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  • Rural Digital Europe
  • Publications
  • 5. Gender equality

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Castellanza, Luca;

    Abstract Collective entrepreneurship has been found to alleviate extreme poverty by helping poor individuals integrate into their societies and overcome their multiple intertwined liabilities. We complement this line of inquiry by exploring the conditions under which group structures may instead reinforce economic and gendered poverty constraints. We conducted grounded-theoretical interviews with 104 women entrepreneurs operating in farming cooperatives and non-farm groups in war-torn South-West Cameroon. Analysing our data through a constitutive lens, we found that discipline, the extent to which rules determine and control individual behaviours, helps poor women overcome extreme economic constraints but prevents them from attaining prosperity and emancipation.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Maynooth University ...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Maynooth University ...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sagalova, Vera; Garcia, Jonathan; Kapeu, Aline Simen; Ntambi, John; +2 Authors

    Background Early marriage and maternity prevalence rates among adolescent girls remain alarmingly high in West and Central Africa (WCA). This study aims to explore the associations between socio-economic factors and the prevalence of early marriage and maternity, thus contributing to the identification of girls at risk of early pregnancy or marriage. Methods We pooled data from national representative surveys (1986 – 2017) for 23 countries in WCA to examine associations between wealth, educational attainment, religious affiliation, and place of residence with adolescent marriage and maternity. We decomposed the wealth and education gradients for individual countries, while controlling for common characteristics of the local environment via the use of primary sampling unit fixed-effects. The pooled sample provides information on 262 721 girls (age 15-19 years). Survey weights and population share weights were used in the estimations. Results The prevalence of adolescent maternity and marriage exhibited a wealth and education gradient. Prevalence of marriage in the poorest wealth quintile was 41.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 38.8%-43.5%) and 10.5% (95% CI = 9.5%-11.6%) in the richest. For maternity it was 38.3% (95% CI = 36.4%-40.3%) in the poorest quintile and 12.7% (95% CI = 11.5%-13.9%) in the richest. Marriage/maternity is three/two times more likely to occur among girls with incomplete primary or no formal education than in those with at least primary. Maternity and marriage among adolescents exhibit a geographical pattern and differences between religious groups. Adolescent marriage prevalence was 34.4% (95% CI = 32.9%-35.8%) in rural areas compared to 13.3% (95% CI = 12.3%-14.2%) in urban areas. Adolescent maternity prevalence was 32.8% (95% CI = 31.7%-33.9%) in rural compared to 16.3% (95% CI = 15.3%-17.3%) in urban areas. Finally, the prevalence of adolescent marriage was substantially higher among Muslims compared to all other religious groups. Conclusions Our results highlight the disparities in the prevalence of adolescent marriage and maternity and confirm the existence of wealth and education gradients. These findings can help to improve targeting of vulnerable adolescents and to identify areas for policy implementation.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Europe PubMed Centra...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Journal of Global Health
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Europe PubMed Centra...arrow_drop_down
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      Journal of Global Health
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Kezhong Zhang; Fan He; Yuanyuan Ma;

    While sex ratios (i.e., relative numbers of men and women) have been linked to various economic and social outcomes, how sex ratios affect mental health is underexplored. Using nationally representative data from the China Family Panel studies (CFPS) and Population Census, we evaluate the impact of sex ratios on mental health among Chinese men and explore potential mechanisms. Employing the instrumental variables (IV) approach where the One-Child Policy's mandated fertility limits and implementation are used as exogenous variations in local sex ratios, we find that higher local sex ratios increase depressive symptoms and probability of depression among Chinese men. The impact is stronger for men with lower levels of education and living in rural areas. Analyses of potential mechanisms show that higher sex ratios increase the likelihood of marriage delay and unemployment for men, and prolong working hours for the employed men. The findings are of direct relevance to the health and population policy in China.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Economics & Human Bi...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Economics & Human Biology
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Economics & Human Bi...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Economics & Human Biology
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Comer, Clémentine;

