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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zaiga Jansone; Zigmārs Rendenieks; Andris Lapāns; Ilmar Tamm; +9 Authors

    Accurate and robust methods are needed to monitor crop growth and predict grain yield and quality in breeding programs, particularly under variable agrometeorological conditions. Field experiments were conducted during two successive cropping seasons (2021, 2022) at four trial locations (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway). The focus was on assessment of the grain yield (GY), grain protein content (GPC), and UAV-derived NDVI measured at different plant growth stages. The performance and stability of 16 selected spring wheat genotypes were assessed under two N application rates (75, 150 kg N ha−1) and across different agrometeorological conditions. Quantitative relationships between agronomic traits and UAV-derived variables were determined. None of the traits exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) genotype-by-nitrogen interaction. High-yielding and high-protein genotypes were detected with a high WAASB stability, specifically under high and low N rates. This study highlights the significant effect of an NDVI analysis at GS55 and GS75 as key linear predictors, especially concerning spring wheat GYs. However, the effectiveness of these indices depends on the specific growing conditions in different, geospatially distant locations, limiting their universal utility.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agronomyarrow_drop_down
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    Agronomy
    Article . 2023
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    Agronomy
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agronomyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Agronomy
      Article . 2023
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      Agronomy
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Affia, Abasi-amefon Obot;

    Võrgutoega seadmete ja nende haavatavuste kasvuga on hakatud rohkem tähelepanu pöörama asjade interneti (IoT) turvariskide haldamisele (SRM). Võimalik ründepind laieneb asjade Interneti ökosüsteemi kasvades, tuues esile vajadust tugevate turvameetmete järele arenevate ohtude vastu. Olemasolevad uuringud toovad siiski välja lünki asjade Interneti arhitektuuri täielikul integreerimisel turvariskide haldamisse. Rakendamise praktilised väljakutsed tõstavad niigi keerukate asjade interneti süsteemide keerukust ja teevad turvariskide haldamise ülesannet veelgi keerulisemaks. Seega õõnestab teooria ja praktika vaheline ebavõrdsus turvaraamistike eduka rakendamise tõenäosust reaalsetes asjade interneti süsteemides, muutes need vastuvõtlikuks pidevalt arenevale ohumaastikule. Nende väljakutsete lahendamiseks tutvustame IoT-arhitektuuril põhinevat turvariskide haldamise (IoTA-SRM) raamistikku, mis pakub terviklikku ja integreeritavat lähenemist tuvariskide haldamisele asjade interneti süsteemides. Integreerides IoT arhitektuuri turvariskide haldamisse, saavad sidusrühmad tagada oma IoT süsteemi komponentide ja interaktsioonide igakülgse katvuse. Raamistikku hinnati autonoomsete sõidukisüsteemide ekspertide poolt läbiviidud juhtumiuuringute abil, et teha kindlaks selle praktilisus, kohanemisvõime ja eelised. Kuigi antud juhtumite analüüsis nähakse raamistiku praktilisust, võib selle teoreetiline rikkus jääda praktikutele rakendamise ajal abstraktseks. Arvestades asjade interneti süsteemide keerukust ja ohtude dünaamilist olemust, ei piisa üksi traditsioonilistest õpetamisviisidest, et hõlbustada raamistiku üleminekut teoreetiliselt arusaamiselt praktilisele rakendusele, mistõttu on vaja tavapärasest õpetamisviisidest edasi ulatuvaid haridusmeetodeid. Seega töötati välja sekkumispõhine häkatoni lähenemine. See lähenemisviis, mida täiustatakse kohandatud sekkumistega, soodustab kogemuslikku õppimist. Antud sekkumised on hoolikalt välja töötatud, kohandatavad erinevate häkatoni kontekstide ja turvalisuse aspektide õpetamise sisuga ning täiustatud tegevusuuringute tsüklite kaudu, et võimaldada osalejatel navigeerida ja rakendada IoTA-SRM raamistikku. Meie integreeritud raamistik ja häkatoni lähenemisviis täitsid kahte rolli: haridusmudel, mis on suunatud turvariskide haldamisele asjade interneti süsteemides, ja IoTA-SRM-i raamistiku hindamismehhanism häkatoni iteratsioonide kaudu, võimaldades selliselt selle iteratiivset täiustamist. See doktoritöö aitab kaasa IoT SRMi teoreetilisele mõistmisele ja IoT turvariskide juhtimise praktilistele lähenemisviisidele. Lisaks pakub see meetodit tulevaste spetsialistide koolitamiseks selles kiiresti arenevas valdkonnas. Siin esitatud leiud ja metoodikad loovad aluse tulevastele püüdlustele IoT SRM-i rakendamisel ja õpetamisel, näitlikustades sünergilist seost teoreetiliste turvakontseptsioonide ja nende praktilise rakendamise vahel. With the rise of network-capable devices and their vulnerabilities, attention has focused on security risk management (SRM) in the internet of things (IoT). The potential attack surface expands as the IoT ecosystem grows, underscoring the need for robust security measures against evolving threats. Yet, existing research reveals gaps in fully integrating the IoT architecture into SRM activities. Practical implementation challenges further complicate the intricate nature of IoT systems and the daunting task of SRM. Consequently, the disparity between theory and practice undermines the likelihood of successfully implementing security frameworks in real-world IoT systems, leaving them susceptible to an ever-evolving threat landscape. To address these challenges, we introduce the IoT Architecture-based Security Risk Management (IoTA-SRM) framework, offering a comprehensive and integrative approach to SRM in IoT systems. By integrating the IoT architecture into security risk management, stakeholders can ensure comprehensive coverage of their IoT system components and interactions. The framework was evaluated involving expert-validated case studies in autonomous vehicle systems to ascertain its practicality, adaptability, and benefits. However, though the practicality of the framework is seen in this case analysis, its theoretical richness may remain abstract for practitioners during application. Given the intricacy of IoT systems and the dynamic nature of threats, traditional instructional approaches alone prove insufficient to facilitate the framework's transition from theoretical understanding to practical application, necessitating educational methods that transcend conventional instruction. Thus, an intervention-based hackathon approach was developed. Enhanced with tailored interventions, this approach fosters an experiential learning approach. These interventions are carefully crafted, adaptable to diverse hackathon contexts and security learning content, and refined through action research cycles to enable participants to navigate and apply the IoTA-SRM framework. Our integrated framework and hackathon approach served dual roles: an educational model targeting SRM in IoT systems and an evaluation mechanism for the IoTA-SRM framework through hackathon iterations, thus allowing for its iterative refinement. This thesis contributes to the theoretical understanding of IoT SRM and practical approaches for IoT security risk management. It further offers a method for educating future professionals in this rapidly evolving field. The findings and methodologies presented herein provide a basis for future endeavours in applying and teaching IoT SRM, exemplifying the synergistic relationship between theoretical security concepts and their practical application. https://www.ester.ee/record=b5645350

