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Resumen La co-evolución de plantas, ambientes y culturas hace posible la existencia de variedades vegetales denominadas criollas. Conservadas de forma dinámica por agricultores, constituyen elementos identitarios de las comunidades productivas en las que son mantenidas para satisfacer necesidades alimenticias, medicinales, culturales, entre otras. Esta investigación aporta evidencias empíricas para la comprensión de los procesos culturales y conocimientos tradicionales asociados al cultivo de variedades criollas, desarrollados y compartidos por agricultores familiares en tres localidades uruguayas, en un contexto de homogeneización de la agrodiversidad. A partir del análisis de entrevistas e instancias de observación, los resultados indican que existen motivos productivos, a la vez que afectivos y emocionales para la conservación in situ de decenas de variedades criollas integradas a los sistemas productivos y mundos de vida de dos tipos de agricultores: tradicionales y neorrurales. Ambos tipos de productores desarrollan conocimientos, prácticas y significados vinculados a las variedades criollas que atesoran como recursos propios en procesos de interdependencia entre naturaleza y comunidad.

Grass species have a range of strategies to tolerate soil water restriction, which are linked to the environmental conditions at their site of origin. Climate change enhances the relevance of the functional role of anatomical attributes and their contribution as water stress tolerance factors. Morpho-anatomical traits and adjustments that contribute to drought resistance in Lolium perenne L. (Lp) and Bromus valdivianus Phil. (Bv), a temperate humid grass species, were analysed. The structure of the leaves and pseudostems (stems only in Lp) grown at 20–25% field capacity (FC) (water restriction) and 80–85% FC (control) were evaluated by making paraffin sections. In both species, water restriction reduced the thickness of the leaves and pseudostems, along with the size of the vasculature. Bv had long and dense leaf hairs, small and numerous stomata, and other significant adaptive traits under water stress, including thicker pseudostems (p ≤ 0.001), a greatly thickened bundle sheath wall (p ≤ 0.001) in the pseudostem to ensure water flow, and a thickened cuticle covering on leaf surfaces (p ≤ 0.01) to avoid water loss. Lp vascular bundles developed throughout the stem, and under water restriction the xylem vessel walls were strengthened and lignified. Lp leaves had individual traits of a ribbed/corrugated-shaped upper surface, and the stomata were positioned to maintain relative humidity outside the leaf surface. Water restriction significantly changed the bulliform cell depth in Lp (p ≤ 0.05) that contributed to water loss reduction via the curling leaf blade. This study demonstrated that the two grass species, through different morphological traits, were able to adjust their individual tissues and cells in aboveground parts to reach similar physiological functions to reduce water loss with increased water restriction. These attributes explain how both species enhance persistence and resilience under soil water restriction.

The aim of the study was to provide a comprehensive overview of global long-distance road transportation of industrial roundwood. The study focused on the maximum gross vehicle weight (GVW) limits allowed with different timber truck configurations, typical payloads in timber trucking, the road transportation share of the total industrial roundwood long-distance transportation volume, and the average long-distance transportation distances and costs of industrial roundwood. The study was carried out as a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was sent to timber transportation logistics experts and research scientists in the 30 countries with the largest industrial roundwood removals in Europe, as well as selected major forestry countries in the world (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Japan, New Zealand, South Africa, Türkiye, the United States of America and Uruguay) in February 2022, and closed in May 2022. A total of 31 countries took part in the survey. The survey illustrated that timber trucking was the main long-distance transportation method of industrial roundwood in almost every country surveyed. Road transportation averaged 89% of the total industrial roundwood long-distance transportation volume. Timber truck configurations of 4 to 9 axles with GVW limits of around 30 tonnes to over 70 tonnes were most commonly used. The results indicated that higher GVW limits allowed significantly higher payloads in timber trucking, with the lowest payloads at less than 25 tonnes, and the highest payloads more than 45 tonnes. The average road transportation distance with industrial roundwood was 128 km, and the average long-distance transportation cost in timber trucking was €11.1 per tonne of timber transported. In the entire survey material, there was a direct relationship between transportation distance and transportation costs and an inverse relationship between maximum GVW limits and transportation costs. Consequently, in order to reduce transportation costs, it is essential to maximise payloads (within legal limits) and minimise haul distances. Several measures to increase cost- and energy-efficiency, and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in road transportation logistics, are discussed in the paper. On the basis of the survey, it is recommended that up-to-date statistical data and novel research studies on the long-distance transportation of industrial roundwood be conducted in some countries in the future.

