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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Karoline Thays Andrade Araújo; Alexandre José de Melo Queiroz; Rossana Maria Feitosa de Figueirêdo;

    ABSTRACT: Fruit seeds, in terms of nutrition, are as wholesome as the grains cultivated exclusively for human consumption. The fruit pulp-processing agroindustry, more often than not, discards these seeds as unprofitable waste. The inclusion of seeds as a consumer product, equal in value to the pulp itself, can be made possible by adopting processes that increase their worth, and ideally at minimal costs. The controlled germination process is suitable for such an endeavor. The strategy presented here, is low in cost and permits the modulation of the constituents of the seeds by breaking the continuity of the process at the precise time, thus enabling the formation of a new product, which possesses bioactive properties. This research was performed with the focus on exploring the ways that the germination time influences the constituents of the seeds in four melon varieties. The Cantaloupe, Gália, Pele-de-Sapo and Orange melon seeds were studied and the water content, ash, proteins, lipids, total and reducing sugars, total phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids and anthocyanins were determined in the samples. This was done in natura and post germination specifically at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Germination altered all the parameters, except the ash content. In Pele-de-Sapo, the protein content dropped, while in the others it showed an increase. Germination caused a rise in the values of the total and reducing sugars, as well as the total phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids and anthocyanins, showing variations during the intermediate times, based on the variety. Mostly, higher values were achieved at 96 h of the germination process.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ciência Ruralarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Ciência Rural
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Ciência Rural
    Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ciência Ruralarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Ciência Rural
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Ciência Rural
      Article . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mehvish Andleeb; Aleem Ahmed Khan;

    ABSTRACT: Avian-derived IgY is thought to be the best therapy for scorpion bites concerning low-level side effects. The present study analyzed a hypothesis about the neutralization of scorpion venom Androcotonus australis through antibodies produced in the egg yolks of chickens. The venom used for inoculation was obtained from Androctonus australis (yellow fat-tailed scorpion) from southern Punjab, Pakistan. The lethal dose of LD50 against scorpion venom was calculated in chickens and mice. Safe doses were given to egg-laying chickens to produce IgY antibodies. The antivenom IgY antibodies were extracted from the egg yolks of immunized chicken using the polyethylene glycol (PEG) method. Moreover, IgY was confirmed through sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and the Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion assay test. The antibody titers were evaluated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The neutralisation capacity of extracted anti-scorpion antibodies was tested on mice. The calculated LD50 of scorpion venom for chicken and mice was 4 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively. SDS-PAGE and Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion confirmed the presence of IgY against scorpion venom. The maximum titer value of specific IgY produced against scorpion venom was 3.5 ug/ml. A concentration of 220 ul/LD50 was effective to neutralize 1 mg of scorpion venom. It is suggested that IgY obtained from egg yolks is safe against targeted venom and can be used as an effective alternative to equine IgG antibodies against scorpion envenoming.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ciência Ruralarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Ciência Rural
    Article . 2023
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Ciência Rural
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ciência Ruralarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Ciência Rural
      Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Ciência Rural
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lilia Mexicano Santoyo; Tarsicio Medina Saavedra; Mariano Mendoza Elos; Ulises Miguel López García; +2 Authors

    ABSTRACT: Tomato plants are a crop of great economic importance worldwide. Mexico is considered the world’s leading exporter of this vegetable, with a 24% market share. However, this crop can be affected by diseases such as bacterial freckle and bacterial cancer that can be introduced to plantations through infected seeds. Pesticides are used in agriculture for disease control and are considered a source of environmental pollution. Alternatives to the use of pesticides must therefore be sought. To this effect, electrolyzed water is a technology that has been shown to have antimicrobial activity. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of electrolyzed water on Pseudomonas syringaepv. tomato and Clavibactermichiganensis subsp.michiganensis was evaluated on cells suspension and tomato seed germination. Electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) and electrolyzed reduced water (ERW) treatments were applied for 1, 3 and 6 minutes. In addition, seeds were infected with each of the bacterial strains separately and electrolyzed water treatments were applied. Results show that oxidizing water is more efficient as an antimicrobial agent, as it achieved 100% growth reduction of the two bacterial strains after one minute of treatment. These treatments did not affect germination percentage, since germination percentages above 90% were obtained in all treatments and the seedlings were not affected in any of the evaluated variables.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ciência Ruralarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Ciência Rural
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Ciência Rural
    Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ciência Ruralarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Ciência Rural
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Ciência Rural
      Article . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Youseef Alotaibi; R Deepa; K Shankar; Surendran Rajendran;