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DSpace at Tartu Univ...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DSpace at Tartu Univ...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Pauls Zeltiņš; Āris Jansons; Virgilijus Baliuckas; Ahto Kangur;

    Abstract The breeding of forest tree species in the Baltic region has notably contributed to wood production for the bioeconomy. Growth modelling is used for long-term estimates of forest development. However, usually based on data from unimproved stands, they may underestimate the growth of improved trees. Accordingly, it is important to identify and integrate the altered stand dynamics associated with improved planting stock into existing growth models to accurately capture the resulting gains or, alternatively, develop new functions specifically designed for improved trees. We used the generalized algebraic difference approach to model and analyze height growth patterns of Scots pine and silver birch with different genetic improvement levels (improved forest reproductive material categories ‘qualified’ and ‘tested’). Modelling was based on 14 260 and 55 926 height–age series from open-pollinated progeny trials in Latvia and Lithuania with an age range of 3–46 and 5–22 years for pine and birch, respectively. Dynamic generalized algebraic difference approach forms of commonly applied height growth functions with forest reproductive material-category-specific sets of coefficients were tested. The dynamic form of the Chapman–Richards and King–Prodan equations had the best fit for Scots pine and silver birch, respectively. The expected height growth of the category ‘tested’ was slightly better than the one for ‘qualified’, with more distinct differences in silver birch. The model with forest reproductive material-category-specific coefficients reflected the actual growth of improved trees; however, such application is limited to sites with medium and high site indices, where improved planting stock is typically used. We recommend the model for young stands up to the age of 20 and 40 years for pine and birch, respectively, considering the empirical data cover on which the functions are based. A unified dynamic height model with the same functional form but category-specific parameterization for different improvement levels allows a practical applicability and effective communication amongst diverse users, thereby promoting the utilization of the model amongst forest owners and managers who possess information regarding the origin of planting stock.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Forestry An Internat...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Forestry An Internat...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Kärhä, Kalle; Seuri, Milla; Mac Donagh, Patricio; Acuna, Mauricio; +38 Authors