This study aims to evaluate the structural behaviour of dowel laminated timber (DLT) made of fast-growing pine and eucalyptus lamellae and different dowel diameters. Shear tests on dowelled connections and four-point bending tests on structural size panels were performed, and the slip modulus and bending properties, respectively, were obtained. The bending stiffness and strength of pine panels fastened with guatambú (5.05 and 20.05 kN/mm2) or eucalyptus dowels (5.29 and 17.13 kN/mm2), suggesting that dowel species had no influence on the panel’s bending properties. The analysis of the bending stiffness and strength of eucalyptus panels fastened with 18 mm (11.04 and 44.29 kN/mm2) or with 15 mm dowel diameter (11.06 and 51.50 kN/mm2) indicated that dowel diameter had no substantial influence on the bending properties. Furthermore, the stiffness values of the panels were similar to those of their constitutive individual lamellas, which, in turn, did not comply with the structural requirements of the Uruguayan Standard. Additional analytical results of the effective stiffness using the slip modulus were close to those found in the experimental bending tests. The results from this study are useful in understanding the mechanical behaviour of DLT panels and provide the basis for the improvement of Uruguayan mass timber products.

ResumenLas secuelas rotacionales en las falanges de pacientes pediátricos son, afortunadamente, poco frecuentes y se pueden tratar mediante osteotomías correctivas del hueso en el cual presenta la secuela. El tratamiento ideal debe lograr, además de la corrección del defecto rotacional: conservar el cartílago de crecimiento indemne junto con su potencial de crecimiento, evitar cicatrices extensas y un postoperatorio mas confortable sin el retiro de clavos. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de edad pediátrica con una secuela rotacional de una fractura subcondilar de falange proximal de 5° dedo mano hábil en la cual se realizó una osteotomía desrotadora de 5° metacarpiano y estabilización con tornillo endomedular sin cabeza para corrección del defecto.