    <abstract> <p>Internet of Things (IoT) edge devices are becoming extremely popular because of their ability to process data locally, conserve bandwidth, and reduce latency. However, with the developing count of IoT devices, threat detection, and security are becoming major concerns. IoT edge devices must avoid cyber threats and protect user data. These devices frequently take limited resources and can run on lightweight operating systems, which makes them vulnerable to security attacks. Intrusion detection systems (IDS) can be run on edge devices to recognize suspicious actions and possible risks. These systems monitor traffic patterns, and behavior, and identify attack signatures to detect and report on possible attacks. This study presents a design for an inverse chi square-based flamingo search optimization algorithm with machine learning (ICSFSO-ML) as a security solution for Internet of Things edge devices. The goal of the ICSFSO-ML technique is to apply ML and metaheuristics for threat recognition in IoT edge devices. To reduce the high dimensionality problem, the ICSFSO-ML technique uses the ICSFSO algorithm for feature selection purposes. Further, the ICSFSO-ML technique exploits the stacked bidirectional long short-term memory (SBiLSTM) model for the threat detection process. To enhance the efficacy of the SBiLSTM model, an arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA) is applied for the hyperparameter selection process. The simulation performance of the ICSFSO-ML technique can be tested on a benchmark threat database. The performance analysis showed the benefits of the ICSFSO-ML methodology compared to existing methodologies with a maximum accuracy of 98.22%.</p> </abstract>

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ AIMS Mathematicsarrow_drop_down
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    AIMS Mathematics
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    AIMS Mathematics
    Article . 2024
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ AIMS Mathematicsarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      AIMS Mathematics
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      AIMS Mathematics
      Article . 2024
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: H. Byju; K. A. Rubeena; C. T. Shifa; T. R. Athira; +20 Authors

    Habitat fragmentation and degradation in natural wetlands has resulted in declines in the populations of shorebirds in the Indian subcontinent. Shorebirds rely on these wetlands as wintering or stop-over sites along the southern extent of the Central Asian Flyway. Shorebirds are known to utilize agroecosystems as alternate foraging habitats. The suitability of agroecosystems as foraging areas for overwintering migratory shorebirds has not been well studied in the Indian subcontinent. We conducted a comprehensive assessment of published literature and compiled field observations to investigate the importance of inland and coastal agroecosystems for shorebirds in India. We assessed the shorebird populations at natural wetlands: mudflats and mangroves of Kadalundi Vallikkunnu Community Reserve (KVCR) and Puthuvypu sand beach, as well as adjacent agroecosystems on the west coast of India, including Sanketham Wetlands, Manthalakkadavu, Vazhakkad, Elamaram, Kodinhi, and Kooriyad. On the east coast, we assessed the natural wetland habitats of Valinokkam, Point Calimere, and Pichavaram and evaluated inland agroecosystems in regions, such as Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala. Fifty-three shorebird species utilize diverse agroecosystems from various parts of India. While studies on the use of agroecosystems by shorebirds are limited on the east coast, evidence suggests that major wintering sites are adjacent to paddy fields, fostering substantial shorebird diversity. In Pichavaram, Point Calimere, and Gulf of Mannar regions, 22 shorebird species utilize agroecosystems, including the notable near-threatened Eurasian Curlew. Seventeen of these species are winter arrivals, highlighting the crucial role agroecosystems play as stopover areas. On the west coast, 19 shorebird species appear to utilize agroecosystems in Kooriyad, Manthalakkadavu, Vazhakkad, Sanketham Wetlands, Elamaram, and Kodinhi. Few species use agricultural fields in the north (Jammu and Kashmir). Paddy fields, that are flooded as part of the cropping cycle, support diverse prey species, such as macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and small fish, that could attract and support migratory shorebirds. Agricultural practices like fallowing, flooding, and ploughing could further increase the abundance and accessibility of prey for shorebirds, drawing them in greater numbers. It is crucial to recognize that unsustainable and unethical agricultural methods could detrimentally affect shorebird numbers. The accumulation of pesticide residues and the contamination from heavy metals could also threaten shorebirds. As a result, there is an urgent need for detailed research to better evaluate the importance of agroecosystems in supporting resident or migratory shorebirds. Systematic studies that explain the population dynamics, habitat selection trends, habitat utilization, and the over-summering behavior of the migratory birds at agroecosystems are needed. Implementing sustainable conservation strategies and adopting environmentally friendly agricultural practices are essential to support the rich biodiversity of the region.

