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  • Rural Digital Europe
  • Publications
  • Annals of Glaciology

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jozef Rusin; Thomas Lavergne; Anthony P. Doulgeris; K. Andrea Scott;

    Abstract Passive-microwave sea ice concentration (SIC) algorithms employ different frequencies and polarisations in their operational implementations. Commonly, these algorithms utilise combinations such as 19/37 GHz, yielding reduced measurement uncertainties but at a coarse spatial resolution. Alternatively, these algorithms can solely use 89 GHz, producing a higher spatial resolution but with increased measurement uncertainties. This study evaluates the application of a resolution-enhancing SIC algorithm (reSICCI3LF), initially developed for the coarser Special Sensor Microwave Imager / Sounder, on the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer. By applying reSICCI3LF, we aim to produce a 5 km SIC for 2013–2020 in the Fram Strait and the Barents and Kara Sea region that gains the benefits of both types of algorithms, high spatial resolution and low measurement uncertainty. We present the algorithm tuning, spectral analysis of spatial resolutions, and validation against the Round Robin Data Package of 0% and 100% SIC points and SIC derived from Landsat-8. The findings demonstrate that the reSICCI3LF algorithm produces a SIC field with fine details, achieving a balance between high spatial resolution and lower measurement uncertainties compared to a 89 GHz based SIC. Consequently, this resolution-enhanced SIC technique can potentially initialise higher-resolution coupled ocean and sea ice forecasting systems through data assimilation.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Annals of Glaciologyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Annals of Glaciology
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Annals of Glaciologyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Annals of Glaciology
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Xingchen Liu; Lu An; Gang Hai; Huan Xie; +1 Authors

    Abstract Melting and calving of glaciers and ice caps in Antarctica and Greenland could potentially contribute significantly to global sea level rise. Updates to existing outlines that provide critical glacier baseline information in both regions could help in the analysis of particular changes in glacier parameters such as area and volume from time-series inventories. Here we synthesize previously established techniques and apply new multi-source datasets to update glacier outlines in selected test areas of Antarctica and Greenland, as well as to reduce uncertainties and errors during the mapping process. The workflow includes mapping glacier boundaries, subdividing glaciers by watersheds and assigning glacier attributes. Complicated glacier scenarios and updating challenges in polar regions are discussed and demonstrated by representative case studies. For the first time in Antarctica, we analyze the effect of terminus types on mapped glacier areas, and in Greenland we compare the differences with glacier mapping results using Landsat OLI and ETM+. With new data sources, the methods described in this study might help to create glacier outlines on a larger scale in Antarctica and Greenland. Although data sources can be substituted, the enormous amount of manual labor required to update glacier inventories remains a significant challenge.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Annals of Glaciologyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Annals of Glaciology
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Annals of Glaciologyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Annals of Glaciology
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Robert Winkler; Michael Neuhauser; Rene Neurauter; Felix Erlacher; +2 Authors

    Abstract In the course of an artificially triggered avalanche, a particle tracking procedure is combined with supplementary measurements, including Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning, Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), and Doppler radar measurements. Specifically, an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is mounted inside a rigid sphere and placed in the avalanche track. It is entrained by the moving snow, measuring translational accelerations, angular velocities, and the flux density of Earth’s magnetic field. Based on this data, we present a threefold analysis: (i) a qualitative data interpretation, identifying different particle motion phases which are associated to corresponding flow regimes, (ii) a quantitative time integration algorithm, determining the corresponding particle trajectory and associated velocities on the basis of standard sensor calibration, and (iii) an improved quantitative evaluation relying on a novel in situ sensor calibration technique, which is motivated by the limitations of the given data set. The final results, i.e. the evolution of the angular orientation of the sensor unit, translational and rotational velocities, and estimates of the sensor trajectory, are assessed with respect to their reliability and relevance for avalanche dynamics as well as for future design of experiments.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ https://doi.org/10.2...arrow_drop_down
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    https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
    Preprint . 2023
    License: CC BY
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    Annals of Glaciology
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ https://doi.org/10.2...arrow_drop_down
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      https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
      Preprint . 2023
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Annals of Glaciology
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ferrarin, L; Schulz, K; Bocchiola, D; Koch, F;