Honey bee propolis is studied around the world. Its plant origin, associated with different soils and climates, determines different physicochemical properties. These different properties determine diverse medicinal potentials. Uruguay has few scientific papers that characterize the propolis it produces. This study analyzes propolis from 14 locations of Uruguay, obtained over a year. The vegetation environment of these localities was characterized in a radius of 2 km by satellite images. Color (CIELAB) was measured in ethanolic solution, as well as pH and conductivity in aqueous solution, ashes, total polyphenols (Folin-Ciocalteau) and total flavonoids. The similarities of the localities in terms of their vegetation do not correspond to the similarities between propolis; another method of plant characterization must be used. Differences were found between locations, but not between stations within the same location. The parameters L* and a* are correlated with the polyphenolic content of propolis (R²=0.61 and R²=0.81, respectively). Conductivity is correlated (R²=0.66) with ash content, but it would be necessary to determine what minerals are present to use this tool. The polyphenolic and flavonoid content allows regionalizing the country in southwest and northeast. Southwest with high contents (177 to 262 gGAE/kg and 66 to 131 gQE/kg) and northeast zones with lower contents (27 to 88 gGAE/kg and 10 to 27 gQE/kg). It is necessary to continue studying propolis from Uruguay, its mineral and polyphenol content and its profile in other locations for a longer time. Los propóleos de abejas melíferas se estudian en todo el mundo. Su origen vegetal, asociado a diferentes suelos y climas, determina diferentes propiedades fisicoquímicas. Estas distintas propiedades determinan diferentes potenciales medicinales. Uruguay cuenta con pocos trabajos científicos que caractericen los propóleos que produce. Este trabajo analiza propóleos de 14 localidades de Uruguay, obtenidos a lo largo de un año. El entorno de vegetación de estas localidades se caracterizó en un radio de 2 km por imágenes satelitales. Se midió color (CIELAB) en solución etanólica, y pH y conductividad en solución acuosa, cenizas, polifenoles totales (Folin-Ciocalteau) y flavonoides totales. Las similitudes de las localidades en cuanto a su vegetación no se corresponden con las similitudes entre propóleos, otro método de caracterización vegetal deberá ser empleado. Se encontraron diferencias entre localidades, no entre estaciones dentro de la misma localidad. Los parámetros L* y a* se correlacionan con el contenido polifenólico de propóleos (R²=0,61 y R²=0,81, respectivamente). La conductividad se correlaciona (R²=0,66) con el contenido de cenizas, pero se debería determinar qué minerales se encuentran presentes para poder utilizar esta herramienta. El contenido polifenólico y de flavonoides permite regionalizar el país en las zonas sur, suroeste y oeste, de contenidos altos (177 a 262 g EAG/kg y 66 a 131 g EQ/kg), y las zonas norte y este de contenido menor (27 a 88 g EAG/kg y 10 a 27 gEQ/kg). Se debe continuar estudiando propóleos de Uruguay, en su contenido mineral, contenido de polifenoles y perfil de estos en otras localidades durante más tiempo. A própolis de abelha é estudada em todo o mundo. Sua origem vegetal, associada a diferentes solos e climas, determina diferentes propriedades físico-químicas. Essas diferentes propriedades determinam diferentes potenciais medicinais. O Uruguai tem poucos trabalhos científicos que caracterizam a própolis que produz. Este trabalho analisa a própolis de 14 localidades do Uruguai, obtida ao longo de um ano. O ambiente vegetacional dessas localidades foi caracterizado em um raio de 2 km por imagens de satélite. Cor (CIELAB) em solução etanólica e pH e condutividade em solução aquosa, cinzas, polifenóis totais (Folin-Ciocalteau) e flavonoides totais foram medidos. As semelhanças das localidades quanto à sua vegetação não correspondem às semelhanças entre as própolis, devendo ser utilizado outro método de caracterização vegetal. As diferenças foram encontradas entre locais, não entre estações dentro do mesmo local. Os parâmetros L* e a* estão correlacionados com o teor de polifenóis da própolis (R²=0,61 e R²=0,81 respectivamente). A condutividade se correlaciona (R²=0,66) com o teor de cinzas, más seria necessário determinar quais minerais estão presentes para usar esta ferramenta. O teor de polifenólicos e flavonóides permite regionalizar o país nas zonas sul, sudoeste e oeste, com teores elevados (177 a 262 gEAG/kg e 66 a 131 gEQ/kg) e nas zonas norte e leste com teores mais baixos (27 a 88 gEAG/kg), gEAG/kg e 10 a 27 gEQ/kg). É necessário continuar estudando a própolis do Uruguai, em seu conteúdo mineral, teor de polifenóis e seu perfil em outras localidades por mais tempo.