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    Diversity
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Diversity
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Diversityarrow_drop_down
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      Diversity
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Diversity
      Article . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sravya Sai Guddeti; Rama Mohan Kurakalva; Shankar Karuppannan;

    AbstractThe present study is undertaken at the lower Manair River basin, the central part of Telangana in southern India, as the Government authorities has done rapid developmental activities over the last seven years demanded identifying change detection in environmental indicators. Geospatial tools, viz., remote sensing and geographic information system, are used to classify and identify land-use/land cover (LULC) changes during 2015–2021 based on the images collected from Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS multispectral and multi-temporal satellite data set. Change detection of environmental indicators such as LULC changes, land surface temperature (LST), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are crucial parameters that play a vital role in identifying vulnerable areas, which helps in planning and utilizing natural resources. The results revealed that the agricultural cropland filled in the top class with an area of 1124.70 km2 (33.82%) in 2015, amplified to 1442.95 km2 (43.39%) in 2021. The built-up area has marginally raised by 581.45 km2 (17.49%) in the study region. A negative correlation is observed between LST and NDVI. LULC patterns are changing, and its imprint echoed on a surge of LST. It establishes a foundation for evidence-based policymaking and sustainable growth, emphasizing the importance of proactive measures in preserving the delicate balance between development and environmental conservation.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Geomatics, Natural H...arrow_drop_down
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    Geomatics, Natural Hazards &amp; Risk
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Geomatics, Natural Hazards &amp; Risk
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Chaitanya B. Pande; Pranaya Diwate; Israel R. Orimoloye; Lariyah Mohd Sidek; +5 Authors

    AbstractThis research uses a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) model with Google Earth Engine (GEE) to assess the winter season’s land cover and change detection mapping impact on the evapotranspiration (crop water requirement) parameters. Winter seasons, crucial for agricultural planning, and irrigation water requirement challenges in accurately mapping land cover and detecting changes due to the dynamic nature of farming practices during this period. In this study, Landsat-8 OLI images have been combined to map Land use and Land cover (LULC) and other change detection mapping in Akola Block, Maharashtra, India, during the 2018–2022 winter season. As an discoverer researcher that found detailed information of LULC classes during last 2018 to 2022 winter seasons, the use of the CART model in combination with a cloud-computing GEE demonstrates to be a practical approach for accurate land cover classification and change detection maps to create a pixel-based winter seasons information of study area. The novelty of this study lies in its innovative use of GEE, a powerful platform for remote sensing and geospatial analysis, to create LULC maps with remarkable accuracy. Achieving a 100% training accuracy across the four years under consideration is an exceptional feat, highlighting the reliability and stability of the methodology. Furthermore, the validation accuracy values, ranging from 89 to 94% for the winter seasons of 2018 to 2022, underscore the robustness of this approach. Such consistently high accuracy in mapping LULC over time is a groundbreaking achievement and offers a new dimension to the field of hydrology. For the hydrological community, the implications of this study are profound. Accurate LULC mapping and change detection provide critical data for modeling and analyzing the effects of land use changes on water resources, watershed management, and water quality. The User, Kappa, and Producer accuracy metrics used in this research highlight the model’s performance and its suitability for hydrological applications. These accurate LULC maps can aid in the development of hydrological models, forecasting, and decision-making processes, ultimately contributing to more effective water resource management and environmental conservation. In summary, this study’s innovative use of GEE, its remarkable accuracy in LULC mapping, and its relevance to the hydrological community demonstrate the potential for advanced remote sensing and geospatial tools to significantly improve our understanding of land use changes and their implications for water resources and environmental management.