    The aim of the study was to provide a comprehensive overview of global long-distance road transportation of industrial roundwood. The study focused on the maximum gross vehicle weight (GVW) limits allowed with different timber truck configurations, typical payloads in timber trucking, the road transportation share of the total industrial roundwood long-distance transportation volume, and the average long-distance transportation distances and costs of industrial roundwood. The study was carried out as a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was sent to timber transportation logistics experts and research scientists in the 30 countries with the largest industrial roundwood removals in Europe, as well as selected major forestry countries in the world (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Japan, New Zealand, South Africa, Türkiye, the United States of America and Uruguay) in February 2022, and closed in May 2022. A total of 31 countries took part in the survey. The survey illustrated that timber trucking was the main long-distance transportation method of industrial roundwood in almost every country surveyed. Road transportation averaged 89% of the total industrial roundwood long-distance transportation volume. Timber truck configurations of 4 to 9 axles with GVW limits of around 30 tonnes to over 70 tonnes were most commonly used. The results indicated that higher GVW limits allowed significantly higher payloads in timber trucking, with the lowest payloads at less than 25 tonnes, and the highest payloads more than 45 tonnes. The average road transportation distance with industrial roundwood was 128 km, and the average long-distance transportation cost in timber trucking was €11.1 per tonne of timber transported. In the entire survey material, there was a direct relationship between transportation distance and transportation costs and an inverse relationship between maximum GVW limits and transportation costs. Consequently, in order to reduce transportation costs, it is essential to maximise payloads (within legal limits) and minimise haul distances. Several measures to increase cost- and energy-efficiency, and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in road transportation logistics, are discussed in the paper. On the basis of the survey, it is recommended that up-to-date statistical data and novel research studies on the long-distance transportation of industrial roundwood be conducted in some countries in the future.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Croatian Journal of ...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Croatian Journal of ...arrow_drop_down
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      Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Ilze Ozola; Iluta Dauskane; Ieva Aunina; Normunds Stivrins;

    Global climate change impact has increased in recent decades and put urgency on implementing effective climate change mitigation (CCM) activities. Rewetting of drained peatlands is an acknowledged measure to reduce GHG emissions from organic soils in the agriculture and land use sectors. Under waterlogged conditions, decomposition of organic matter in peat decreases, and emissions of CO2 are reduced. Thus, the soil carbon stock is saved, and wet management of the site reactivates carbon sequestration. To reach CCM targets, the first rewetting and paludiculture trials have been implemented in Latvia. In this article, we review the current status of paludiculture in Latvia and evaluate the pros and cons of their wider implementation. The majority of paludiculture projects and pilot studies in Latvia have not been published so far and are reported here for the first time. Our assessment of paludiculture shows that trails on Alnus, Phalaris, Phragmites, Sphagnum, and Typha installed by the private enterprises have promising results for upcoming large-scale implementation. There are available areas for paludiculture in Latvia, but the current legislation and national framework policies (environment, agriculture, forest, and climate) do not fully support such activities yet and must be adapted.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Landarrow_drop_down
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    Land
    Article . 2023
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    Land
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Landarrow_drop_down
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      Land
      Article . 2023
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      Land
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Ivars Lusis; Vita Antane; Andres Waldmann;

    This study determined the impact of subclinical intramammary infections (IMIs), such as the major and minor udder pathogens (MaPs and MiPs), on the somatic cell count (SCC) in cow milk and investigated the possibilities of indirect sensing of the udder pathogens using the mastitis detection index (MDi) (DeLaval, Tumba, Sweden). The MDi incorporates quarter-level milk electrical conductivity, blood in milk, and milking interval. The case group (n = 21; MDi ≥ 1.4) was compared with the control group (n = 24; MDi < 1.4) for the presence of IMIs. The microbiological investigation of udder quarter foremilk samples was performed two times with an interval of 10 to 14 days. The case and control groups differed in terms of the occurrence of MaPs and MiPs in milk. During the continuous subclinical IMI and the episodic MaP infection, a higher SCC was detected compared with the episodic MiP infection or quarters without IMI. The novel finding of this study was that by using the milk quality sensor for the sensing of subclinical IMIs, there was an indication for the successful detection of episodic MaPs. However, the sensing of the continuous subclinical IMIs was not possible in the current study and still needs to be investigated.