    This article examines the familist foundations of the parenting and domestic practices promoted by women farmers. Their adherence to a strict division of gender roles is morally defended and collectively prescribed, functioning both as an identity resource and a lever for political expression for professionally downgraded women within the agricultural sector. Immersive work within women’s agricultural development groups and interviews with their members reveal a quest for respectability that relies on promoting family values and the respect of gender norms. By making themselves the spokespersons for family order and for an allegedly authentic and virtuous agricultural cultural model, women farmers are thus inventing honorable forms of commitment which, though they are not open forms of protest, are no less defensive.; Cet article s’intéresse aux fondements familialistes des pratiques parentales et domestiques promues par les agricultrices. À la fois ressource identitaire et levier d’expression politique pour des femmes professionnellement déclassées au sein de l’espace agricole, l’adhésion à une stricte division des rôles sexués est moralement défendue et collectivement prescrite. L’immersion auprès de groupes de développement agricole féminins et la réalisation d’entretiens avec leurs participantes donnent ainsi à voir une quête de respectabilité bâtie sur la promotion d’une morale familiale et le respect des normes de genre. En se faisant les porte-voix d’un ordre familial et d’un modèle culturel agricole présumé authentique et vertueux, les agricultrices inventent ainsi des formes honorables d’engagements qui, sans être ouvertement contestataires, n’en sont pas moins défensives.

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    Authors: Jenni E. Pettay; Virpi Lummaa; Robert Lynch; John Loehr;

    Abstract Because sex ratios are a key factor regulating mating success and subsequent fitness both across and within species, there is widespread interest in how population-wide sex ratio imbalances affect marriage markets and the formation of families in human societies. Although most modern cities have more women than men and suffer from low fertility rates, the effects of female-biased sex ratios have garnered less attention than male-biased ratios. Here, we analyze how sex ratios are linked to marriages, reproductive histories, dispersal, and urbanization by taking advantage of a natural experiment in which an entire population was forcibly displaced during World War II to other local Finnish populations of varying sizes and sex ratios. Using a discrete time-event generalized linear mixed-effects model, and including factors that change across time, such as annual sex ratio, we show how sex ratios, reproduction, and migration are connected in a female-dominated environment. Young childless women migrated toward urban centers where work was available to women, and away from male-biased rural areas. In such areas where there were more females, women were less likely to start reproduction. Despite this constraint, women showed little flexibility in mate choice, with no evidence for an increase in partner age difference in female-biased areas. We propose that together these behaviors and conditions combine to generate an “urban fertility trap” which may have important consequences for our understanding of the fertility dynamics of today including the current fertility decline across the developed world. We investigate how the local sex ratios (number of men for each woman) affected women’s decisions to marry, reproduce, and disperse after the Second World War in Finland in a population of forced migrants. We find that women in urban areas were less likely to start families when the sex ratio was more female-biased, and women were more likely to move away from rural to urban areas, presumably to pursue opportunities created from urbanization. Together, these behaviors and conditions combine to generate an “urban fertility trap” which may have important consequences for understanding the fertility decline among current urbanizing populations.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Behavioral Ecologyarrow_drop_down
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    Behavioral Ecology
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    Behavioral Ecology
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Behavioral Ecologyarrow_drop_down
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      Behavioral Ecology
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      Behavioral Ecology
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Pantović Ljiljana;

    Anthropological research on post-socialism points to the need for informal relations when navigating social and health care systems, while feminist research on childbirth points out the negative consequences of the dominant medicalized model of childbirth on women’s experience. This paper combines these two types of research and points to the role of informal relations in negotiating childbirth in Serbia and the role of peoples social positioning influencing the possibilities of using these relations. Based on eighteen months of ethnographic fieldwork on the practices of providing maternal health care in Serbia, the aim of this paper is to show how a woman's social position affects her ability to establish a relationship within the state health care system, and to reconsider the claim that informal relationships can protect women from interventionism during childbirth in Serbia. Using informal relations (veze) in order to have your doctor during childbirth is a key concern for women in Serbia. Informal relations transform women from (no)bodies into somebodies, someone’s patient. Women of poorer economic status, women from rural areas, and often women of Roma ethnic origin have limited opportunities to establish informal relations in state maternity hospitals. Informal relations do not fully protect women from interventions but affect the type and timing of interventions. Key words: childbirth, Serbia, informal relations, technocratic model of birth, social positioning

