. The first part introduces a novel method called Adaptive Crop Load Estimation (ACLE), which employs deep learning to accurately count grape clusters in vineyards. Unlike traditional methods requiring extensive annotated data, ACLE demonstrates significant results with minimal training images, aiming to reduce the cost of automated grape counting systems and enhance their adaptability across various vineyards. In the second part, the thesis delves into development of planning algorithm for precision spot spraying. Addressing challenges posed by spot-based diseases, the study introduces the Spot Treatment Pathfinding and Scheduling (STPAS) method. This algorithm provides robot stops and optimizes routes based on different scenarios such as spot sizes and robot capabilities. Comparative analysis of the simulation results reveals that STPAS improves efficiency, reducing both the distance traveled and time taken for spot spraying compared to boom-based sprayers. This not only benefits economic considerations but also contributes to environmental sustainability in turfgrass management practices. Master of Science

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    Authors: Tsintotas, Konstantinos A.; Kansizoglou, Ioannis; Pastra, Katerina; Aloimonos, Yiannis; +3 Authors

    Editorial on the Research TopicEnhanced human modeling in robotics for socially-aware place navigation

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    Authors: Haviland, Logan B.; Feuz, Ryan;

    Livestock risk protection (LRP) insurance is a partially subsidized livestock insurance provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Risk Management Agency (RMA) that provides protection to producers against unexpected price declines. This fact sheet presents specific coverage information for swine and presents optimal coverage options based on historical contract performance.

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    Authors: Haviland, Logan B.; Feuz, Ryan;

    Livestock risk protection (LRP) insurance is a partially subsidized livestock insurance provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Risk Management Agency (RMA) that provides protection to producers against unexpected price declines. This fact sheet presents commonly asked questions and answers surrounding livestock risk protection insurance. It outlines the purpose of the program and explains how producers can use LRP insurance to mitigate price risk.

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    Authors: Haviland, Logan B.; Feuz, Ryan;

    Livestock risk protection (LRP) insurance is a partially subsidized livestock insurance provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Risk Management Agency (RMA) that provides protection to producers against unexpected price declines. This fact sheet presents specific coverage information for fed cattle and presents optimal coverage options based on historical contract performance.

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    Authors: Haviland, Logan B.; Feuz, Ryan;

    Livestock risk protection (LRP) insurance is a partially subsidized livestock insurance provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Risk Management Agency (RMA) that provides protection to producers against unexpected price declines. This fact sheet presents specific coverage information for feeder cattle and presents optimal coverage options based on historical contract performance.

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    Authors: Barker, Burdette; Cardon, Grant; Yost, Matt; Stock, Melanie; +2 Authors

    Salt is an important factor in plant and soil management. Excessive salt concentrations in soil can cause water to be less available to plants because of the osmotic forces of salt in the soil water. Excessive concentrations of different ions can also be toxic to plants. In agricultural soils and irrigation water, salts are typically described in two ways: (1) total salt concentration or salinity, and (2) sodicity, or the concentration of sodium relative to other cations (positively charged atoms or compounds). Understanding the effect of both total salinity and sodicity on plants and soils, along with management and reclamation practices, can improve crop yield and the optimal use of crop inputs.

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    Authors: Claire C. Treat; Anna‐Maria Virkkala; Eleanor Burke; Lori Bruhwiler; +28 Authors

    AbstractSignificant progress in permafrost carbon science made over the past decades include the identification of vast permafrost carbon stocks, the development of new pan‐Arctic permafrost maps, an increase in terrestrial measurement sites for CO2 and methane fluxes, and important factors affecting carbon cycling, including vegetation changes, periods of soil freezing and thawing, wildfire, and other disturbance events. Process‐based modeling studies now include key elements of permafrost carbon cycling and advances in statistical modeling and inverse modeling enhance understanding of permafrost region C budgets. By combining existing data syntheses and model outputs, the permafrost region is likely a wetland methane source and small terrestrial ecosystem CO2 sink with lower net CO2 uptake toward higher latitudes, excluding wildfire emissions. For 2002–2014, the strongest CO2 sink was located in western Canada (median: −52 g C m−2 y−1) and smallest sinks in Alaska, Canadian tundra, and Siberian tundra (medians: −5 to −9 g C m−2 y−1). Eurasian regions had the largest median wetland methane fluxes (16–18 g CH4 m−2 y−1). Quantifying the regional scale carbon balance remains challenging because of high spatial and temporal variability and relatively low density of observations. More accurate permafrost region carbon fluxes require: (a) the development of better maps characterizing wetlands and dynamics of vegetation and disturbances, including abrupt permafrost thaw; (b) the establishment of new year‐round CO2 and methane flux sites in underrepresented areas; and (c) improved models that better represent important permafrost carbon cycle dynamics, including non‐growing season emissions and disturbance effects.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
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    Authors: Stelmack, Maxwell Asher;

    When controlling the real-time system that is a robotic joint, reliability is the chief concern. Implementing controllers via embedded software imposes several limitations on the controller frequency, such as algorithm latency and supplemental processes (like networking) competing for execution time. If these obstacles prevent a controller from finishing a cycle before its period expires, stability cannot be guaranteed. A developer of embedded software controls ought to be able to prove the timeliness of the controller based on analysis and validation. Otherwise, the choice of controller frequency is arbitrary, without any guarantee of stability in worst-case scenarios. This work realized a truly distributed control system for a humanoid robot by migrating a portion of the joint controller to the low-level. While the central computer is still responsible for determining a joint torque to properly realize whole-body objectives, the low-level processor executes force control locally to produce that torque via a linear actuator. Decoupling the force controller from networking reduced its latency and variability, allowing it to execute several times between receiving desired forces. Furthermore, a real-time operating system was added on top of the existing firmware to enforce and verify timing constraints. Preemptive threading modules within the real-time kernel allow the processor to prioritize controller execution above all other activities, aiding its routine completion. The chosen RTOS provides powerful instrumentation and debugging tools to efficiently verify proper execution and quickly resolve errors. These changes allowed the controller to demonstratively operate at a greater frequency with a full guarantee that timeliness is enforced under all possible circumstances. Verification was performed on a robotic joint test stand to prepare for deployment on a full-scale humanoid robot. A "control algorithm", or simply "controller", can be made to balance a humanoid robot by taking a snapshot of the robot's pose and motion to calculate how to manipulate each motor to maintain stability. This process repeats many times per second. The precise rate is a design choice termed as the controller's "frequency". While a higher frequency generally yields better performance, too great a frequency means the algorithm cannot finish before it is time to repeat, resulting in malfunction. This work implements tools for developers to observe exactly how long a controller algorithm takes to run. This helps the developer choose a frequency fast enough to maintain robot balance within the computer's capabilities. Master of Science

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