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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Yu Han; Zhiyuan Liu; Siyao Li; Faying Lai; +3 Authors

    Elevated nitrogen (N) deposition may stimulate a plant’s dependency on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in phosphorus (P)-deficient subtropical forests. However, the ecological assembly processes and the responses of AM fungal diversity and community structure to N deposition in both the roots and rhizosphere are still unclear. We collected root and soil samples from a Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation forest after four years of N addition and examined the community structure and assembly of AM fungi. Elevated N deposition decreased the AM fungal community diversity in both rhizosphere soil and roots. Glomeraceae was the dominant family of the AM fungal community in both soil and roots across all N addition treatments, followed by Gigasporaceae and Ambisporaceae. However, N addition induced differential variation in the community composition of AM fungi between soil and roots. For soil AM fungi, N addition decreased the Glomeraceae abundance and increased the Gigasporaceae and Ambisporaceae abundance. In contrast, the root AM fungal community was dominated by Glomeraceae under N addition treatments. Furthermore, N addition increased the deterministic community assembly that acted as an environmental filter for soil AM fungi. In contrast, N addition decreased the importance of determinism, implying that the selection of plants on root AM fungi decreased with increasing N addition. Altogether, our findings suggest that the community structure of AM fungi responds differently to N deposition in the soil and roots in subtropical forests and highlight the important role of soil AM fungi in helping host plants respond to N deposition.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Forestsarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Forests
    Article . 2023
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Forests
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Forestsarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Forests
      Article . 2023
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      Forests
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lei-Chen Lin; Hao-Yu Chen; Wan-Rou Lin;

    Root development is critical to successful establishment after seedlings are out-planted on a forest restoration site. However, the restoration of an endangered Cinnamomum kanehirae using cuttings was limited by the lack of axial roots. Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) are an important group of asexual filamentous ascomycetous fungi and could promote the performance of host plants. In the current study, we explored the effects of four DSE strains (Melnikomyces sp., Acrocalymma vagum, Wiesneriomyces sp., and Tricholomataceae sp.) on the growth of C. kanehirae cuttings under nursery conditions. The results show that four DSE isolates are able to form symbiotic relationships with C. kanehira, enhancing the seedling height, fresh weight, and chlorophyll concentrations. Notably, the Melnikomyces sp. (DB5) showed significant improvements, secreting peroxidase and indole acetic acid. To facilitate the detection of DB5 within the host roots, we developed specific primers (DB5-1F/DB5-1R). We recommend the adoption of the endophyte inoculation approach and molecular detection methods in forestry nurseries as valuable tools to enhance silvicultural practices and contribute to the conservation of C. kanehirae.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Forestsarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Forests
    Article . 2023
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    Forests
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Forestsarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Forests
      Article . 2023
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      Forests
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Aamir Sajjad Nasir; Muhammad Usman; Muhammad Ali Ijaz Malik; Asad Naeem Shah; +6 Authors

    Mineral oil resources are depleting rapidly, and the slower conventional oil biodegradation process results in environmental pollution. To resolve this issue, cupric oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (1% wt) were introduced into a base oil to improve the lubricating capability of castor oil. In addition, 1% wt. sodium dodecyl sulfate was also blended with the base oil in order to attain the maximum dispersion stability of CuO nanoparticles in the castor oil. Afterward, thermophysical property, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared radiation (FTIR) testing of the lubricant oil sample were performed before and after 100 h of engine operations at 75% throttle and 2200 rpm for each lubricant sample in order to check the capability of the novel oil with mineral oil. Compared with the natural mineral oil, the behavior of the CuO-based lubricant has essentially the same physical features, as measured according to ASTM standard methods. The physicochemical properties like (KV)40 °C, (KV)100 °C, FP, ash, and TBN decrease more in the case of the synthetic oil by 1.15, 1.11, 0.46, 1.1, and 1.2% than in the conventional oil, respectively. FTIR testing shows that the maximum peaks lie in the region of 500 to 1750 cm−1, which shows the presence of C=O, C-N, and C-Br to a maximum extent in the lubricant oil sample. AAS testing shows that the synthetic oil has 21.64, 3.23, 21.44, and 1.23% higher chromium, iron, aluminum, and zinc content. However, the copper and calcium content in the synthetic oil is 14.72 and 17.68%, respectively. It can be concluded that novel bio-lubricants can be utilized as an alternative to those applications that are powered by naturally produced mineral oil after adding suitable additives that further enhance their performance.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Firearrow_drop_down
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    Article . 2023
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    Fire
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Firearrow_drop_down
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      Fire
      Article . 2023
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      Fire
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Han-Chin Chang; Cheng-I Hsieh; Chin-Chung Yu; Yann-Jou Lin; +1 Authors