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Glasnik Etnografskog...arrow_drop_down
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    Glasnik Etnografskog Instituta SANU
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Glasnik Etnografskog Instituta SANU
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      Glasnik Etnografskog Instituta SANU
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    Authors: Elena Andina Díaz; Maria de Fátima da Silva Vieira Martins; José Siles-González;

    Objetivo: Describir las creencias y prácticas culturales relacionadas con la alimentación durante el embarazo y puerperio en mujeres adultas (mayores de 60 años) en dos culturas diferentes, aplicando el Modelo de Tradiciones de Salud. Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo. Participaron 16 mujeres residentes durante su embarazo/parto/puerperio en un área rural de Braga (Portugal), o León (España). La técnica de recogida de información fue la entrevista semiestructurada. Se hizo un análisis de contenido, siguiendo el Modelo de Tradiciones de Salud. Resultados: Se identificaron creencias y prácticas relacionadas con la alimentación, encaminadas a proteger, mantener y recuperar la salud de la madre/recién nacido, desde la esfera física/mental/espiritual (9 dimensiones interrelacionadas). Conclusión: Se describieron creencias y prácticas alimentarias en embarazo/puerperio de mujeres mayores, constatando el papel de la cultura en las mismas. Se consideraron 9 dimensiones interrelacionadas, y el rol relevante de familiares/allegadas. Estos datos pueden ayudarnos a planificar acciones de salud maternal en la actualidad, participativas (familia/comunidad), corregir ciertas prácticas, y proporcionar cuidados congruentes con la cultura de las mujeres. Ello puede ayudar a transformar creencias, o valores y actitudes que incardinan una determinada forma cultural en la enfermería. Objective: To describe the cultural beliefs and practices related to food during pregnancy and the puerperium in adult women (over 60 years old) in two different cultures by applying the Health Traditions Model. Method: A qualitative study was carried out with the participation of 16 women resident during their pregnancy / childbirth / puerperium in a rural area of Braga (Portugal), and León (Spain). The information collection technique was the semi-structured interview. A content analysis was made, following the Health Traditions Model. Results: Beliefs and dietary practices related to feeding were identified, aimed at protecting, maintaining and recovering the health of the mother / newborn, from the physical / mental / spiritual sphere (9 interrelated dimensions). Conclusion: Eating beliefs and practices in pregnancy / puerperium of older women were described, confirming the role of culture in them. 9 interrelated dimensions were considered, as well as the relevant role of family / relatives. These data can help us plan for current, participatory (family / community) maternal health actions, correct certain practices, and provide care consistent with the culture of women. This can help transform beliefs, or values and attitudes that embody a certain cultural form in nursing.

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    Authors: Minter, T.;

    Key messages • Gender inequality and gender-based violence are major development issues throughout Solomon Islands. • Injustices against women and girls are particularly pronounced in the logging sector. • Solomon Islands is making important advances towards designing policies that aim to achieve gender equity, but these advances are yet to become visible within the forestry sector. • This info brief summarizes research on the impacts of logging operations on Solomon Islands’ women and girls. • It calls for the development of legislation, policy and practice that ensures gender equity in logging operations and offers recommendations for doing so. • The National Forest Policy and ongoing review of the Forest Resources and Timber Utilization Act provide important opportunities to address the gender injustices that characterize the Solomon Islands’ logging sector.

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    Article . Book . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Zequinão, Marcela Almeida; Pereira, Beatriz; Trevisol, Maria Teresa Ceron;