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    Geomatics, Natural Hazards &amp; Risk
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Geomatics, Natural Hazards &amp; Risk
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Hemant Raheja; Arun Goel; Mahesh Pal;

    This study discusses about suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation use in Rohtak district of Haryana (India). The entropy water quality index (EWQI), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), permeability index (PI), Sodium percentage (Na%), Kelly ratio (KR), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), US salinity, and Gibbs diagram were analyzed. The spatial maps suggest that groundwater quality in central part extending towards southwestern part of area can be categorized as poor. The major ions were reported in the following order: Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Na+ > K+, and Cl− > SO42− > NO3− > HCO3− > F− > CO32− respectively. Moreover, results revealed that most of groundwater exceeded desirable limits for drinking water. The EWQI assessment indicates that 23.4% and 38.4% of groundwater samples have extremely poor quality in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon, respectively. Further other indices shows that various indices exceed their standard limit, and mostly samples are unsuitable for irrigation. The Gibbs diagram and other bivariate plots demonstrate that various ions in groundwater can be attributed to silicate and carbonate weathering, which occur through water -rock interactions and ion exchange phenomena. In addition, the US Salinity diagram verifies that most groundwater samples exhibit significant salinity hazards, particularly concerning high sodium levels. HIGHLIGHTS The groundwater quality for drinking purpose was evaluated using the entropy water quality index method.; The groundwater quality for irrigation purpose was evaluated using various indices like electrical conductivity, sodium absorption ratio, permeability index, Na%, Kelly ratio, and magnesium adsorption ratio.; In addition, US salinity diagram, Gibbs diagram, and spatial distribution maps were also plotted.; The findings of this study possess significant worth in effectively distributing and overseeing resources within similar area.;

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    Water Practice & Technology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Water Practice & Technology
    Article . 2024
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      Water Practice & Technology
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      Water Practice & Technology
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    Authors: Arvind Panwar; Manju Khari; Sanjay Misra; Urvashi Sugandh;

    Despite its status as one of the most ancient sectors worldwide, agriculture continues to be a fundamental cornerstone of the global economy. Nevertheless, it faces obstacles such as a lack of trust, difficulties in tracking, and inefficiencies in managing the supply chain. This article examines the potential of blockchain technology (BCT) to alter the agricultural industry by providing a decentralized, transparent, and unchangeable solution to meet the difficulties it faces. The initial discussion provides an overview of the challenges encountered by the agricultural industry, followed by a thorough analysis of BCT, highlighting its potential advantages. Following that, the article explores other agricultural uses for blockchain technology, such as managing supply chains, verifying products, and processing payments. In addition, this paper examines the constraints and challenges related to the use of blockchain technology in agriculture, including issues such as scalability, legal frameworks, and interoperability. This paper highlights the potential of BCT to transform the agricultural industry by offering a transparent and secure platform for managing the supply chain. Nevertheless, it emphasizes the need for involving stakeholders, having clear legislation, and possessing technical skills in order to achieve effective implementation. This work utilizes a systematic literature review using the PRISMA technique and applies meta-analysis as the research methodology, enabling a thorough investigation of the present information available. The results emphasize the significant and positive effect of BCT on agriculture, emphasizing the need for cooperative endeavors among governments, industry pioneers, and technology specialists to encourage its extensive implementation and contribute to the advancement of a sustainable and resilient food system.

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    Future Internet
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Future Internet
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    IFE Brage
    Article . 2023
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      Future Internet
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    Authors: Kai Li; Billy Pik Lik Lau; Xin Yuan; Wei Ni; +2 Authors

    In recent years, ubiquitous semantic Metaverse has been studied to revolutionize immersive cyber-virtual experiences for augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) users, which leverages advanced semantic understanding and representation to enable seamless, context-aware interactions within mixed-reality environments. This survey focuses on the intelligence and spatio-temporal characteristics of four fundamental system components in ubiquitous semantic Metaverse, i.e., artificial intelligence (AI), spatio-temporal data representation (STDR), semantic Internet of Things (SIoT), and semantic-enhanced digital twin (SDT). We thoroughly survey the representative techniques of the four fundamental system components that enable intelligent, personalized, and context-aware interactions with typical use cases of the ubiquitous semantic Metaverse, such as remote education, work and collaboration, entertainment and socialization, healthcare, and e-commerce marketing. Furthermore, we outline the opportunities for constructing the future ubiquitous semantic Metaverse, including scalability and interoperability, privacy and security, performance measurement and standardization, as well as ethical considerations and responsible AI. Addressing those challenges is important for creating a robust, secure, and ethically sound system environment that offers engaging immersive experiences for the users and AR/VR applications. This work was supported by the CISTER Research Unit (UIDP/UIDB/04234/2020), project ADANET (PTDC/EEICOM/3362/2021) and project IBEX (PTDC/CCI-COM/4280/2021), financed by National Funds through FCT/MCTES (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology).