    Trails are important recreation settings; determining an appropriate trail usage amount to avoid unacceptable ecological impacts is important for protected areas. However, there is a lack of studies examining trail usage’s direct and indirect relationships and the influence of landscape-level conditions to evaluate ecological carrying capacity. This study integrated a path analysis model and stakeholder assessment to estimate the ecological carrying capacity of trails in a protected area. This study surveyed the biophysical environment along the trails and conducted a path analysis to establish the use–impact model for the trails in the study area. Based on the use–impact model, this study developed four-level usage scenarios and collected the stakeholders’ acceptance evaluation to determine the ecological carrying capacity range. The results showed that the weekly usage of the trails directly affected the soil hardness and plant coverage of the trail. The trail’s soil hardness directly affected the surrounding soil hardness, decreasing its plant coverage, while the vegetation type and slope also affected its plant cover. The stakeholders of the Mt. Xiaoguanyin Area reached a consensus on the ecological carrying capacity range, which was 288 to 404 total weekly hikers. The study results revealed the effect paths of the landscape-level conditions and usage impacts and provided managers with an implementable ecological carrying capacity. The estimation framework could be a reference for determining ecological carrying capacity in other protected areas.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Forestsarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Forests
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Forests
    Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Forestsarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Forests
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Forests
      Article . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Syuan-Lu Chen; Cheng-Hua Huang;

    Rice is an important staple crop influenced by rising CO2 and related climate change, but it is not well-known how N-fixing Azotobacter affects rice growth and yield under different CO2 concentrations. This study aimed to determine the effects of Azotobacter strains on the growth and yield of rice plants grown in two paddy soils under varying CO2 conditions. Rice plants inoculated with three Azotobacter strains were grown in a conventional rice soil (Dali) and an organic rice soil (Houlong) under 500 or 1000 ppm CO2. These three Azotobacter strains significantly increased the harvest index of rice plants grown in Dali soil under 1000 ppm CO2, but they did not significantly increase the harvest index for rice plants grown in Houlong soil under elevated CO2. Interestingly, only A. beijerinckii CHB 461 significantly promoted the thousand-grain weight of rice plants grown in both Dali and Houlong soils under elevated CO2. Dali soil had a high level of soil organic matter, exchangeable Ca and Mg, and available Cu and Zn, probably resulting in a better response of the rice plants to Azotobacter inoculation under elevated CO2. In conclusion, in the application of Azotobacter to promote rice growth and yield under future rising CO2 conditions, the soil properties and characteristics of Azotobacter strains may need to be considered.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agronomyarrow_drop_down
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    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Yu-Hsuan Chang; Yi-Ting Guo; Li-Chen Fu; Ming-Jang Chiu; +2 Authors

    In healthcare facilities, answering the questions from the patients and their companions about the health problems is regarded as an essential task. With the current shortage of medical personnel resources and an increase in the patient-to-clinician ratio, staff in the medical field have consequently devoted less time to answering questions for each patient. However, studies have shown that correct healthcare information can positively improve patients' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Therefore, delivering correct healthcare knowledge through a question-answering system is crucial. In this article, we develop an interactive healthcare question-answering system that uses attention-based models to answer healthcare-related questions. Attention-based transformer models are utilized to efficiently encode semantic meanings and extract the medical entities inside the user query individually. These two features are integrated through our designed fusion module to match against the pre-collected healthcare knowledge set, so that our system will finally give the most accurate response to the user in real-time. To improve the interactivity, we further introduce a recommendation module and an online web search module to provide potential questions and out-of-scope answers. Experimental results for question-answer retrieval show that the proposed method has the ability to retrieve the correct answer from the FAQ pairs in the healthcare domain. Thus, we believe that this application can bring more benefits to human beings.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao IEEE Journal of Biom...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao IEEE Journal of Biom...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Lixia Deng; Shunyan Cheung; Zhimeng Xu; Kailin Liu; +1 Authors