    Abstract The spatiotemporal distribution of snow affects hydrological and climatological processes at different scales. Accordingly, quantifying geometric features of snow-cover patterns is important, providing a valuable complement for snow water equivalent (SWE) modelling. This study on satellite-based morphological analysis originally uses two types of geometric indexes: (1) MN, Minkowski numbers (area (MN1), perimeter (MN2), Euler number (MN3)), and (2) CL, average chord length, to describe the morphology of Sentinel-2-derived snow-covered areas (SCAs), within the high-alpine site Zugspitze for a 5 year period. Results indicate that they capture the seasonal variability of snow-cover patterns, particularly during accumulation and ablation. Being to some degree independent from each other, MN2, MN3 and CL provide additional information upon shape, connectivity and length scale of snow cover, compared to most used indexes (e.g. fractional SCA). Correlation values up to +0.7 for MN2, +0.58 for MN3 and +0.46 for CL were observed with selected topographic characteristics, suggesting a close connection between geometric features of snow cover and ground features. Comparing in situ SWE measurements with MN and CL shows a correlation between −0.5 and +0.5. These indexes can hence be applied in combination with in situ data and/or modelling approaches to improve spatially distributed SWE in high-alpine catchments.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Annals of Glaciology...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Annals of Glaciology...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Amelie Fees; Alec van Herwijnen; Moritz Altenbach; Michael Lombardo; +1 Authors

    Abstract Glide-snow avalanches release due to a loss of friction at the snow–ground interface, which can result in large avalanches that endanger infrastructure in alpine regions. The underlying processes are still relatively poorly understood, in part due to the limited data available on glide processes. Here, we introduce a pixel-based algorithm to detect glide cracks in time-lapse photographs under changing illumination and shadow conditions. The algorithm was applied to 14 years of time-lapse images at Dorfberg (Davos, Switzerland). We analysed 947 glide-snow events at a high-spatial (0.5 m) and temporal (2–15 min) resolution. Avalanche activity and glide-crack opening dynamics were investigated across timescales ranging from seasonally to hourly. Events were separated into surface (meltwater percolation) and interface events (no meltwater percolation). The results show that glide activity is highly variable between and within seasons. Most avalanches released without crack formation or within 24 h after crack opening, and release was favoured in the afternoon hours. Glide rates often showed a stick–slip behaviour. The acceleration of glide rates and non-constant increases in glide crack aspect ratio were indicators for avalanche release. This comprehensive dataset provides the basis for further investigations into glide-snow avalanche drivers.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DOAJarrow_drop_down
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    Annals of Glaciology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Annals of Glaciology
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    Authors: Arttu Jutila; Christian Haas;

    AbstractSnow cover on sea ice poses a challenge for radar measurements as microwave penetration into snow is not yet fully understood. In this study, the aim is to investigate microwave penetration into snow on Arctic sea ice using commercial C (6 GHz) and K (26 GHz) band tank radars. Nadir-looking radar measurements collected at nine study locations over first-year and multiyear landfast sea ice in the Lincoln Sea in May 2018 are analysed together with detailed measurements of the physical properties of the snow cover to determine the dominant scattering horizons at both frequencies. They are evaluated for the feasibility to determine snow depth. The results show that in 39% of the measurements and only on first-year ice a major fraction of the C band radar backscatter originated closer to the snow–ice interface potentially enabling snow depth retrieval. At K band, 81% of the radar returns originated from the snow surface. Partly confirming the findings of previous studies, however, the analysis was potentially hampered by relatively warm air temperatures (up to$-0.9^\circ$C) during the study period as well as stratigraphic features and inconclusive microwave interaction with the saline basal layers found in the snow cover on first-year ice.

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    Annals of Glaciology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Annals of Glaciology
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jennifer Huidobro; Julene Aramendia; Gorka Arana; Elisabeth M. Hausrath; +1 Authors

    Abstract Raman spectra (532 nm diode laser) of gypsum, syngenite and görgeyite powders were studied from 273 to 83 K every −10 K. Although it was found that not all the Raman peaks are temperature-sensitive, the effect of temperature on the Raman signal of some bands was modelled. It was observed that the main bands of the three sulfates shift toward higher wavenumbers as temperature decreases. The strengthening of the bonds causes an increase in energy and, consequently, higher wavenumbers. However, –OH bands shift depending on the crystal structure they acquire as the temperature decreases, so not all –OH bands behave in the same way. Finally, the gypsum –OH bands change to more ordered crystalline structures with decreasing temperature, so their bandwidths become narrower and sharper.