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    https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2...
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      https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Karoline Thays Andrade Araújo; Alexandre José de Melo Queiroz; Rossana Maria Feitosa de Figueirêdo;

    ABSTRACT: Fruit seeds, in terms of nutrition, are as wholesome as the grains cultivated exclusively for human consumption. The fruit pulp-processing agroindustry, more often than not, discards these seeds as unprofitable waste. The inclusion of seeds as a consumer product, equal in value to the pulp itself, can be made possible by adopting processes that increase their worth, and ideally at minimal costs. The controlled germination process is suitable for such an endeavor. The strategy presented here, is low in cost and permits the modulation of the constituents of the seeds by breaking the continuity of the process at the precise time, thus enabling the formation of a new product, which possesses bioactive properties. This research was performed with the focus on exploring the ways that the germination time influences the constituents of the seeds in four melon varieties. The Cantaloupe, Gália, Pele-de-Sapo and Orange melon seeds were studied and the water content, ash, proteins, lipids, total and reducing sugars, total phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids and anthocyanins were determined in the samples. This was done in natura and post germination specifically at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Germination altered all the parameters, except the ash content. In Pele-de-Sapo, the protein content dropped, while in the others it showed an increase. Germination caused a rise in the values of the total and reducing sugars, as well as the total phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids and anthocyanins, showing variations during the intermediate times, based on the variety. Mostly, higher values were achieved at 96 h of the germination process.

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    Ciência Rural
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Ciência Rural
    Article . 2023
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      Ciência Rural
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    Authors: Mehvish Andleeb; Aleem Ahmed Khan;

    ABSTRACT: Avian-derived IgY is thought to be the best therapy for scorpion bites concerning low-level side effects. The present study analyzed a hypothesis about the neutralization of scorpion venom Androcotonus australis through antibodies produced in the egg yolks of chickens. The venom used for inoculation was obtained from Androctonus australis (yellow fat-tailed scorpion) from southern Punjab, Pakistan. The lethal dose of LD50 against scorpion venom was calculated in chickens and mice. Safe doses were given to egg-laying chickens to produce IgY antibodies. The antivenom IgY antibodies were extracted from the egg yolks of immunized chicken using the polyethylene glycol (PEG) method. Moreover, IgY was confirmed through sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and the Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion assay test. The antibody titers were evaluated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The neutralisation capacity of extracted anti-scorpion antibodies was tested on mice. The calculated LD50 of scorpion venom for chicken and mice was 4 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively. SDS-PAGE and Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion confirmed the presence of IgY against scorpion venom. The maximum titer value of specific IgY produced against scorpion venom was 3.5 ug/ml. A concentration of 220 ul/LD50 was effective to neutralize 1 mg of scorpion venom. It is suggested that IgY obtained from egg yolks is safe against targeted venom and can be used as an effective alternative to equine IgG antibodies against scorpion envenoming.

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      Ciência Rural
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    Authors: Lilia Mexicano Santoyo; Tarsicio Medina Saavedra; Mariano Mendoza Elos; Ulises Miguel López García; +2 Authors

    ABSTRACT: Tomato plants are a crop of great economic importance worldwide. Mexico is considered the world’s leading exporter of this vegetable, with a 24% market share. However, this crop can be affected by diseases such as bacterial freckle and bacterial cancer that can be introduced to plantations through infected seeds. Pesticides are used in agriculture for disease control and are considered a source of environmental pollution. Alternatives to the use of pesticides must therefore be sought. To this effect, electrolyzed water is a technology that has been shown to have antimicrobial activity. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of electrolyzed water on Pseudomonas syringaepv. tomato and Clavibactermichiganensis subsp.michiganensis was evaluated on cells suspension and tomato seed germination. Electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) and electrolyzed reduced water (ERW) treatments were applied for 1, 3 and 6 minutes. In addition, seeds were infected with each of the bacterial strains separately and electrolyzed water treatments were applied. Results show that oxidizing water is more efficient as an antimicrobial agent, as it achieved 100% growth reduction of the two bacterial strains after one minute of treatment. These treatments did not affect germination percentage, since germination percentages above 90% were obtained in all treatments and the seedlings were not affected in any of the evaluated variables.