The aim of this work was to show the relationship of the productivity of a pasture and grassland, the living and dead material, and the foliar elongation of wheatgrass with the soil moisture and the thermal sum in Southern Patagonia (Argentina). During the years 2015/16 (Year 1) and 2016/17 (Year 2), in closures excluded from grazing, the plant height, the accumulated aerial biomass (AAB) and the daily growth rate (DGR) of a mixed pasture and grassland were determined monthly from October to February. The forage harvested from the pasture was characterized in live (LM) and dead material (DM), and the live AAB was calculated. In selected wheatgrass plants, the leaf elongation rate (LER) was determined. Soil moisture (SM) was measured and the thermal sum (TS) was calculated. The AAB was analyzed using a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. The results were subjected to ANVA with repeated measures analysis and the means were adjusted with the Tukey-Kramer test. DGR, LM, and LER were related to SM and TS by multiple regression analysis. In both Year 1 and Year 2 and same months the AAB of the pasture exceeded the forage accumulated by the grassland. The LM and the LER varied according to the changes in the SM, and the TS explained the variations of the parameters described, which should be considered when developing future management strategies in this type of pasture. Se planteó un estudio con el objetivo de relacionar la productividad de una pastura introducida y el pastizal natural, el material vivo y muerto, y la elongación foliar de agropiros con la humedad del suelo y la suma térmica en la Patagonia austral (Argentina). Durante los años 2015/16 (Año 1) y 2016/17 (Año 2), en clausuras excluidas al pastoreo se determinó mensualmente, desde octubre a febrero, la altura de plantas, la biomasa aérea acumulada (BAAc) y la tasa de crecimiento diario (TCD) de una pastura mezcla de agropiros y un pastizal de gramíneas. El forraje cosechado de la pastura fue caracterizado en material vivo (MV) y muerto (MM), y calculada la BAAc viva. En plantas de agropiro seleccionadas se determinó la tasa de elongación foliar (TEF). Se midió la humedad del suelo (HS) y se calculó la suma térmica (ST). La BAAc fue analizada mediante un arreglo factorial en un diseño completamente aleatorizado. Los resultados fueron sometidos a ANVA con análisis de medidas repetidas y las medias se ajustaron con la prueba Tukey-Kramer. La TCD, el MV y la TEF fueron relacionados con la HS y la ST mediante análisis de regresión múltiple. En los Años 1 y 2 y los mismos meses, la BAAc de la pastura superó el forraje acumulado por el pastizal. El MV y la TEF variaron conforme los cambios en la HS, y la ST explicó las variaciones de los parámetros descriptos, lo que debiera considerarse al elaborar futuras estrategias de manejo en este tipo de pasturas. Foi proposto um estudo com o objetivo de relacionar a produtividade de uma pastagem introduzida e do pasto natural, o material vivo e morto e o alongamento foliar dos agropyros com a umidade do solo e a soma térmica no Sul da Patagônia (Argentina). Durante os anos de 2015/16 (Ano 1) e 2016/17 (Ano 2), em fechamentos excluídos do pastejo, a altura das plantas, a biomassa aérea acumulada (BAAc) e a taxa de crescimento diária (TCD) de uma pastagem mista de agropyros e um pasto de grama foram determinadas mensalmente de outubro a fevereiro. A forragem colhida da pastagem foi caracterizada em material vivo (MV) e morto (MM) e calculado o BAAc viva. Em plantas de agropyro selecionadas, a taxa de alongamento da folha (TAF) foi determinada. A umidade do solo (US) foi medida e a soma térmica (ST) foi calculada. O BAAc foi analisado em arranjo fatorial em un desenho completamente randomizado. Os resultados foram submetidos à ANVA com análise de medição repetida e os mejos foram ajustadas com o teste Tukey-Kramer. TCD, MV e TAF foram relacionados a H e ST por análise de regressão múltipla. Nos anos 1 e 2 e nos mesmos meses, o BAAc da pastagem excedeu a forragem acumulada pelo pasto natural. O MV e o TAF variaram de acordo com as mudanças no US e o ST explicaram as variações dos parâmetros descritos, que devem ser considerados no desenvolvimento de futuras estratégias de manejo neste tipo de pastagems.

In 2018 and 2019, in Uruguay, pests and fungi associated with diseases were surveyed in cannabis (Cannabis sativa) crops in the south of the country. Neofusicoccum sp. was isolated from plants with canker symptoms on stems in 60% of the crops, occupying the third place of the most frequent fungi. In order to determine the causal agent of stem and branch canker in cannabis, three isolates of Neofusicoccum sp. were characterized by morphological and molecular analysis, as well as pathogenicity in cannabis plants. Neofusicoccum parvum was identified as the causal agent of stem canker in cannabis plants in Uruguay. Durante 2018 y 2019, en el sur de Uruguay se relevaron las enfermedades asociadas al cultivo de cannabis (Cannabis sativa). Se aisló Neofusicoccum sp. desde plantas con síntomas de cancro en tallos en tres de los cinco cultivos relevados, siendo el tercero en prevalencia. Con el objetivo de conocer el agente causal del cancro de tallo y rama en cannabis, tres aislados de Neofusicoccum sp. se caracterizaron mediante análisis morfológico y molecular, además de prueba de patogenicidad en plantas de cannabis. Se identificó N. parvum como agente causal del cancro de tallos en plantas de cannabis en Uruguay. No 2018 e 2019 no Uruguai, foram pesquisadas pragas e fungos associados a doenças em cultivos de cannabis (Cannabis sativa) no sul do país. Neofusicoccum sp. foi isolado de plantas com sintomas de cancro em caules em 60% das lavouras, ocupando o terceiro lugar entre os fungos mais freqüente. Com o objetivo de conhecer o agente causal do cancro do caule e galho em cannabis, três isolados de Neofusicoccum sp. foram caracterizados por análise molecular morfológico, também a patogenicidade em plantas de cannabis. Neofusicoccum parvum foi identificado como o agente causal do câncer de caule em plantas de cannabis no Uruguai.