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    Authors: Padari Allar; Kiviste Andres; Laarmann Diana; Kangur Ahto;

    Abstract The stand level gross volume increment models are used to estimate the future production of tree stands. Very often, the stand growth and yield in the models used in practice are described by the tree volume increment that includes the diameter growth function with the tree height together with stem taper as the input variables. The currently used function of stand volume increment in Estonia included also stand relative density as an additional input variable. In the current study, we developed a basal area increment function based on the periodic measurement data of the Estonian Network of Forest Research Plots (ENFRP). As in the earlier model of stand volume increment developed by Priit Kohava, in the current model the basal area increment of tree species is developed for a pure stand, and for mixed stands, the proportion of the tree species’ basal area is used. The tests in our data indicated that the periodic increment prognosis had good fit in the case of variable share of tree species in the main storey and coincide with the earlier studies by Finnish and Swedish colleagues. The developed model of basal area increment predictions are expectedly higher than the earlier model predictions for the most tree species and stand relative densities.

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    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Mikko Buht; Allar Padari; Jürgen Aosaar; Mats Varik; +6 Authors

    The values of the fractional distribution of aboveground (AGB) and belowground biomass (BGB), root/shoot ratios (R/S) and stemwood density were estimated for silver (Betula pendula) and downy birch (Betula pubescens) along site index and age gradients for Estonia. Biomass models were used, in which the diameter at breast height (D1.3, measured above root collar), tree height, age and site index served as independent variables. The models for AGB and BGB were elaborated based on the data of 117 and 30 model trees, respectively. Strong allometric relationships were revealed between D1.3 and total AGB (with foliage), stem mass and BGB. For trees with D1.3 < 15 cm, individual models predicted similar biomass patterns for both species, for larger trees, species-specific models are suggested. The relative share of stem mass in AGB was 80–90% for all site index and age classes, being significantly higher for silver birch. The average relative share of stembark, branches, leaves and the R/S, were significantly higher for downy birch. Mean oven-dry mass stemwood density for silver and downy birch was 0.573 g cm−3, there was no statistically significant difference between the species. The mean R/S ratio was 0.29 and 0.43 for silver and downy birch, respectively.

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    Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
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    Authors: Rodrigues Leatrice Talita; Mercuri Emílio Graciliano Ferreira; Noe Steffen Manfred;

    Abstract Complex mixtures of substances are in the atmosphere and they can cause diseases in humans and biological communities after acute or chronic exposition. This paper focuses on the physical measurement of particulate matter, a proxy for air pollution, and a biological method for mutation assessment due to plants’ exposure to air pollution. The objective of this research was to characterize the air pollution seasonality in municipalities in southern Brazil, and also to understand the relation between air pollution and the biological response of the Tradescantia sp. clone 4430. The optical sensor SDS011 was used for measurements of particulate matter (PM) and the Trad-SHM bioassay was chosen to quantify the mutagenic alterations that occurred in stamen hairs during the study period, with PM data being measured every 5 seconds and the flowers being harvested approximately every two weeks for laboratory analysis. The Pearson test was applied to verify the correlation between PM and mutations in stamen hair as a result of which it was observed that there is a positive correlation between these data, with the highest value found being r = 0.61. Also, the period with the highest occurrence of pink cells was between autumn and spring, the same period in which an unusual increase in PM concentrations was also observed, a period that corresponds to a less favorable dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere. The use of Tradescantia sp. clone 4430 showed sensitivity to the environments in which it was exposed. Biomonitoring is an important tool for understanding the effects of pollutants on the ecosystem.

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    Authors: Mercuri Emílio Graciliano Ferreira; Tamm Toomas; Noe Steffen Manfred;

    Abstract The carbon and water fluxes and their inter-relations are key aspects of ecosystem dynamics. In this study, regionalization was used in transferring parameters from the GR4J-Cemaneige model calibrated in Reola hydrographic basin to predict daily flows in Kalli basin; both watersheds are located in the southeast of Estonia. Evapotranspiration data was collected from the MODIS sensor of the Terra satellite and from the Station for Measuring Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations (SMEAR Estonia). Precipitation data was collected from Tartu–Tõravere and SMEAR Estonia stations and river flow from Reola hydrometric station. The year 2011 was used for model warm-up, model calibration was done in 2012–2017 and the 2018–2020 period was used for validation. The GR4J-Cemaneige model was calibrated at Reola Basin, with a Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency index of 0.73. The 6 constants of Reola subbasin were transferred to Kalli subbasin for river flow simulation. Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) was measured at the 70 m SMEAR tower with the eddy covariance technique. The balances indicate that the ecosystem at Kalli watershed is slowly becoming a source of carbon and less water is available at the catchment reservoir. NEE has increased from -1.23 μmol m-2 s-1 in 2015 to -0.62 μmol m-2 s-1 in 2020, while the delta water storage decreased from 0.24 mm in 2015 to -0.05 mm in 2020. This behavior may increase soil drying and oxidation, and it will probably release more carbon in the future. This research allows a better understanding of the Järvselja hemi-boreal forest water-carbon dynamics.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zaiga Jansone; Zigmārs Rendenieks; Andris Lapāns; Ilmar Tamm; +9 Authors