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    Ciência Rural
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      Ciência Rural
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    Authors: Youseef Alotaibi; R Deepa; K Shankar; Surendran Rajendran;

    <abstract> <p>Internet of Things (IoT) edge devices are becoming extremely popular because of their ability to process data locally, conserve bandwidth, and reduce latency. However, with the developing count of IoT devices, threat detection, and security are becoming major concerns. IoT edge devices must avoid cyber threats and protect user data. These devices frequently take limited resources and can run on lightweight operating systems, which makes them vulnerable to security attacks. Intrusion detection systems (IDS) can be run on edge devices to recognize suspicious actions and possible risks. These systems monitor traffic patterns, and behavior, and identify attack signatures to detect and report on possible attacks. This study presents a design for an inverse chi square-based flamingo search optimization algorithm with machine learning (ICSFSO-ML) as a security solution for Internet of Things edge devices. The goal of the ICSFSO-ML technique is to apply ML and metaheuristics for threat recognition in IoT edge devices. To reduce the high dimensionality problem, the ICSFSO-ML technique uses the ICSFSO algorithm for feature selection purposes. Further, the ICSFSO-ML technique exploits the stacked bidirectional long short-term memory (SBiLSTM) model for the threat detection process. To enhance the efficacy of the SBiLSTM model, an arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA) is applied for the hyperparameter selection process. The simulation performance of the ICSFSO-ML technique can be tested on a benchmark threat database. The performance analysis showed the benefits of the ICSFSO-ML methodology compared to existing methodologies with a maximum accuracy of 98.22%.</p> </abstract>

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    AIMS Mathematics
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    AIMS Mathematics
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    Authors: H. Byju; K. A. Rubeena; C. T. Shifa; T. R. Athira; +20 Authors

    Habitat fragmentation and degradation in natural wetlands has resulted in declines in the populations of shorebirds in the Indian subcontinent. Shorebirds rely on these wetlands as wintering or stop-over sites along the southern extent of the Central Asian Flyway. Shorebirds are known to utilize agroecosystems as alternate foraging habitats. The suitability of agroecosystems as foraging areas for overwintering migratory shorebirds has not been well studied in the Indian subcontinent. We conducted a comprehensive assessment of published literature and compiled field observations to investigate the importance of inland and coastal agroecosystems for shorebirds in India. We assessed the shorebird populations at natural wetlands: mudflats and mangroves of Kadalundi Vallikkunnu Community Reserve (KVCR) and Puthuvypu sand beach, as well as adjacent agroecosystems on the west coast of India, including Sanketham Wetlands, Manthalakkadavu, Vazhakkad, Elamaram, Kodinhi, and Kooriyad. On the east coast, we assessed the natural wetland habitats of Valinokkam, Point Calimere, and Pichavaram and evaluated inland agroecosystems in regions, such as Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala. Fifty-three shorebird species utilize diverse agroecosystems from various parts of India. While studies on the use of agroecosystems by shorebirds are limited on the east coast, evidence suggests that major wintering sites are adjacent to paddy fields, fostering substantial shorebird diversity. In Pichavaram, Point Calimere, and Gulf of Mannar regions, 22 shorebird species utilize agroecosystems, including the notable near-threatened Eurasian Curlew. Seventeen of these species are winter arrivals, highlighting the crucial role agroecosystems play as stopover areas. On the west coast, 19 shorebird species appear to utilize agroecosystems in Kooriyad, Manthalakkadavu, Vazhakkad, Sanketham Wetlands, Elamaram, and Kodinhi. Few species use agricultural fields in the north (Jammu and Kashmir). Paddy fields, that are flooded as part of the cropping cycle, support diverse prey species, such as macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and small fish, that could attract and support migratory shorebirds. Agricultural practices like fallowing, flooding, and ploughing could further increase the abundance and accessibility of prey for shorebirds, drawing them in greater numbers. It is crucial to recognize that unsustainable and unethical agricultural methods could detrimentally affect shorebird numbers. The accumulation of pesticide residues and the contamination from heavy metals could also threaten shorebirds. As a result, there is an urgent need for detailed research to better evaluate the importance of agroecosystems in supporting resident or migratory shorebirds. Systematic studies that explain the population dynamics, habitat selection trends, habitat utilization, and the over-summering behavior of the migratory birds at agroecosystems are needed. Implementing sustainable conservation strategies and adopting environmentally friendly agricultural practices are essential to support the rich biodiversity of the region.