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    Annals of Glaciology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Annals of Glaciology
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Frank Paul; Sabine Baumann; Brian Anderson; Philipp Rastner;

    Abstract Due to adverse snow and cloud conditions, only a few inventories are available for the maritime glaciers in New Zealand. These are difficult to compare as different approaches and baseline data have been used to create them. In consequence, glacier fluctuations in New Zealand over the past two decades are only known for a few glaciers based on field observations. Here we present the results of a new inventory for the ‘year 2000’ (some scenes are from 2001 and 2002) that is based on glacier outlines from a recently published inventory for the year 2016 and allowed consistent change assessment for nearly 3000 glaciers over this period. The year 2000 inventory was created by manual on-screen digitizing using Landsat ETM+ satellite imagery (15 m panchromatic band) in the background and the year 2016 outlines as a starting point. Major challenges faced were late and early seasonal snow, clouds and shadow, the geo-location mismatch between Landsat and Sentinel-2 as well as the correct interpretation of ice patches and ice under debris cover. In total, we re-mapped 2967 glaciers covering an area of 885.5 km2 in 2000, which is 91.7 km2 (or 10.4%) more than the 793.8 km2 mapped in 2016. Area change rates (mean rate −0.65% a−1) increase towards smaller glaciers. Strongest area loss from 2000 to 2016 occurred at elevations ~1900 m but the highest relative loss was found below 800 m a.s.l. In total, 109 glaciers split into two or more entities and 264 had wasted away by 2016.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Annals of Glaciologyarrow_drop_down
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    Annals of Glaciology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Annals of Glaciology
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Aayushi Pandey; Jan Kropáček;
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    Annals of Glaciology
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      Annals of Glaciology
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    Authors: Lynn M. Kaluzienski; Jason M. Amundson; Jamie M. Womble; Andrew K. Bliss; +1 Authors

    AbstractIcebergs in proglacial fjords serve as pupping, resting and molting habitat for some of the largest seasonal aggregations of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) in Alaska. One of the largest aggregations in Southeast Alaska occurs in Johns Hopkins Inlet, Glacier Bay National Park, where up to 2000 seals use icebergs produced by Johns Hopkins Glacier. Like other advancing tidewater glaciers, the advance of Johns Hopkins Glacier over the past century has been facilitated by the growth and continual redistribution of a submarine end moraine, which has limited mass losses from iceberg calving and submarine melting and enabled glacier thickening by providing flow resistance. A 15-year record of aerial surveys reveals (i) a decline in iceberg concentrations concurrent with moraine growth and (ii) that the iceberg size distributions can be approximated as power law distributions, with relatively little variability and no clear trends in the power law exponent despite large changes in ice fluxes over seasonal and interannual timescales. Together, these observations suggest that sustained tidewater glacier advance should typically be associated with reductions in the number of large, habitable icebergs, which may have implications for harbor seals relying on iceberg habitat for critical life-history events.

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    Annals of Glaciology
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    Annals of Glaciology
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jozef Rusin; Thomas Lavergne; Anthony P. Doulgeris; K. Andrea Scott;

    Abstract Passive-microwave sea ice concentration (SIC) algorithms employ different frequencies and polarisations in their operational implementations. Commonly, these algorithms utilise combinations such as 19/37 GHz, yielding reduced measurement uncertainties but at a coarse spatial resolution. Alternatively, these algorithms can solely use 89 GHz, producing a higher spatial resolution but with increased measurement uncertainties. This study evaluates the application of a resolution-enhancing SIC algorithm (reSICCI3LF), initially developed for the coarser Special Sensor Microwave Imager / Sounder, on the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer. By applying reSICCI3LF, we aim to produce a 5 km SIC for 2013–2020 in the Fram Strait and the Barents and Kara Sea region that gains the benefits of both types of algorithms, high spatial resolution and low measurement uncertainty. We present the algorithm tuning, spectral analysis of spatial resolutions, and validation against the Round Robin Data Package of 0% and 100% SIC points and SIC derived from Landsat-8. The findings demonstrate that the reSICCI3LF algorithm produces a SIC field with fine details, achieving a balance between high spatial resolution and lower measurement uncertainties compared to a 89 GHz based SIC. Consequently, this resolution-enhanced SIC technique can potentially initialise higher-resolution coupled ocean and sea ice forecasting systems through data assimilation.

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    Annals of Glaciology
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Annals of Glaciology
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    Authors: Xingchen Liu; Lu An; Gang Hai; Huan Xie; +1 Authors

    Abstract Melting and calving of glaciers and ice caps in Antarctica and Greenland could potentially contribute significantly to global sea level rise. Updates to existing outlines that provide critical glacier baseline information in both regions could help in the analysis of particular changes in glacier parameters such as area and volume from time-series inventories. Here we synthesize previously established techniques and apply new multi-source datasets to update glacier outlines in selected test areas of Antarctica and Greenland, as well as to reduce uncertainties and errors during the mapping process. The workflow includes mapping glacier boundaries, subdividing glaciers by watersheds and assigning glacier attributes. Complicated glacier scenarios and updating challenges in polar regions are discussed and demonstrated by representative case studies. For the first time in Antarctica, we analyze the effect of terminus types on mapped glacier areas, and in Greenland we compare the differences with glacier mapping results using Landsat OLI and ETM+. With new data sources, the methods described in this study might help to create glacier outlines on a larger scale in Antarctica and Greenland. Although data sources can be substituted, the enormous amount of manual labor required to update glacier inventories remains a significant challenge.