    Accurate and robust methods are needed to monitor crop growth and predict grain yield and quality in breeding programs, particularly under variable agrometeorological conditions. Field experiments were conducted during two successive cropping seasons (2021, 2022) at four trial locations (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway). The focus was on assessment of the grain yield (GY), grain protein content (GPC), and UAV-derived NDVI measured at different plant growth stages. The performance and stability of 16 selected spring wheat genotypes were assessed under two N application rates (75, 150 kg N ha−1) and across different agrometeorological conditions. Quantitative relationships between agronomic traits and UAV-derived variables were determined. None of the traits exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) genotype-by-nitrogen interaction. High-yielding and high-protein genotypes were detected with a high WAASB stability, specifically under high and low N rates. This study highlights the significant effect of an NDVI analysis at GS55 and GS75 as key linear predictors, especially concerning spring wheat GYs. However, the effectiveness of these indices depends on the specific growing conditions in different, geospatially distant locations, limiting their universal utility.

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    Agronomy
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agronomy
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    Authors: Affia, Abasi-amefon Obot;

    Võrgutoega seadmete ja nende haavatavuste kasvuga on hakatud rohkem tähelepanu pöörama asjade interneti (IoT) turvariskide haldamisele (SRM). Võimalik ründepind laieneb asjade Interneti ökosüsteemi kasvades, tuues esile vajadust tugevate turvameetmete järele arenevate ohtude vastu. Olemasolevad uuringud toovad siiski välja lünki asjade Interneti arhitektuuri täielikul integreerimisel turvariskide haldamisse. Rakendamise praktilised väljakutsed tõstavad niigi keerukate asjade interneti süsteemide keerukust ja teevad turvariskide haldamise ülesannet veelgi keerulisemaks. Seega õõnestab teooria ja praktika vaheline ebavõrdsus turvaraamistike eduka rakendamise tõenäosust reaalsetes asjade interneti süsteemides, muutes need vastuvõtlikuks pidevalt arenevale ohumaastikule. Nende väljakutsete lahendamiseks tutvustame IoT-arhitektuuril põhinevat turvariskide haldamise (IoTA-SRM) raamistikku, mis pakub terviklikku ja integreeritavat lähenemist tuvariskide haldamisele asjade interneti süsteemides. Integreerides IoT arhitektuuri turvariskide haldamisse, saavad sidusrühmad tagada oma IoT süsteemi komponentide ja interaktsioonide igakülgse katvuse. Raamistikku hinnati autonoomsete sõidukisüsteemide ekspertide poolt läbiviidud juhtumiuuringute abil, et teha kindlaks selle praktilisus, kohanemisvõime ja eelised. Kuigi antud juhtumite analüüsis nähakse raamistiku praktilisust, võib selle teoreetiline rikkus jääda praktikutele rakendamise ajal abstraktseks. Arvestades asjade interneti süsteemide keerukust ja ohtude dünaamilist olemust, ei piisa üksi traditsioonilistest õpetamisviisidest, et hõlbustada raamistiku üleminekut teoreetiliselt arusaamiselt praktilisele rakendusele, mistõttu on vaja tavapärasest õpetamisviisidest edasi ulatuvaid haridusmeetodeid. Seega töötati välja sekkumispõhine häkatoni lähenemine. See lähenemisviis, mida täiustatakse kohandatud sekkumistega, soodustab kogemuslikku õppimist. Antud sekkumised on hoolikalt välja töötatud, kohandatavad erinevate häkatoni kontekstide ja turvalisuse aspektide õpetamise sisuga ning täiustatud tegevusuuringute tsüklite kaudu, et võimaldada osalejatel navigeerida ja rakendada IoTA-SRM raamistikku. Meie integreeritud raamistik ja häkatoni lähenemisviis täitsid kahte rolli: haridusmudel, mis on suunatud turvariskide haldamisele asjade interneti süsteemides, ja IoTA-SRM-i raamistiku hindamismehhanism häkatoni iteratsioonide kaudu, võimaldades selliselt selle iteratiivset täiustamist. See doktoritöö aitab kaasa IoT SRMi teoreetilisele mõistmisele ja IoT turvariskide juhtimise praktilistele lähenemisviisidele. Lisaks pakub see meetodit tulevaste spetsialistide koolitamiseks selles kiiresti arenevas valdkonnas. Siin esitatud leiud ja metoodikad loovad aluse tulevastele püüdlustele IoT SRM-i rakendamisel ja õpetamisel, näitlikustades sünergilist seost teoreetiliste turvakontseptsioonide ja nende praktilise rakendamise vahel. With the rise of network-capable devices and their vulnerabilities, attention has focused on security risk management (SRM) in the internet of things (IoT). The potential attack surface expands as the IoT ecosystem grows, underscoring the need for robust security measures against evolving threats. Yet, existing research reveals gaps in fully integrating the IoT architecture into SRM activities. Practical implementation challenges further complicate the intricate nature of IoT systems and the daunting task of SRM. Consequently, the disparity between theory and practice undermines the likelihood of successfully implementing security frameworks in real-world IoT systems, leaving them susceptible to an ever-evolving threat landscape. To address these challenges, we introduce the IoT Architecture-based Security Risk Management (IoTA-SRM) framework, offering a comprehensive and integrative approach to SRM in IoT systems. By integrating the IoT architecture into security risk management, stakeholders can ensure comprehensive coverage of their IoT system components and interactions. The framework was evaluated involving expert-validated case studies in autonomous vehicle systems to ascertain its practicality, adaptability, and benefits. However, though the practicality of the framework is seen in this case analysis, its theoretical richness may remain abstract for practitioners during application. Given the intricacy of IoT systems and the dynamic nature of threats, traditional instructional approaches alone prove insufficient to facilitate the framework's transition from theoretical understanding to practical application, necessitating educational methods that transcend conventional instruction. Thus, an intervention-based hackathon approach was developed. Enhanced with tailored interventions, this approach fosters an experiential learning approach. These interventions are carefully crafted, adaptable to diverse hackathon contexts and security learning content, and refined through action research cycles to enable participants to navigate and apply the IoTA-SRM framework. Our integrated framework and hackathon approach served dual roles: an educational model targeting SRM in IoT systems and an evaluation mechanism for the IoTA-SRM framework through hackathon iterations, thus allowing for its iterative refinement. This thesis contributes to the theoretical understanding of IoT SRM and practical approaches for IoT security risk management. It further offers a method for educating future professionals in this rapidly evolving field. The findings and methodologies presented herein provide a basis for future endeavours in applying and teaching IoT SRM, exemplifying the synergistic relationship between theoretical security concepts and their practical application. https://www.ester.ee/record=b5645350