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    Authors: Sravya Sai Guddeti; Rama Mohan Kurakalva; Shankar Karuppannan;

    AbstractThe present study is undertaken at the lower Manair River basin, the central part of Telangana in southern India, as the Government authorities has done rapid developmental activities over the last seven years demanded identifying change detection in environmental indicators. Geospatial tools, viz., remote sensing and geographic information system, are used to classify and identify land-use/land cover (LULC) changes during 2015–2021 based on the images collected from Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS multispectral and multi-temporal satellite data set. Change detection of environmental indicators such as LULC changes, land surface temperature (LST), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are crucial parameters that play a vital role in identifying vulnerable areas, which helps in planning and utilizing natural resources. The results revealed that the agricultural cropland filled in the top class with an area of 1124.70 km2 (33.82%) in 2015, amplified to 1442.95 km2 (43.39%) in 2021. The built-up area has marginally raised by 581.45 km2 (17.49%) in the study region. A negative correlation is observed between LST and NDVI. LULC patterns are changing, and its imprint echoed on a surge of LST. It establishes a foundation for evidence-based policymaking and sustainable growth, emphasizing the importance of proactive measures in preserving the delicate balance between development and environmental conservation.

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    Geomatics, Natural Hazards &amp; Risk
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    Authors: Chaitanya B. Pande; Pranaya Diwate; Israel R. Orimoloye; Lariyah Mohd Sidek; +5 Authors

    AbstractThis research uses a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) model with Google Earth Engine (GEE) to assess the winter season’s land cover and change detection mapping impact on the evapotranspiration (crop water requirement) parameters. Winter seasons, crucial for agricultural planning, and irrigation water requirement challenges in accurately mapping land cover and detecting changes due to the dynamic nature of farming practices during this period. In this study, Landsat-8 OLI images have been combined to map Land use and Land cover (LULC) and other change detection mapping in Akola Block, Maharashtra, India, during the 2018–2022 winter season. As an discoverer researcher that found detailed information of LULC classes during last 2018 to 2022 winter seasons, the use of the CART model in combination with a cloud-computing GEE demonstrates to be a practical approach for accurate land cover classification and change detection maps to create a pixel-based winter seasons information of study area. The novelty of this study lies in its innovative use of GEE, a powerful platform for remote sensing and geospatial analysis, to create LULC maps with remarkable accuracy. Achieving a 100% training accuracy across the four years under consideration is an exceptional feat, highlighting the reliability and stability of the methodology. Furthermore, the validation accuracy values, ranging from 89 to 94% for the winter seasons of 2018 to 2022, underscore the robustness of this approach. Such consistently high accuracy in mapping LULC over time is a groundbreaking achievement and offers a new dimension to the field of hydrology. For the hydrological community, the implications of this study are profound. Accurate LULC mapping and change detection provide critical data for modeling and analyzing the effects of land use changes on water resources, watershed management, and water quality. The User, Kappa, and Producer accuracy metrics used in this research highlight the model’s performance and its suitability for hydrological applications. These accurate LULC maps can aid in the development of hydrological models, forecasting, and decision-making processes, ultimately contributing to more effective water resource management and environmental conservation. In summary, this study’s innovative use of GEE, its remarkable accuracy in LULC mapping, and its relevance to the hydrological community demonstrate the potential for advanced remote sensing and geospatial tools to significantly improve our understanding of land use changes and their implications for water resources and environmental management.

