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В работе исследуются изменения качества российского высшего образования за последние три года сквозь призму мнения преподавателя как одного из ключевых акторов образовательного процесса. В фокусе исследования – основные факторы влияния на качество высшего образования и характер изменений образовательной среды в постпандемию, в частности, за счет применения цифровых решений. В статье представлены первичные (общие) результатыонлайн-опроса преподавателей российских университетов относительно триггеров изменения качества вузовского образования, эффективности учебной и педагогической деятельности в цифровой среде, а также точек внимания в обеспечении качества высшего образования. Результаты исследования подтверждают существенные изменения в высшем образовании за исследуемый период, особенно в части применяемых педагогических практик, форматов занятий, используемых средств обучения и педагогической деятельности в целом, что составляет основу изменений качества образования. Авторы работы заключают, что глобальные, институциональные и личные факторывлияния высшего образования оказывают разнонаправленное воздействие на его качество и в результате формируют у преподавателей вузов разный опыт и восприятие динамики развития с учетом разных уровнях вовлеченности преподавателей в систему оценки качества образования в своих вузах. Позиционируя себя в качестве ключевых субъектов в обеспечении качества образования, преподаватели в качестве основных барьеров развития собственной эффективности выделяют объем учебной нагрузки и необходимость выполнения дополнительных внеучебных функций. Статья адресована руководителям образовательных программ, руководству вузов и организаций, ответственных за обеспечение и оценку качества высшего образования перед органами исполнительной власти, а также исследователям и интересантам российской высшей школы. The article considers last three years' changes of higher education quality from the perspective of university teachers as key actors of an educational process. The study focuses on the main factors infl uencing the quality of higher education and the nature of changes in the post-pandemic educational environment, in particular, through the use of digital solutions. The authors deliver primary (general) results of Russian university teachers' poll regarding the triggers for changing the quality of higher education, the eff ectiveness of educational and pedagogical activities in the digital environment, as well as points to be paid attention at in ensuring the quality of higher education. The results of the poll show signifi cant changes in higher education over the period studied, especially in applied teaching practices and in lesson formats, these shifts contributing to the change of education quality in general. Global, institutional, and individual infl uencing factors together give multidirectional impact on the quality of education, thus forming diff erent experiences and perceptions of higher education quality dynamics. University teachers, however, are quite diff erently engaged in the university education quality assessment. Due to understanding themselves as key stakeholders in education quality assurance, university teachers identify their course load and additional non-curricular functions as the main barriers in developing their own eff ectiveness. The article is addressed to heads of academic programs and educational institutions, to executive authorities responsible for quality assurance and assessment in higher education, as well as to the representatives of research community in Russian higher education.

Abstract Background Bacterial contamination poses a high risk to the successful establishment and maintenance of plant tissue cultures. The aim of this study was to identify the isolates representing the frequent bacterial contaminants of Prunus rootstock tissue cultures and to determine the most effective concentration of nanomaterials for Curtobacterium sp. strain A7_M15 elimination without a negative impact on explants. Results Six Curtobacterium sp. strains were isolated and identified, and the whole-genome sequence was obtained for strain A7_M15. Two nanocomposites, reduced graphene oxide–copper–silver and silver–selenium, with the highest bactericidal activity were selected for elimination of Curtobacterium sp. contamination in Gisela 5 rootstock tissue cultures. Both nanocomposites showed 100% inhibition of bacterial plaque formation on culture medium at concentrations of 100, 200 and 400 mg L-1 Ag (2 ×–8 × MBC). The quantity of Curtobacterium sp. on culture medium assessed using cfu enumeration was reduced by 92% and 74% in comparison to the positive control after treatment with reduced graphene oxide–silver–copper and silver–selenium at a concentration of 200 mg L-1 Ag, respectively. None of the tested concentrations resulted in a decrease in Curtobacterium sp. quantity in explants. Curtobacterium sp. was detected in donor Gisela 5 plants, indicating an endophytic character of this bacterium. The dry weight of explants was not negatively affected by the application of nanocomposites regardless of concentration, and no detrimental effect of either nanocomposite at 100 or 200 mg L-1 Ag on the surface covered by plants was observed. Conclusions Reduced graphene oxide–silver–copper and silver–selenium nanocomposites at 200 mg L-1 Ag effectively limited the Curtobacterium sp. presence in micropropagated Prunus rootstock without causing phytotoxicity; therefore, those treatments could be offered as prevention with a high activity against bacterial contamination in plant tissue cultures. Graphical Abstract

The article examines the activities of the Soviet authorities of the Urals on the organization of social policy in the first year after the liberation of the territory of the region from the White Guard troops. The positive impact of the results of this work on changing the political consciousness of the working population is shown, which will eventually become one of the factors of the victory of the Soviet Republic in the civil war. В статье рассматривается деятельность органов советской власти Урала по организации социальной политики в первый год после освобождения территории края от белогвардейских войск. Показано положительное влияние итогов этой работы на изменение политического сознания трудящегося населения, что в конечном итоге станет одним из факторов победы Советской Республики в гражданской войне.