    AbstractUnicellular cyanobacterial diazotrophs (UCDs) are important nitrogen (N) fixers in marine ecosystems. However, the top‐down control on UCDs is poorly understood, especially for microzooplankton grazing that is often considered to be the dominant loss factor for primary production in oligotrophic oceans. In this study, we investigated the growth and microzooplankton grazing rates of the major UCD taxa (UCYN‐A1, UCYN‐A2/3/4, UCYN‐B, and UCYN‐C) in the South China Sea and the Luzon Strait using a combination of dilution experiments and quantitative PCR. All UCD taxa were actively grazed by microzooplankton, with higher grazing rates occurring in deeper layers of the photic zone. Microzooplankton grazing rates of UCDs were significantly higher than those of phytoplankton as whole, indicating that UCDs might be preferentially grazed by microzooplankton assemblages. The growth and microzooplankton grazing rates of UCDs were almost balanced, suggesting that a substantial amount of the UCD‐derived N is transferred through the food web via microzooplankton in these regions. Our study highlights the importance of microzooplankton grazing in the fate of UCD‐derived N and indicates that UCDs contribute significantly to the plankton food web in oligotrophic oceans where new N is mainly originated from dinitrogen fixation.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Geophysic...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Geophysic...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mohammad Pishahang; Stefan Jovcic; Sarfaraz Hashemkhani Zolfani; Vladimir Simic; +1 Authors

    The increasing frequency of wildfires has posed significant challenges to communities worldwide. The effectiveness of all aspects of disaster management depends on a credible estimation of the prevailing risk. Risk, the product of a hazard’s likelihood and its potential consequences, encompasses the probability of hazard occurrence, the exposure of assets to these hazards, existing vulnerabilities that amplify the consequences, and the capacity to manage, mitigate, and recover from their consequences. This paper employs the multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework, which produces reliable results and allows for the customization of the relative importance of factors based on expert opinions. Utilizing the AROMAN algorithm, the study ranks counties in the state of Arizona according to their wildfire risk, drawing upon 25 factors categorized into expected annual loss, community resilience, and social vulnerability. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates the stability of the results when model parameters are altered, reinforcing the robustness of this approach in disaster risk assessment. While the paper primarily focuses on enhancing the safety of human communities in the context of wildfires, it highlights the versatility of the methodology, which can be applied to other natural hazards and accommodate more subjective risk and safety assessments.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Firearrow_drop_down
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    Fire
    Article . 2023
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    Fire
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Fire
      Article . 2023
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      Fire
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Szu-Ju Wu; Eric Ng; Kai-Bo Lin; Yi-Hsin Cheng; +2 Authors

    Wetlands provide important ecological services and aesthetic value at the landscape level. A landscape that makes people feel or appreciate the beauty of nature and is ecologically healthy and aesthetically beautiful can elicit positive emotions for people that are exposed to such landscapes. This then translates into protective environmental behaviors. Despite the growing importance of wetland conservation and human sensitivities to landscapes, little is known about the relationship between wetland landscapes and responsible environmental behaviors (REBs). This study was conducted at the wetlands at Guandu Nature Park (GNP), Taipei, Taiwan, using a five-point Likert scale questionnaire. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to test three hypotheses aiming to examine the influence of (1) landscape preference on REBs, (2) landscape preference on place attachment, and (3) place attachment on REBs. The findings indicated individuals displayed environmentally friendly behaviors because of the healthy environmental conditions of GNP wetlands and that an individuals’ sense of place attachment was influenced by the beauty of these wetlands. In addition, place attachment had a mediating effect on landscape preference and REBs. This study contributes to the limited resources associated regarding the effects of wetland landscapes on REBs and provides a basis for future comparative studies.

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    Land
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Land
    Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Land
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Land
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tzu-Ning Yeh; Li-Wei Chou;

    With the development of science and technology, people are trying to use robots to assist in stroke rehabilitation training. This study aims to analyze the result of the formative test to provide the orientation of upper limb rehabilitation robot design optimization. We invited 21 physical therapists (PTs) and eight occupational therapists (OTs) who had no experience operating any upper limb rehabilitation robots before, and 4 PTs and 1 OT who had experience operating upper limb rehabilitation robots. Data statistics use the Likert scale. The general group scored 3.5 for safety-related topics, while the experience group scored 4.5. In applicability-related questions, the main function score was 2.3 in the general group and 2.4 in the experience group; and the training trajectory score was 3.5 in the general group and 5.0 in the experience group. The overall ease of use score was 3.1 in the general group and 3.6 in the experience group. There was no statistical difference between the two groups. The methods to retouch the trajectory can be designed through the feedback collected in the formative test and gathering further detail in the next test. Further details about the smooth trajectory must be confirmed in the next test. The optimization of the recording process is also important to prevent users from making additional effort to know it well.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sensorsarrow_drop_down
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    Sensors
    Article . 2023
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    Sensors
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sensors
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Yu Han; Zhiyuan Liu; Siyao Li; Faying Lai; +3 Authors