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    Geomatics, Natural Hazards &amp; Risk
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Geomatics, Natural Hazards &amp; Risk
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    Authors: Hemant Raheja; Arun Goel; Mahesh Pal;

    This study discusses about suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation use in Rohtak district of Haryana (India). The entropy water quality index (EWQI), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), permeability index (PI), Sodium percentage (Na%), Kelly ratio (KR), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), US salinity, and Gibbs diagram were analyzed. The spatial maps suggest that groundwater quality in central part extending towards southwestern part of area can be categorized as poor. The major ions were reported in the following order: Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Na+ > K+, and Cl− > SO42− > NO3− > HCO3− > F− > CO32− respectively. Moreover, results revealed that most of groundwater exceeded desirable limits for drinking water. The EWQI assessment indicates that 23.4% and 38.4% of groundwater samples have extremely poor quality in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon, respectively. Further other indices shows that various indices exceed their standard limit, and mostly samples are unsuitable for irrigation. The Gibbs diagram and other bivariate plots demonstrate that various ions in groundwater can be attributed to silicate and carbonate weathering, which occur through water -rock interactions and ion exchange phenomena. In addition, the US Salinity diagram verifies that most groundwater samples exhibit significant salinity hazards, particularly concerning high sodium levels. HIGHLIGHTS The groundwater quality for drinking purpose was evaluated using the entropy water quality index method.; The groundwater quality for irrigation purpose was evaluated using various indices like electrical conductivity, sodium absorption ratio, permeability index, Na%, Kelly ratio, and magnesium adsorption ratio.; In addition, US salinity diagram, Gibbs diagram, and spatial distribution maps were also plotted.; The findings of this study possess significant worth in effectively distributing and overseeing resources within similar area.;

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    Water Practice & Technology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Water Practice & Technology
    Article . 2024
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      Water Practice & Technology
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    Authors: Arvind Panwar; Manju Khari; Sanjay Misra; Urvashi Sugandh;

    Despite its status as one of the most ancient sectors worldwide, agriculture continues to be a fundamental cornerstone of the global economy. Nevertheless, it faces obstacles such as a lack of trust, difficulties in tracking, and inefficiencies in managing the supply chain. This article examines the potential of blockchain technology (BCT) to alter the agricultural industry by providing a decentralized, transparent, and unchangeable solution to meet the difficulties it faces. The initial discussion provides an overview of the challenges encountered by the agricultural industry, followed by a thorough analysis of BCT, highlighting its potential advantages. Following that, the article explores other agricultural uses for blockchain technology, such as managing supply chains, verifying products, and processing payments. In addition, this paper examines the constraints and challenges related to the use of blockchain technology in agriculture, including issues such as scalability, legal frameworks, and interoperability. This paper highlights the potential of BCT to transform the agricultural industry by offering a transparent and secure platform for managing the supply chain. Nevertheless, it emphasizes the need for involving stakeholders, having clear legislation, and possessing technical skills in order to achieve effective implementation. This work utilizes a systematic literature review using the PRISMA technique and applies meta-analysis as the research methodology, enabling a thorough investigation of the present information available. The results emphasize the significant and positive effect of BCT on agriculture, emphasizing the need for cooperative endeavors among governments, industry pioneers, and technology specialists to encourage its extensive implementation and contribute to the advancement of a sustainable and resilient food system.

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    Future Internet
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2023
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      Future Internet
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    Authors: Kai Li; Billy Pik Lik Lau; Xin Yuan; Wei Ni; +2 Authors

    In recent years, ubiquitous semantic Metaverse has been studied to revolutionize immersive cyber-virtual experiences for augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) users, which leverages advanced semantic understanding and representation to enable seamless, context-aware interactions within mixed-reality environments. This survey focuses on the intelligence and spatio-temporal characteristics of four fundamental system components in ubiquitous semantic Metaverse, i.e., artificial intelligence (AI), spatio-temporal data representation (STDR), semantic Internet of Things (SIoT), and semantic-enhanced digital twin (SDT). We thoroughly survey the representative techniques of the four fundamental system components that enable intelligent, personalized, and context-aware interactions with typical use cases of the ubiquitous semantic Metaverse, such as remote education, work and collaboration, entertainment and socialization, healthcare, and e-commerce marketing. Furthermore, we outline the opportunities for constructing the future ubiquitous semantic Metaverse, including scalability and interoperability, privacy and security, performance measurement and standardization, as well as ethical considerations and responsible AI. Addressing those challenges is important for creating a robust, secure, and ethically sound system environment that offers engaging immersive experiences for the users and AR/VR applications. This work was supported by the CISTER Research Unit (UIDP/UIDB/04234/2020), project ADANET (PTDC/EEICOM/3362/2021) and project IBEX (PTDC/CCI-COM/4280/2021), financed by National Funds through FCT/MCTES (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology).

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    https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2...
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2...
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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