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    Annals of Glaciology
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Annals of Glaciology
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    Authors: Robert Winkler; Michael Neuhauser; Rene Neurauter; Felix Erlacher; +2 Authors

    Abstract In the course of an artificially triggered avalanche, a particle tracking procedure is combined with supplementary measurements, including Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning, Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), and Doppler radar measurements. Specifically, an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is mounted inside a rigid sphere and placed in the avalanche track. It is entrained by the moving snow, measuring translational accelerations, angular velocities, and the flux density of Earth’s magnetic field. Based on this data, we present a threefold analysis: (i) a qualitative data interpretation, identifying different particle motion phases which are associated to corresponding flow regimes, (ii) a quantitative time integration algorithm, determining the corresponding particle trajectory and associated velocities on the basis of standard sensor calibration, and (iii) an improved quantitative evaluation relying on a novel in situ sensor calibration technique, which is motivated by the limitations of the given data set. The final results, i.e. the evolution of the angular orientation of the sensor unit, translational and rotational velocities, and estimates of the sensor trajectory, are assessed with respect to their reliability and relevance for avalanche dynamics as well as for future design of experiments.

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    https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
    Preprint . 2023
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    Annals of Glaciology
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
      Preprint . 2023
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      Annals of Glaciology
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Ferrarin, L; Schulz, K; Bocchiola, D; Koch, F;

    Abstract The spatiotemporal distribution of snow affects hydrological and climatological processes at different scales. Accordingly, quantifying geometric features of snow-cover patterns is important, providing a valuable complement for snow water equivalent (SWE) modelling. This study on satellite-based morphological analysis originally uses two types of geometric indexes: (1) MN, Minkowski numbers (area (MN1), perimeter (MN2), Euler number (MN3)), and (2) CL, average chord length, to describe the morphology of Sentinel-2-derived snow-covered areas (SCAs), within the high-alpine site Zugspitze for a 5 year period. Results indicate that they capture the seasonal variability of snow-cover patterns, particularly during accumulation and ablation. Being to some degree independent from each other, MN2, MN3 and CL provide additional information upon shape, connectivity and length scale of snow cover, compared to most used indexes (e.g. fractional SCA). Correlation values up to +0.7 for MN2, +0.58 for MN3 and +0.46 for CL were observed with selected topographic characteristics, suggesting a close connection between geometric features of snow cover and ground features. Comparing in situ SWE measurements with MN and CL shows a correlation between −0.5 and +0.5. These indexes can hence be applied in combination with in situ data and/or modelling approaches to improve spatially distributed SWE in high-alpine catchments.

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    Authors: Amelie Fees; Alec van Herwijnen; Moritz Altenbach; Michael Lombardo; +1 Authors

    Abstract Glide-snow avalanches release due to a loss of friction at the snow–ground interface, which can result in large avalanches that endanger infrastructure in alpine regions. The underlying processes are still relatively poorly understood, in part due to the limited data available on glide processes. Here, we introduce a pixel-based algorithm to detect glide cracks in time-lapse photographs under changing illumination and shadow conditions. The algorithm was applied to 14 years of time-lapse images at Dorfberg (Davos, Switzerland). We analysed 947 glide-snow events at a high-spatial (0.5 m) and temporal (2–15 min) resolution. Avalanche activity and glide-crack opening dynamics were investigated across timescales ranging from seasonally to hourly. Events were separated into surface (meltwater percolation) and interface events (no meltwater percolation). The results show that glide activity is highly variable between and within seasons. Most avalanches released without crack formation or within 24 h after crack opening, and release was favoured in the afternoon hours. Glide rates often showed a stick–slip behaviour. The acceleration of glide rates and non-constant increases in glide crack aspect ratio were indicators for avalanche release. This comprehensive dataset provides the basis for further investigations into glide-snow avalanche drivers.