    Elevated nitrogen (N) deposition may stimulate a plant’s dependency on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in phosphorus (P)-deficient subtropical forests. However, the ecological assembly processes and the responses of AM fungal diversity and community structure to N deposition in both the roots and rhizosphere are still unclear. We collected root and soil samples from a Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation forest after four years of N addition and examined the community structure and assembly of AM fungi. Elevated N deposition decreased the AM fungal community diversity in both rhizosphere soil and roots. Glomeraceae was the dominant family of the AM fungal community in both soil and roots across all N addition treatments, followed by Gigasporaceae and Ambisporaceae. However, N addition induced differential variation in the community composition of AM fungi between soil and roots. For soil AM fungi, N addition decreased the Glomeraceae abundance and increased the Gigasporaceae and Ambisporaceae abundance. In contrast, the root AM fungal community was dominated by Glomeraceae under N addition treatments. Furthermore, N addition increased the deterministic community assembly that acted as an environmental filter for soil AM fungi. In contrast, N addition decreased the importance of determinism, implying that the selection of plants on root AM fungi decreased with increasing N addition. Altogether, our findings suggest that the community structure of AM fungi responds differently to N deposition in the soil and roots in subtropical forests and highlight the important role of soil AM fungi in helping host plants respond to N deposition.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Forestsarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Forests
    Article . 2023
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    Forests
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forests
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    Authors: Lei-Chen Lin; Hao-Yu Chen; Wan-Rou Lin;

    Root development is critical to successful establishment after seedlings are out-planted on a forest restoration site. However, the restoration of an endangered Cinnamomum kanehirae using cuttings was limited by the lack of axial roots. Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) are an important group of asexual filamentous ascomycetous fungi and could promote the performance of host plants. In the current study, we explored the effects of four DSE strains (Melnikomyces sp., Acrocalymma vagum, Wiesneriomyces sp., and Tricholomataceae sp.) on the growth of C. kanehirae cuttings under nursery conditions. The results show that four DSE isolates are able to form symbiotic relationships with C. kanehira, enhancing the seedling height, fresh weight, and chlorophyll concentrations. Notably, the Melnikomyces sp. (DB5) showed significant improvements, secreting peroxidase and indole acetic acid. To facilitate the detection of DB5 within the host roots, we developed specific primers (DB5-1F/DB5-1R). We recommend the adoption of the endophyte inoculation approach and molecular detection methods in forestry nurseries as valuable tools to enhance silvicultural practices and contribute to the conservation of C. kanehirae.

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    Forests
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      Forests
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Aamir Sajjad Nasir; Muhammad Usman; Muhammad Ali Ijaz Malik; Asad Naeem Shah; +6 Authors

    Mineral oil resources are depleting rapidly, and the slower conventional oil biodegradation process results in environmental pollution. To resolve this issue, cupric oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (1% wt) were introduced into a base oil to improve the lubricating capability of castor oil. In addition, 1% wt. sodium dodecyl sulfate was also blended with the base oil in order to attain the maximum dispersion stability of CuO nanoparticles in the castor oil. Afterward, thermophysical property, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared radiation (FTIR) testing of the lubricant oil sample were performed before and after 100 h of engine operations at 75% throttle and 2200 rpm for each lubricant sample in order to check the capability of the novel oil with mineral oil. Compared with the natural mineral oil, the behavior of the CuO-based lubricant has essentially the same physical features, as measured according to ASTM standard methods. The physicochemical properties like (KV)40 °C, (KV)100 °C, FP, ash, and TBN decrease more in the case of the synthetic oil by 1.15, 1.11, 0.46, 1.1, and 1.2% than in the conventional oil, respectively. FTIR testing shows that the maximum peaks lie in the region of 500 to 1750 cm−1, which shows the presence of C=O, C-N, and C-Br to a maximum extent in the lubricant oil sample. AAS testing shows that the synthetic oil has 21.64, 3.23, 21.44, and 1.23% higher chromium, iron, aluminum, and zinc content. However, the copper and calcium content in the synthetic oil is 14.72 and 17.68%, respectively. It can be concluded that novel bio-lubricants can be utilized as an alternative to those applications that are powered by naturally produced mineral oil after adding suitable additives that further enhance their performance.