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    Authors: Pauls Zeltiņš; Āris Jansons; Virgilijus Baliuckas; Ahto Kangur;

    Abstract The breeding of forest tree species in the Baltic region has notably contributed to wood production for the bioeconomy. Growth modelling is used for long-term estimates of forest development. However, usually based on data from unimproved stands, they may underestimate the growth of improved trees. Accordingly, it is important to identify and integrate the altered stand dynamics associated with improved planting stock into existing growth models to accurately capture the resulting gains or, alternatively, develop new functions specifically designed for improved trees. We used the generalized algebraic difference approach to model and analyze height growth patterns of Scots pine and silver birch with different genetic improvement levels (improved forest reproductive material categories ‘qualified’ and ‘tested’). Modelling was based on 14 260 and 55 926 height–age series from open-pollinated progeny trials in Latvia and Lithuania with an age range of 3–46 and 5–22 years for pine and birch, respectively. Dynamic generalized algebraic difference approach forms of commonly applied height growth functions with forest reproductive material-category-specific sets of coefficients were tested. The dynamic form of the Chapman–Richards and King–Prodan equations had the best fit for Scots pine and silver birch, respectively. The expected height growth of the category ‘tested’ was slightly better than the one for ‘qualified’, with more distinct differences in silver birch. The model with forest reproductive material-category-specific coefficients reflected the actual growth of improved trees; however, such application is limited to sites with medium and high site indices, where improved planting stock is typically used. We recommend the model for young stands up to the age of 20 and 40 years for pine and birch, respectively, considering the empirical data cover on which the functions are based. A unified dynamic height model with the same functional form but category-specific parameterization for different improvement levels allows a practical applicability and effective communication amongst diverse users, thereby promoting the utilization of the model amongst forest owners and managers who possess information regarding the origin of planting stock.