    O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar o bullying e suas associa-ções com variáveis sociodemográficas de adolescentes do interior de SC. Em relação ao método, participaram 539 adolescentes do Oeste de SC. As variáveis sociodemográficas e os papéis de participação no bullyingforam identificados pelo Questionário de Olweus. Como resultado, veri-ficaram-se 22,8% de ocorrência de bullying com vítimas, agressores e ví-timas agressoras. Papéis no bullying associaram-se ao sexo e prática de atividade física. Como consequência disso, os meninos mais envolvidos em todos os papéis, os agressores e as vítimas-agressoras, praticavam mais atividade física. Disso, conclui-se que a participação no bullying em cidades do interior é semelhante à nacional. Ressalta-se a importância de direcionamento das atividades físicas de forma assertiva para com-bater o bullying. Objetivo: analizar el bullying y las asociaciones con variables sociodemográficas de adolescentes del interior de SC. Método: participaron 539 adolescentes del Oeste de SC. Variables sociodemográficas y papeles de participación en el bullying fueron identificados por el Cuestionario de Olweus. Resultado: se verificó 22,8% de ocurrencia de bullying con víctimas, agresores y víctimas-agresoras. Papeles en el bullying se asociaron a sexo y práctica de actividad física, con los niños más involucrados en todos los papeles y los agresores y las víctimas-agresoras los que más practicaban actividad física. Conclusión: participación en el bullying en ciudades del interior es similar a la nacional. Se resalta la importancia de dirigir las actividades físicas de forma asertiva Aim: to analyze bullying and associations with sociodemographic variables of adolescents from the countryside of SC. Method: 539 adolescents from Western SC participated. The sociodemographic variables and the roles of participation in bullying were identified by the Olweus Questionnaire. Result: there was a 22.8% occurrence of bullying with victims, bullies and bully-victims. Roles in bullying were associated with sex and physical activity, with the boys most involved in all roles and the bullies and the bully-victims who practiced the most physical activity. Conclusion: The participation in bullying in countryside cities is similar to national. The importance of directing physical activities in an assertive way to combat bullying is emphasized Fundos nacionais através da FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) no âmbito do projeto do CIEC (Centro de Investigação em Estudos da Criança) da Universidade do Minho, com a referência UIDB/00317/2020

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    Authors: Schön, Sandra; Rosenova, Margarethe; Ebner, Martin; Grandl, Maria;

    Several biases and thresholds challenge the reach of girls in technology-related activities. For this poster we collected and structured existing research and good practices on how to reach girls within projects in the field educational robotics, makerspaces, coding and STEM in general. The poster presents general guidelines for future activities with a potential higher rate of participating girls in makerspace settings. The guidelines suggest: Announce maker activity gender-sensitive; set girls' quota and low thresholds; integrate female tutors and role models; give collaborative prompts and assignments; apply gender mainstreaming in makerspaces. Poster presented at the EduRobotics Conference 2018 - Educational Robotics in the Context of the Maker Movement, 12 October 2018, Rome, Italy.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Castellanza, Luca;

    Abstract Collective entrepreneurship has been found to alleviate extreme poverty by helping poor individuals integrate into their societies and overcome their multiple intertwined liabilities. We complement this line of inquiry by exploring the conditions under which group structures may instead reinforce economic and gendered poverty constraints. We conducted grounded-theoretical interviews with 104 women entrepreneurs operating in farming cooperatives and non-farm groups in war-torn South-West Cameroon. Analysing our data through a constitutive lens, we found that discipline, the extent to which rules determine and control individual behaviours, helps poor women overcome extreme economic constraints but prevents them from attaining prosperity and emancipation.

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    Authors: Sagalova, Vera; Garcia, Jonathan; Kapeu, Aline Simen; Ntambi, John; +2 Authors

    Background Early marriage and maternity prevalence rates among adolescent girls remain alarmingly high in West and Central Africa (WCA). This study aims to explore the associations between socio-economic factors and the prevalence of early marriage and maternity, thus contributing to the identification of girls at risk of early pregnancy or marriage. Methods We pooled data from national representative surveys (1986 – 2017) for 23 countries in WCA to examine associations between wealth, educational attainment, religious affiliation, and place of residence with adolescent marriage and maternity. We decomposed the wealth and education gradients for individual countries, while controlling for common characteristics of the local environment via the use of primary sampling unit fixed-effects. The pooled sample provides information on 262 721 girls (age 15-19 years). Survey weights and population share weights were used in the estimations. Results The prevalence of adolescent maternity and marriage exhibited a wealth and education gradient. Prevalence of marriage in the poorest wealth quintile was 41.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 38.8%-43.5%) and 10.5% (95% CI = 9.5%-11.6%) in the richest. For maternity it was 38.3% (95% CI = 36.4%-40.3%) in the poorest quintile and 12.7% (95% CI = 11.5%-13.9%) in the richest. Marriage/maternity is three/two times more likely to occur among girls with incomplete primary or no formal education than in those with at least primary. Maternity and marriage among adolescents exhibit a geographical pattern and differences between religious groups. Adolescent marriage prevalence was 34.4% (95% CI = 32.9%-35.8%) in rural areas compared to 13.3% (95% CI = 12.3%-14.2%) in urban areas. Adolescent maternity prevalence was 32.8% (95% CI = 31.7%-33.9%) in rural compared to 16.3% (95% CI = 15.3%-17.3%) in urban areas. Finally, the prevalence of adolescent marriage was substantially higher among Muslims compared to all other religious groups. Conclusions Our results highlight the disparities in the prevalence of adolescent marriage and maternity and confirm the existence of wealth and education gradients. These findings can help to improve targeting of vulnerable adolescents and to identify areas for policy implementation.