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    Fire
    Article . 2023
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    Fire
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Fire
      Article . 2023
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      Fire
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Han-Chin Chang; Cheng-I Hsieh; Chin-Chung Yu; Yann-Jou Lin; +1 Authors

    Trails are important recreation settings; determining an appropriate trail usage amount to avoid unacceptable ecological impacts is important for protected areas. However, there is a lack of studies examining trail usage’s direct and indirect relationships and the influence of landscape-level conditions to evaluate ecological carrying capacity. This study integrated a path analysis model and stakeholder assessment to estimate the ecological carrying capacity of trails in a protected area. This study surveyed the biophysical environment along the trails and conducted a path analysis to establish the use–impact model for the trails in the study area. Based on the use–impact model, this study developed four-level usage scenarios and collected the stakeholders’ acceptance evaluation to determine the ecological carrying capacity range. The results showed that the weekly usage of the trails directly affected the soil hardness and plant coverage of the trail. The trail’s soil hardness directly affected the surrounding soil hardness, decreasing its plant coverage, while the vegetation type and slope also affected its plant cover. The stakeholders of the Mt. Xiaoguanyin Area reached a consensus on the ecological carrying capacity range, which was 288 to 404 total weekly hikers. The study results revealed the effect paths of the landscape-level conditions and usage impacts and provided managers with an implementable ecological carrying capacity. The estimation framework could be a reference for determining ecological carrying capacity in other protected areas.

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    Forests
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Forests
    Article . 2023
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      Forests
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forests
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Syuan-Lu Chen; Cheng-Hua Huang;

    Rice is an important staple crop influenced by rising CO2 and related climate change, but it is not well-known how N-fixing Azotobacter affects rice growth and yield under different CO2 concentrations. This study aimed to determine the effects of Azotobacter strains on the growth and yield of rice plants grown in two paddy soils under varying CO2 conditions. Rice plants inoculated with three Azotobacter strains were grown in a conventional rice soil (Dali) and an organic rice soil (Houlong) under 500 or 1000 ppm CO2. These three Azotobacter strains significantly increased the harvest index of rice plants grown in Dali soil under 1000 ppm CO2, but they did not significantly increase the harvest index for rice plants grown in Houlong soil under elevated CO2. Interestingly, only A. beijerinckii CHB 461 significantly promoted the thousand-grain weight of rice plants grown in both Dali and Houlong soils under elevated CO2. Dali soil had a high level of soil organic matter, exchangeable Ca and Mg, and available Cu and Zn, probably resulting in a better response of the rice plants to Azotobacter inoculation under elevated CO2. In conclusion, in the application of Azotobacter to promote rice growth and yield under future rising CO2 conditions, the soil properties and characteristics of Azotobacter strains may need to be considered.

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    Agronomy
    Article . 2023
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    Agronomy
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agronomy
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Yu-Hsuan Chang; Yi-Ting Guo; Li-Chen Fu; Ming-Jang Chiu; +2 Authors

    In healthcare facilities, answering the questions from the patients and their companions about the health problems is regarded as an essential task. With the current shortage of medical personnel resources and an increase in the patient-to-clinician ratio, staff in the medical field have consequently devoted less time to answering questions for each patient. However, studies have shown that correct healthcare information can positively improve patients' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Therefore, delivering correct healthcare knowledge through a question-answering system is crucial. In this article, we develop an interactive healthcare question-answering system that uses attention-based models to answer healthcare-related questions. Attention-based transformer models are utilized to efficiently encode semantic meanings and extract the medical entities inside the user query individually. These two features are integrated through our designed fusion module to match against the pre-collected healthcare knowledge set, so that our system will finally give the most accurate response to the user in real-time. To improve the interactivity, we further introduce a recommendation module and an online web search module to provide potential questions and out-of-scope answers. Experimental results for question-answer retrieval show that the proposed method has the ability to retrieve the correct answer from the FAQ pairs in the healthcare domain. Thus, we believe that this application can bring more benefits to human beings.