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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
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    Authors: Kärhä, Kalle; Seuri, Milla; Mac Donagh, Patricio; Acuna, Mauricio; +38 Authors

    The aim of the study was to provide a comprehensive overview of global long-distance road transportation of industrial roundwood. The study focused on the maximum gross vehicle weight (GVW) limits allowed with different timber truck configurations, typical payloads in timber trucking, the road transportation share of the total industrial roundwood long-distance transportation volume, and the average long-distance transportation distances and costs of industrial roundwood. The study was carried out as a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was sent to timber transportation logistics experts and research scientists in the 30 countries with the largest industrial roundwood removals in Europe, as well as selected major forestry countries in the world (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Japan, New Zealand, South Africa, Türkiye, the United States of America and Uruguay) in February 2022, and closed in May 2022. A total of 31 countries took part in the survey. The survey illustrated that timber trucking was the main long-distance transportation method of industrial roundwood in almost every country surveyed. Road transportation averaged 89% of the total industrial roundwood long-distance transportation volume. Timber truck configurations of 4 to 9 axles with GVW limits of around 30 tonnes to over 70 tonnes were most commonly used. The results indicated that higher GVW limits allowed significantly higher payloads in timber trucking, with the lowest payloads at less than 25 tonnes, and the highest payloads more than 45 tonnes. The average road transportation distance with industrial roundwood was 128 km, and the average long-distance transportation cost in timber trucking was €11.1 per tonne of timber transported. In the entire survey material, there was a direct relationship between transportation distance and transportation costs and an inverse relationship between maximum GVW limits and transportation costs. Consequently, in order to reduce transportation costs, it is essential to maximise payloads (within legal limits) and minimise haul distances. Several measures to increase cost- and energy-efficiency, and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in road transportation logistics, are discussed in the paper. On the basis of the survey, it is recommended that up-to-date statistical data and novel research studies on the long-distance transportation of industrial roundwood be conducted in some countries in the future.

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    Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering
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    Authors: Ilze Ozola; Iluta Dauskane; Ieva Aunina; Normunds Stivrins;

    Global climate change impact has increased in recent decades and put urgency on implementing effective climate change mitigation (CCM) activities. Rewetting of drained peatlands is an acknowledged measure to reduce GHG emissions from organic soils in the agriculture and land use sectors. Under waterlogged conditions, decomposition of organic matter in peat decreases, and emissions of CO2 are reduced. Thus, the soil carbon stock is saved, and wet management of the site reactivates carbon sequestration. To reach CCM targets, the first rewetting and paludiculture trials have been implemented in Latvia. In this article, we review the current status of paludiculture in Latvia and evaluate the pros and cons of their wider implementation. The majority of paludiculture projects and pilot studies in Latvia have not been published so far and are reported here for the first time. Our assessment of paludiculture shows that trails on Alnus, Phalaris, Phragmites, Sphagnum, and Typha installed by the private enterprises have promising results for upcoming large-scale implementation. There are available areas for paludiculture in Latvia, but the current legislation and national framework policies (environment, agriculture, forest, and climate) do not fully support such activities yet and must be adapted.

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    Authors: Ivars Lusis; Vita Antane; Andres Waldmann;

    This study determined the impact of subclinical intramammary infections (IMIs), such as the major and minor udder pathogens (MaPs and MiPs), on the somatic cell count (SCC) in cow milk and investigated the possibilities of indirect sensing of the udder pathogens using the mastitis detection index (MDi) (DeLaval, Tumba, Sweden). The MDi incorporates quarter-level milk electrical conductivity, blood in milk, and milking interval. The case group (n = 21; MDi ≥ 1.4) was compared with the control group (n = 24; MDi < 1.4) for the presence of IMIs. The microbiological investigation of udder quarter foremilk samples was performed two times with an interval of 10 to 14 days. The case and control groups differed in terms of the occurrence of MaPs and MiPs in milk. During the continuous subclinical IMI and the episodic MaP infection, a higher SCC was detected compared with the episodic MiP infection or quarters without IMI. The novel finding of this study was that by using the milk quality sensor for the sensing of subclinical IMIs, there was an indication for the successful detection of episodic MaPs. However, the sensing of the continuous subclinical IMIs was not possible in the current study and still needs to be investigated.

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    Sensors
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    Sensors
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      Sensors
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Padari Allar; Kiviste Andres; Laarmann Diana; Kangur Ahto;

    Abstract The stand level gross volume increment models are used to estimate the future production of tree stands. Very often, the stand growth and yield in the models used in practice are described by the tree volume increment that includes the diameter growth function with the tree height together with stem taper as the input variables. The currently used function of stand volume increment in Estonia included also stand relative density as an additional input variable. In the current study, we developed a basal area increment function based on the periodic measurement data of the Estonian Network of Forest Research Plots (ENFRP). As in the earlier model of stand volume increment developed by Priit Kohava, in the current model the basal area increment of tree species is developed for a pure stand, and for mixed stands, the proportion of the tree species’ basal area is used. The tests in our data indicated that the periodic increment prognosis had good fit in the case of variable share of tree species in the main storey and coincide with the earlier studies by Finnish and Swedish colleagues. The developed model of basal area increment predictions are expectedly higher than the earlier model predictions for the most tree species and stand relative densities.