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    Journal of Global Health
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Global Health
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Kezhong Zhang; Fan He; Yuanyuan Ma;

    While sex ratios (i.e., relative numbers of men and women) have been linked to various economic and social outcomes, how sex ratios affect mental health is underexplored. Using nationally representative data from the China Family Panel studies (CFPS) and Population Census, we evaluate the impact of sex ratios on mental health among Chinese men and explore potential mechanisms. Employing the instrumental variables (IV) approach where the One-Child Policy's mandated fertility limits and implementation are used as exogenous variations in local sex ratios, we find that higher local sex ratios increase depressive symptoms and probability of depression among Chinese men. The impact is stronger for men with lower levels of education and living in rural areas. Analyses of potential mechanisms show that higher sex ratios increase the likelihood of marriage delay and unemployment for men, and prolong working hours for the employed men. The findings are of direct relevance to the health and population policy in China.

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    Economics & Human Biology
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Economics & Human Biology
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  • Authors: Comer, Clémentine;

    This article examines the familist foundations of the parenting and domestic practices promoted by women farmers. Their adherence to a strict division of gender roles is morally defended and collectively prescribed, functioning both as an identity resource and a lever for political expression for professionally downgraded women within the agricultural sector. Immersive work within women’s agricultural development groups and interviews with their members reveal a quest for respectability that relies on promoting family values and the respect of gender norms. By making themselves the spokespersons for family order and for an allegedly authentic and virtuous agricultural cultural model, women farmers are thus inventing honorable forms of commitment which, though they are not open forms of protest, are no less defensive.; Cet article s’intéresse aux fondements familialistes des pratiques parentales et domestiques promues par les agricultrices. À la fois ressource identitaire et levier d’expression politique pour des femmes professionnellement déclassées au sein de l’espace agricole, l’adhésion à une stricte division des rôles sexués est moralement défendue et collectivement prescrite. L’immersion auprès de groupes de développement agricole féminins et la réalisation d’entretiens avec leurs participantes donnent ainsi à voir une quête de respectabilité bâtie sur la promotion d’une morale familiale et le respect des normes de genre. En se faisant les porte-voix d’un ordre familial et d’un modèle culturel agricole présumé authentique et vertueux, les agricultrices inventent ainsi des formes honorables d’engagements qui, sans être ouvertement contestataires, n’en sont pas moins défensives.

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    Authors: Jenni E. Pettay; Virpi Lummaa; Robert Lynch; John Loehr;

    Abstract Because sex ratios are a key factor regulating mating success and subsequent fitness both across and within species, there is widespread interest in how population-wide sex ratio imbalances affect marriage markets and the formation of families in human societies. Although most modern cities have more women than men and suffer from low fertility rates, the effects of female-biased sex ratios have garnered less attention than male-biased ratios. Here, we analyze how sex ratios are linked to marriages, reproductive histories, dispersal, and urbanization by taking advantage of a natural experiment in which an entire population was forcibly displaced during World War II to other local Finnish populations of varying sizes and sex ratios. Using a discrete time-event generalized linear mixed-effects model, and including factors that change across time, such as annual sex ratio, we show how sex ratios, reproduction, and migration are connected in a female-dominated environment. Young childless women migrated toward urban centers where work was available to women, and away from male-biased rural areas. In such areas where there were more females, women were less likely to start reproduction. Despite this constraint, women showed little flexibility in mate choice, with no evidence for an increase in partner age difference in female-biased areas. We propose that together these behaviors and conditions combine to generate an “urban fertility trap” which may have important consequences for our understanding of the fertility dynamics of today including the current fertility decline across the developed world. We investigate how the local sex ratios (number of men for each woman) affected women’s decisions to marry, reproduce, and disperse after the Second World War in Finland in a population of forced migrants. We find that women in urban areas were less likely to start families when the sex ratio was more female-biased, and women were more likely to move away from rural to urban areas, presumably to pursue opportunities created from urbanization. Together, these behaviors and conditions combine to generate an “urban fertility trap” which may have important consequences for understanding the fertility decline among current urbanizing populations.