Abstract Nanosensors work on the “Nano” scale. “Nano” is a unit of measurement around 10− 9 m. A nanosensor is a device capable of carrying data and information about the behavior and characteristics of particles at the nanoscale level to the macroscopic level. Nanosensors can be used to detect chemical or mechanical information such as the presence of chemical species and nanoparticles or monitor physical parameters such as temperature on the nanoscale. Nanosensors are emerging as promising tools for applications in agriculture. They offer an enormous upgrade in selectivity, speed, and sensitivity compared to traditional chemical and biological methods. Nanosensors can be used for the determination of microbe and contaminants. With the advancement of science in the world and the advent of electronic equipment and the great changes that have taken place in recent decades, the need to build more accurate, smaller and more capable sensors was felt. Today, high-sensitivity sensors are used that are sensitive to small amounts of gas, heat, or radiation. Increasing the sensitivity, efficiency and accuracy of these sensors requires the discovery of new materials and tools. Nano sensors are nanometer-sized sensors that, due to their small size and nanometer size, have such high accuracy and responsiveness that they react even to the presence of several atoms of a gas. Nano sensors are inherently smaller and more sensitive than other sensors. Resumo Os nanossensores funcionam na escala “Nano”. “Nano” é uma unidade de medida em torno de 10-9 m. Um nanosensor é um dispositivo capaz de transportar dados e informações sobre o comportamento e as características das partículas no nível da nanoescala para o nível macroscópico. Os nanossensores podem ser usados para detectar informações químicas ou mecânicas, como a presença de espécies químicas e nanopartículas, ou monitorar parâmetros físicos, como temperatura em nanoescala. Os nanossensores estão surgindo como ferramentas promissoras para aplicações na agricultura. Eles oferecem uma abrangente atualização em seletividade, velocidade e sensibilidade em comparação com os métodos químicos e biológicos tradicionais. Os nanossensores podem ser usados para a determinação de micróbios e contaminantes. Com o avanço da ciência no mundo e o advento dos equipamentos eletrônicos e as grandes mudanças ocorridas nas últimas décadas, sentiu-se a necessidade de construir sensores mais precisos, menores e mais capazes. Hoje, são usados sensores de alta sensibilidade que são sensíveis a pequenas quantidades de gás, calor ou radiação. Aumentar a sensibilidade, eficiência e precisão desses sensores requer a descoberta de novos materiais e ferramentas. Os nanossensores são sensores de tamanho nanométrico que, devido ao seu tamanho pequeno e tamanho nanométrico, possuem uma precisão e capacidade de resposta tão altas que reagem até mesmo na presença de vários átomos de um gás. Os nanossensores são inerentemente menores e mais sensíveis do que outros sensores.

Abstract The researchers of Russian State Agrarian University, Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy in 2013-2016 conducted a long-term stationary experiment to study chemical and toxicological properties of fiber flax, Voskhod variety, growing on sod-podzolic soil in the soil and climate of the Moscow region. Test plots were selected with following crop rotation options: without fertilizers, without liming; without fertilizers, with liming; N100P150K120 (kg a.i./ha), without liming; N100P150K120, with liming; N100P150K120 + manure 20 t/ha, without liming; N100P150K120 + manure 20 t/ha, with liming. The agro-climatic conditions of the growing seasons during the research years did not have a negative impact on the growth and development of fiber flax, the hydro-thermal index was 1.1 in 2013, -1.05 in 2014, 1.5 in 2015, and 1.5 in 2016. The maintained crop rotation and the introduction of a full range of mineral and organic fertilizers has been found to contribute to high yields of flax in terms of fiber (18.5-18.9 hwt/ha) and seeds (7.9-8.3 hwt/ha). The seeds contain 16.9-19.5% protein and 33.5-39.4% lipids. The yield of flaxseed oil from seeds ranged from 19.5-35.7% on average for different variants of the experiment. The peroxide number index was 2.5-1.5 mg-eq O2/kg, the acid number index was 1.1-1.9 mg KOH/g, which corresponds to obtaining high-quality linseed oil in compliance with quality standards for all variants of the experiment.

All agricultural facilities in Russia are currently going through digital transformation. However, the process needs a unified approach for the entire agricultural sector. Neural network methods have already proved extremely effective in various areas of IT. The authors used neural networks to analyze statistic data and assess the performance of agricultural infrastructure. This study involved technical data from the production cycle of agro-industrial enterprises, namely packaging and greenhouses. The data obtained were analyzed using artificial neural networks. The procedure included identifying a set of factors that described an agro-industrial complex or some of its properties that corresponded to a specific task. These data were used in planning and making managerial decisions. The program identified five factors that described the state of an agricultural enterprise. These factors were used to build a model while its elements served as output data for the neural network. The model calculated the future state of the object. Trials were run on a limited data set on a multilayer perceptron. The neural network showed reliable results for a small data set. The root mean square error of was 0.1216; the mean modulus deviation was 0.0911. In this research, modern neural network technologies demonstrated good prospects for the domestic agro-industrial complex as a method of control, management, and dispatching. However, specific operational patterns require further studies.