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    Metsanduslikud Uurimused
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Metsanduslikud Uurimused
    Article . 2023
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      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Mikko Buht; Allar Padari; Jürgen Aosaar; Mats Varik; +6 Authors

    The values of the fractional distribution of aboveground (AGB) and belowground biomass (BGB), root/shoot ratios (R/S) and stemwood density were estimated for silver (Betula pendula) and downy birch (Betula pubescens) along site index and age gradients for Estonia. Biomass models were used, in which the diameter at breast height (D1.3, measured above root collar), tree height, age and site index served as independent variables. The models for AGB and BGB were elaborated based on the data of 117 and 30 model trees, respectively. Strong allometric relationships were revealed between D1.3 and total AGB (with foliage), stem mass and BGB. For trees with D1.3 < 15 cm, individual models predicted similar biomass patterns for both species, for larger trees, species-specific models are suggested. The relative share of stem mass in AGB was 80–90% for all site index and age classes, being significantly higher for silver birch. The average relative share of stembark, branches, leaves and the R/S, were significantly higher for downy birch. Mean oven-dry mass stemwood density for silver and downy birch was 0.573 g cm−3, there was no statistically significant difference between the species. The mean R/S ratio was 0.29 and 0.43 for silver and downy birch, respectively.

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    Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Rodrigues Leatrice Talita; Mercuri Emílio Graciliano Ferreira; Noe Steffen Manfred;

    Abstract Complex mixtures of substances are in the atmosphere and they can cause diseases in humans and biological communities after acute or chronic exposition. This paper focuses on the physical measurement of particulate matter, a proxy for air pollution, and a biological method for mutation assessment due to plants’ exposure to air pollution. The objective of this research was to characterize the air pollution seasonality in municipalities in southern Brazil, and also to understand the relation between air pollution and the biological response of the Tradescantia sp. clone 4430. The optical sensor SDS011 was used for measurements of particulate matter (PM) and the Trad-SHM bioassay was chosen to quantify the mutagenic alterations that occurred in stamen hairs during the study period, with PM data being measured every 5 seconds and the flowers being harvested approximately every two weeks for laboratory analysis. The Pearson test was applied to verify the correlation between PM and mutations in stamen hair as a result of which it was observed that there is a positive correlation between these data, with the highest value found being r = 0.61. Also, the period with the highest occurrence of pink cells was between autumn and spring, the same period in which an unusual increase in PM concentrations was also observed, a period that corresponds to a less favorable dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere. The use of Tradescantia sp. clone 4430 showed sensitivity to the environments in which it was exposed. Biomonitoring is an important tool for understanding the effects of pollutants on the ecosystem.

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    Article . 2023
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    Metsanduslikud Uurimused
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      Metsanduslikud Uurimused
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    Authors: Mercuri Emílio Graciliano Ferreira; Tamm Toomas; Noe Steffen Manfred;

    Abstract The carbon and water fluxes and their inter-relations are key aspects of ecosystem dynamics. In this study, regionalization was used in transferring parameters from the GR4J-Cemaneige model calibrated in Reola hydrographic basin to predict daily flows in Kalli basin; both watersheds are located in the southeast of Estonia. Evapotranspiration data was collected from the MODIS sensor of the Terra satellite and from the Station for Measuring Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations (SMEAR Estonia). Precipitation data was collected from Tartu–Tõravere and SMEAR Estonia stations and river flow from Reola hydrometric station. The year 2011 was used for model warm-up, model calibration was done in 2012–2017 and the 2018–2020 period was used for validation. The GR4J-Cemaneige model was calibrated at Reola Basin, with a Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency index of 0.73. The 6 constants of Reola subbasin were transferred to Kalli subbasin for river flow simulation. Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) was measured at the 70 m SMEAR tower with the eddy covariance technique. The balances indicate that the ecosystem at Kalli watershed is slowly becoming a source of carbon and less water is available at the catchment reservoir. NEE has increased from -1.23 μmol m-2 s-1 in 2015 to -0.62 μmol m-2 s-1 in 2020, while the delta water storage decreased from 0.24 mm in 2015 to -0.05 mm in 2020. This behavior may increase soil drying and oxidation, and it will probably release more carbon in the future. This research allows a better understanding of the Järvselja hemi-boreal forest water-carbon dynamics.

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    Metsanduslikud Uurimused
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    Metsanduslikud Uurimused
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