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    Behavioral Ecology
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    Behavioral Ecology
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Behavioral Ecology
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      Behavioral Ecology
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    Authors: Pantović Ljiljana;

    Anthropological research on post-socialism points to the need for informal relations when navigating social and health care systems, while feminist research on childbirth points out the negative consequences of the dominant medicalized model of childbirth on women’s experience. This paper combines these two types of research and points to the role of informal relations in negotiating childbirth in Serbia and the role of peoples social positioning influencing the possibilities of using these relations. Based on eighteen months of ethnographic fieldwork on the practices of providing maternal health care in Serbia, the aim of this paper is to show how a woman's social position affects her ability to establish a relationship within the state health care system, and to reconsider the claim that informal relationships can protect women from interventionism during childbirth in Serbia. Using informal relations (veze) in order to have your doctor during childbirth is a key concern for women in Serbia. Informal relations transform women from (no)bodies into somebodies, someone’s patient. Women of poorer economic status, women from rural areas, and often women of Roma ethnic origin have limited opportunities to establish informal relations in state maternity hospitals. Informal relations do not fully protect women from interventions but affect the type and timing of interventions. Key words: childbirth, Serbia, informal relations, technocratic model of birth, social positioning

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    DOAJ
    Article . 2021
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    Glasnik Etnografskog Instituta SANU
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Elena Andina Díaz; Maria de Fátima da Silva Vieira Martins; José Siles-González;

    Objetivo: Describir las creencias y prácticas culturales relacionadas con la alimentación durante el embarazo y puerperio en mujeres adultas (mayores de 60 años) en dos culturas diferentes, aplicando el Modelo de Tradiciones de Salud. Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo. Participaron 16 mujeres residentes durante su embarazo/parto/puerperio en un área rural de Braga (Portugal), o León (España). La técnica de recogida de información fue la entrevista semiestructurada. Se hizo un análisis de contenido, siguiendo el Modelo de Tradiciones de Salud. Resultados: Se identificaron creencias y prácticas relacionadas con la alimentación, encaminadas a proteger, mantener y recuperar la salud de la madre/recién nacido, desde la esfera física/mental/espiritual (9 dimensiones interrelacionadas). Conclusión: Se describieron creencias y prácticas alimentarias en embarazo/puerperio de mujeres mayores, constatando el papel de la cultura en las mismas. Se consideraron 9 dimensiones interrelacionadas, y el rol relevante de familiares/allegadas. Estos datos pueden ayudarnos a planificar acciones de salud maternal en la actualidad, participativas (familia/comunidad), corregir ciertas prácticas, y proporcionar cuidados congruentes con la cultura de las mujeres. Ello puede ayudar a transformar creencias, o valores y actitudes que incardinan una determinada forma cultural en la enfermería. Objective: To describe the cultural beliefs and practices related to food during pregnancy and the puerperium in adult women (over 60 years old) in two different cultures by applying the Health Traditions Model. Method: A qualitative study was carried out with the participation of 16 women resident during their pregnancy / childbirth / puerperium in a rural area of Braga (Portugal), and León (Spain). The information collection technique was the semi-structured interview. A content analysis was made, following the Health Traditions Model. Results: Beliefs and dietary practices related to feeding were identified, aimed at protecting, maintaining and recovering the health of the mother / newborn, from the physical / mental / spiritual sphere (9 interrelated dimensions). Conclusion: Eating beliefs and practices in pregnancy / puerperium of older women were described, confirming the role of culture in them. 9 interrelated dimensions were considered, as well as the relevant role of family / relatives. These data can help us plan for current, participatory (family / community) maternal health actions, correct certain practices, and provide care consistent with the culture of women. This can help transform beliefs, or values and attitudes that embody a certain cultural form in nursing.