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    Annals of Glaciology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Annals of Glaciology
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    Authors: Arttu Jutila; Christian Haas;

    AbstractSnow cover on sea ice poses a challenge for radar measurements as microwave penetration into snow is not yet fully understood. In this study, the aim is to investigate microwave penetration into snow on Arctic sea ice using commercial C (6 GHz) and K (26 GHz) band tank radars. Nadir-looking radar measurements collected at nine study locations over first-year and multiyear landfast sea ice in the Lincoln Sea in May 2018 are analysed together with detailed measurements of the physical properties of the snow cover to determine the dominant scattering horizons at both frequencies. They are evaluated for the feasibility to determine snow depth. The results show that in 39% of the measurements and only on first-year ice a major fraction of the C band radar backscatter originated closer to the snow–ice interface potentially enabling snow depth retrieval. At K band, 81% of the radar returns originated from the snow surface. Partly confirming the findings of previous studies, however, the analysis was potentially hampered by relatively warm air temperatures (up to$-0.9^\circ$C) during the study period as well as stratigraphic features and inconclusive microwave interaction with the saline basal layers found in the snow cover on first-year ice.

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    Annals of Glaciology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Annals of Glaciology
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    Authors: Jennifer Huidobro; Julene Aramendia; Gorka Arana; Elisabeth M. Hausrath; +1 Authors

    Abstract Raman spectra (532 nm diode laser) of gypsum, syngenite and görgeyite powders were studied from 273 to 83 K every −10 K. Although it was found that not all the Raman peaks are temperature-sensitive, the effect of temperature on the Raman signal of some bands was modelled. It was observed that the main bands of the three sulfates shift toward higher wavenumbers as temperature decreases. The strengthening of the bonds causes an increase in energy and, consequently, higher wavenumbers. However, –OH bands shift depending on the crystal structure they acquire as the temperature decreases, so not all –OH bands behave in the same way. Finally, the gypsum –OH bands change to more ordered crystalline structures with decreasing temperature, so their bandwidths become narrower and sharper.

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    Annals of Glaciology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Annals of Glaciology
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    Authors: Frank Paul; Sabine Baumann; Brian Anderson; Philipp Rastner;

    Abstract Due to adverse snow and cloud conditions, only a few inventories are available for the maritime glaciers in New Zealand. These are difficult to compare as different approaches and baseline data have been used to create them. In consequence, glacier fluctuations in New Zealand over the past two decades are only known for a few glaciers based on field observations. Here we present the results of a new inventory for the ‘year 2000’ (some scenes are from 2001 and 2002) that is based on glacier outlines from a recently published inventory for the year 2016 and allowed consistent change assessment for nearly 3000 glaciers over this period. The year 2000 inventory was created by manual on-screen digitizing using Landsat ETM+ satellite imagery (15 m panchromatic band) in the background and the year 2016 outlines as a starting point. Major challenges faced were late and early seasonal snow, clouds and shadow, the geo-location mismatch between Landsat and Sentinel-2 as well as the correct interpretation of ice patches and ice under debris cover. In total, we re-mapped 2967 glaciers covering an area of 885.5 km2 in 2000, which is 91.7 km2 (or 10.4%) more than the 793.8 km2 mapped in 2016. Area change rates (mean rate −0.65% a−1) increase towards smaller glaciers. Strongest area loss from 2000 to 2016 occurred at elevations ~1900 m but the highest relative loss was found below 800 m a.s.l. In total, 109 glaciers split into two or more entities and 264 had wasted away by 2016.

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    Annals of Glaciology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Annals of Glaciology
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    Authors: Aayushi Pandey; Jan Kropáček;
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    Annals of Glaciology
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      Annals of Glaciology
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    Authors: Lynn M. Kaluzienski; Jason M. Amundson; Jamie M. Womble; Andrew K. Bliss; +1 Authors

    AbstractIcebergs in proglacial fjords serve as pupping, resting and molting habitat for some of the largest seasonal aggregations of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) in Alaska. One of the largest aggregations in Southeast Alaska occurs in Johns Hopkins Inlet, Glacier Bay National Park, where up to 2000 seals use icebergs produced by Johns Hopkins Glacier. Like other advancing tidewater glaciers, the advance of Johns Hopkins Glacier over the past century has been facilitated by the growth and continual redistribution of a submarine end moraine, which has limited mass losses from iceberg calving and submarine melting and enabled glacier thickening by providing flow resistance. A 15-year record of aerial surveys reveals (i) a decline in iceberg concentrations concurrent with moraine growth and (ii) that the iceberg size distributions can be approximated as power law distributions, with relatively little variability and no clear trends in the power law exponent despite large changes in ice fluxes over seasonal and interannual timescales. Together, these observations suggest that sustained tidewater glacier advance should typically be associated with reductions in the number of large, habitable icebergs, which may have implications for harbor seals relying on iceberg habitat for critical life-history events.

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    Annals of Glaciology
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    Annals of Glaciology
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