The timing of nitrogen fertilizer application in vineyards can determine the amount of nitrogen (N) absorbed, distributed, and accumulated in grapevine organs. The study aimed to evaluate the annual contribution of N from urea, applied at different times in Cabernet Sauvignon, grown in sandy and clayey soil in a subtropical climate. The sandy soil received 21.42 kg N ha−1 and the clayey soil 30 kg N ha−1, both enriched with 3% excess 15N atoms, applied at different times. The N derived from the fertilizer in grapevines, at all times of N application, and in sandy and clayey soil did not exceed 8%, with the highest values being observed in annual organs, especially in the leaves. The application of N marked at the phenological stages of IBB (50% at beginning of budbreak + 50% at full budbreak) enabled greater absorption of N derived from the fertilizer by the vines grown in both sandy and loamy soil. The N present in the annual organs (leaves, berries, stalks, and shoots) and in the perennial organs (stems and canes) of Cabernet Sauvignon grown in sandy and clayey soil was derived in greater percentages from the soil.

The agricultural sector plays a major role in turning the tide of biodiversity loss. In the European Union, land use decisions and biodiversity are strongly influenced by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Despite massive investment in subsidies to incentivize environmentally friendly farming practices, the CAP has so far failed to preserve the biodiversity of Europe’s farmland. A simplistic understanding of farmers’ motivations, dominated by rational, economic cost–benefit considerations, is one of the reasons for this failure. Our study contributes to this discussion through the identification of factors influencing the decision making of farmers. Through a case study approach in a biodiversity-rich region on the German Baltic coast—the so-called hotspot 29—we classify a number of personal, social/group, and external factors relevant to the implementation of biodiversity-enhancing measures on agricultural land. Applying a model of pro-environmental behavior, we illustrate the interlinkages between factors and outline potential solutions to support biodiversity-enhancing behavior.

Сільськогосподарський сектор зіткнувся з серйозними проблемами, пов’язаними зі зміною клімату. Ці зміни потенційно можуть призвести до зниження врожайності сільськогосподарських культур і продовольчої безпеки, підкреслюючи важливість розуміння динаміки температури і управління нею. Ця робота є результатом розробки термодинамічної моделі, яка досліджує динаміку температурного балансу шляхом передачі теплової енергії. Запропоновано схему реологічного теплообміну об’єкта з ізольованою поверхнею та графіки незворотних реологічних перетворень. Наведено основне рівняння теплообміну з хімічною реакцією і виведено рівняння швидкості передачі теплової енергії по довжині об’єкта. Запропоновано подальший розвиток фізико-математичних моделей перетворення теплової енергії в сукупність станів об’єкта. Було проведено експеримент, результати якого корелюється з рівнянням теплообміну. Зразки з насінням томатів опромінювались фотонним опромінювачем з довжиною хвиль – синій 450 нм, зелений 550 нм, червоний 650 нм з експозицією 12/24 год. В результаті 90 % при опроміненні червоним спектром фотонного опромінювача тривалістю 24 години, що на 24 % більше контрольного зразка. Це дозволить оцінити загальний температурний режим сільськогосподарських об’єктів і оптимізувати процес обігріву. Це дослідження розкриває суть регулювання температури на сільськогосподарських об’єктах, використовуючи термодинамічну модель, яка не тільки враховує теплообмін, але і включає вплив хімічних реакцій. Запропонована термодинамічна модель та пов’язані з нею рівняння створюють основу для майбутніх досліджень та практичних застосувань, що в кінцевому підсумку принесе користь сільськогосподарській промисловості та світовому виробництву продуктів харчування The agricultural sector faces serious challenges related to climate change. These changes have the potential to reduce yields and food security, highlighting the importance of understanding and managing temperature dynamics. This work is the result of development a thermodynamic model that investigates the dynamics of temperature balance through heat energy transfer. A scheme of rheological heat exchange of an object with an insulated surface and graphs of irreversible rheological transformations are proposed. The main equation of heat exchange with a chemical reaction is given and the equation of the speed of heat energy transfer along the length of the object is derived. Further development of physical-mathematical models of the transformation of thermal energy into a set of states of the object is proposed. The experimental results fully correlate with the heat transfer equation. Samples with tomato seeds were irradiated with a photon irradiator with wavelengths of blue 450 nm, green 550 nm, red 650 nm with an exposure of 12/24 h. As a result, 90 % under the influence of the red spectrum of the photon irradiator for 24 h, which is 24 % more than the control sample. This will make it possible to assess the general temperature regime of agricultural objects and optimize the heating process. This study reveals the essence of temperature regulation at agricultural facilities using a thermodynamic model, which not only takes into account heat exchange, but also includes the influence of chemical reactions. The proposed thermodynamic model and associated equations provide a foundation for future research and practical applications that will ultimately benefit the agricultural industry, global food production