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    Authors: Minter, T.;

    Key messages • Gender inequality and gender-based violence are major development issues throughout Solomon Islands. • Injustices against women and girls are particularly pronounced in the logging sector. • Solomon Islands is making important advances towards designing policies that aim to achieve gender equity, but these advances are yet to become visible within the forestry sector. • This info brief summarizes research on the impacts of logging operations on Solomon Islands’ women and girls. • It calls for the development of legislation, policy and practice that ensures gender equity in logging operations and offers recommendations for doing so. • The National Forest Policy and ongoing review of the Forest Resources and Timber Utilization Act provide important opportunities to address the gender injustices that characterize the Solomon Islands’ logging sector.

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    Authors: Zequinão, Marcela Almeida; Pereira, Beatriz; Trevisol, Maria Teresa Ceron;

    O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar o bullying e suas associa-ções com variáveis sociodemográficas de adolescentes do interior de SC. Em relação ao método, participaram 539 adolescentes do Oeste de SC. As variáveis sociodemográficas e os papéis de participação no bullyingforam identificados pelo Questionário de Olweus. Como resultado, veri-ficaram-se 22,8% de ocorrência de bullying com vítimas, agressores e ví-timas agressoras. Papéis no bullying associaram-se ao sexo e prática de atividade física. Como consequência disso, os meninos mais envolvidos em todos os papéis, os agressores e as vítimas-agressoras, praticavam mais atividade física. Disso, conclui-se que a participação no bullying em cidades do interior é semelhante à nacional. Ressalta-se a importância de direcionamento das atividades físicas de forma assertiva para com-bater o bullying. Objetivo: analizar el bullying y las asociaciones con variables sociodemográficas de adolescentes del interior de SC. Método: participaron 539 adolescentes del Oeste de SC. Variables sociodemográficas y papeles de participación en el bullying fueron identificados por el Cuestionario de Olweus. Resultado: se verificó 22,8% de ocurrencia de bullying con víctimas, agresores y víctimas-agresoras. Papeles en el bullying se asociaron a sexo y práctica de actividad física, con los niños más involucrados en todos los papeles y los agresores y las víctimas-agresoras los que más practicaban actividad física. Conclusión: participación en el bullying en ciudades del interior es similar a la nacional. Se resalta la importancia de dirigir las actividades físicas de forma asertiva Aim: to analyze bullying and associations with sociodemographic variables of adolescents from the countryside of SC. Method: 539 adolescents from Western SC participated. The sociodemographic variables and the roles of participation in bullying were identified by the Olweus Questionnaire. Result: there was a 22.8% occurrence of bullying with victims, bullies and bully-victims. Roles in bullying were associated with sex and physical activity, with the boys most involved in all roles and the bullies and the bully-victims who practiced the most physical activity. Conclusion: The participation in bullying in countryside cities is similar to national. The importance of directing physical activities in an assertive way to combat bullying is emphasized Fundos nacionais através da FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) no âmbito do projeto do CIEC (Centro de Investigação em Estudos da Criança) da Universidade do Minho, com a referência UIDB/00317/2020

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    Authors: Schön, Sandra; Rosenova, Margarethe; Ebner, Martin; Grandl, Maria;

    Several biases and thresholds challenge the reach of girls in technology-related activities. For this poster we collected and structured existing research and good practices on how to reach girls within projects in the field educational robotics, makerspaces, coding and STEM in general. The poster presents general guidelines for future activities with a potential higher rate of participating girls in makerspace settings. The guidelines suggest: Announce maker activity gender-sensitive; set girls' quota and low thresholds; integrate female tutors and role models; give collaborative prompts and assignments; apply gender mainstreaming in makerspaces. Poster presented at the EduRobotics Conference 2018 - Educational Robotics in the Context of the Maker Movement, 12 October 2018, Rome, Italy.

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