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    IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Lixia Deng; Shunyan Cheung; Zhimeng Xu; Kailin Liu; +1 Authors

    AbstractUnicellular cyanobacterial diazotrophs (UCDs) are important nitrogen (N) fixers in marine ecosystems. However, the top‐down control on UCDs is poorly understood, especially for microzooplankton grazing that is often considered to be the dominant loss factor for primary production in oligotrophic oceans. In this study, we investigated the growth and microzooplankton grazing rates of the major UCD taxa (UCYN‐A1, UCYN‐A2/3/4, UCYN‐B, and UCYN‐C) in the South China Sea and the Luzon Strait using a combination of dilution experiments and quantitative PCR. All UCD taxa were actively grazed by microzooplankton, with higher grazing rates occurring in deeper layers of the photic zone. Microzooplankton grazing rates of UCDs were significantly higher than those of phytoplankton as whole, indicating that UCDs might be preferentially grazed by microzooplankton assemblages. The growth and microzooplankton grazing rates of UCDs were almost balanced, suggesting that a substantial amount of the UCD‐derived N is transferred through the food web via microzooplankton in these regions. Our study highlights the importance of microzooplankton grazing in the fate of UCD‐derived N and indicates that UCDs contribute significantly to the plankton food web in oligotrophic oceans where new N is mainly originated from dinitrogen fixation.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Mohammad Pishahang; Stefan Jovcic; Sarfaraz Hashemkhani Zolfani; Vladimir Simic; +1 Authors

    The increasing frequency of wildfires has posed significant challenges to communities worldwide. The effectiveness of all aspects of disaster management depends on a credible estimation of the prevailing risk. Risk, the product of a hazard’s likelihood and its potential consequences, encompasses the probability of hazard occurrence, the exposure of assets to these hazards, existing vulnerabilities that amplify the consequences, and the capacity to manage, mitigate, and recover from their consequences. This paper employs the multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework, which produces reliable results and allows for the customization of the relative importance of factors based on expert opinions. Utilizing the AROMAN algorithm, the study ranks counties in the state of Arizona according to their wildfire risk, drawing upon 25 factors categorized into expected annual loss, community resilience, and social vulnerability. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates the stability of the results when model parameters are altered, reinforcing the robustness of this approach in disaster risk assessment. While the paper primarily focuses on enhancing the safety of human communities in the context of wildfires, it highlights the versatility of the methodology, which can be applied to other natural hazards and accommodate more subjective risk and safety assessments.

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    Fire
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    Fire
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      Fire
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    Authors: Szu-Ju Wu; Eric Ng; Kai-Bo Lin; Yi-Hsin Cheng; +2 Authors

    Wetlands provide important ecological services and aesthetic value at the landscape level. A landscape that makes people feel or appreciate the beauty of nature and is ecologically healthy and aesthetically beautiful can elicit positive emotions for people that are exposed to such landscapes. This then translates into protective environmental behaviors. Despite the growing importance of wetland conservation and human sensitivities to landscapes, little is known about the relationship between wetland landscapes and responsible environmental behaviors (REBs). This study was conducted at the wetlands at Guandu Nature Park (GNP), Taipei, Taiwan, using a five-point Likert scale questionnaire. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to test three hypotheses aiming to examine the influence of (1) landscape preference on REBs, (2) landscape preference on place attachment, and (3) place attachment on REBs. The findings indicated individuals displayed environmentally friendly behaviors because of the healthy environmental conditions of GNP wetlands and that an individuals’ sense of place attachment was influenced by the beauty of these wetlands. In addition, place attachment had a mediating effect on landscape preference and REBs. This study contributes to the limited resources associated regarding the effects of wetland landscapes on REBs and provides a basis for future comparative studies.

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    Land
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Tzu-Ning Yeh; Li-Wei Chou;

    With the development of science and technology, people are trying to use robots to assist in stroke rehabilitation training. This study aims to analyze the result of the formative test to provide the orientation of upper limb rehabilitation robot design optimization. We invited 21 physical therapists (PTs) and eight occupational therapists (OTs) who had no experience operating any upper limb rehabilitation robots before, and 4 PTs and 1 OT who had experience operating upper limb rehabilitation robots. Data statistics use the Likert scale. The general group scored 3.5 for safety-related topics, while the experience group scored 4.5. In applicability-related questions, the main function score was 2.3 in the general group and 2.4 in the experience group; and the training trajectory score was 3.5 in the general group and 5.0 in the experience group. The overall ease of use score was 3.1 in the general group and 3.6 in the experience group. There was no statistical difference between the two groups. The methods to retouch the trajectory can be designed through the feedback collected in the formative test and gathering further detail in the next test. Further details about the smooth trajectory must be confirmed in the next test. The optimization of the recording process is also important to prevent users from making additional effort to know it well.

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    Sensors
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    Sensors
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2023
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