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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: PUVADOL DOYDEE; VlNCENTIUS SlREGAR;

    Many types of the coastal land use in Banten Bay have been assessed in order to know the change as evidently detected by Landsat imagery in 1994 and 2001. Image processing such as, supervised classification and various change detection techniques are performed to the satellite images. Red Green method showed the best result for detecting the coastal land use change. This method is suitable for detecting the increasing areas of the paddy fields and settlement. Image Differencing method is capable to detect the increasing areas in agriculture, decreasing in fishponds and natural areas. Image Ratioing method can be considered suitable for detecting the increasing area of fishponds, decreasing of paddy fields and agriculture areas. Each coastal land use type has increased, except for the natural area/brushwood. Most of agriculture and paddy fields areas have been converted to fish ponds. Key words: coastal land use/land cover, change detection method, remote sensing

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DOAJarrow_drop_down
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2006
    Data sources: DOAJ
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Biotropia: The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DOAJarrow_drop_down
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      Article . 2006
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Biotropia: The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Siraporn Chuea-uan; Dheerawan Boonyawan; Choncharoen Sawangrat; Sa-nguansak Thanapornpoonpong;

    This research aimed to understand the use of air gliding arc (GA) plasma to generate plasma-activated water (PAW) for fixing nitrogen in water and the chemical properties of PAW on the germination of rice seeds. The N2, NO, and OH molecules in GA plasma led to NO3−, NO2−, and H2O2 formation in the PAW. The NO3−, NO2−, and H2O2 contents in PAW rapidly decreased after 5 days of storage. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomised design using GA plasma discharged above the surface of deionised (DI) water with different airflow rates (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 L/min) compared to the control (DI water). The NO3− and NO2− contents increased, resulting in an increase in total nitrogen (N) and gibberellic acid (GA3) accumulation in rice seeds. The PAW at an airflow rate of 5 L/min was optimal for enhancing radicle emergence at 48 and 72 h, germination, germination index, shoot length, fresh weight, and dry weight of seedlings. Therefore, air GA plasma to generate PAW is an efficient method for producing nitrogen in a soluble form, which can support the germination processes and early growth of rice seedlings.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agronomyarrow_drop_down
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    Agronomy
    Article . 2023
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    Agronomy
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      Agronomy
      Article . 2023
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      Agronomy
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kawinwut Somsunun; Tippawan Prapamontol; Todsabhorn Kuanpan; Teetawat Santijitpakdee; +3 Authors

    Indoor exposure to heavy metals poses human health risks worldwide, but study reports from Thailand are still limited, particularly in rural and urban areas. We measured the heavy metals in a hundred indoor household dust samples collected from urban and rural areas in Chiang Mai and Lamphun provinces and found a significantly higher concentration of As in rural areas and Cd in urban areas with industrial activities. The source identification of the heavy metals showed significant enrichment from traffic emissions, paint, smoking, and mixed sources with natural soil. From health risk assessment models, children were more vulnerable to noncarcinogenic risks (HI = 1.45), primarily via ingestion (HQ = 1.39). Lifetime cancer risks (LCRs) due to heavy metal exposure were found in adults (LCR = 5.31 × 10−4) and children (LCR = 9.05 × 10−4). The cancer risks from As were higher in rural areas via ingestion, while Cr and Ni were higher in urban areas via inhalation and ingestion, respectively. This study estimated that approximately 5 out of 10,000 adults and 9 out of 10,000 children among the population may develop cancer in their lifetime from exposure to indoor heavy metals in this region.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Toxicsarrow_drop_down
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    Toxics
    Article . 2023
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    Toxics
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Toxicsarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Toxics
      Article . 2023
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      Toxics
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: I Komang Agus Ady Aryanto; Dechrit Maneetham; Padma Nyoman Crisnapati;

    This research focuses on enhancing neonatal care by developing a comprehensive monitoring and control system and an efficient model for predicting electrical energy consumption in incubators, aiming to mitigate potential adverse effects caused by excessive energy usage. Employing a combination of 1-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) methods within the framework of the Internet of Things (IoT), the study encompasses multiple components, including hardware, network, database, data analysis, and software. The research outcomes encompass a real-time web application for monitoring and control, temperature distribution visualizations within the incubator, a prototype incubator, and a predictive energy consumption model. Testing the LSTM method resulted in an RMSE of 42.650 and an MAE of 33.575, while the CNN method exhibited an RMSE of 37.675 and an MAE of 30.082. Combining CNN and LSTM yielded an RMSE of 32.436 and an MAE of 25.382, demonstrating the potential for significantly improving neonatal care.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Applied Sciencesarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Applied Sciences
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Applied Sciences
    Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Applied Sciencesarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Applied Sciences
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Applied Sciences
      Article . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Wisanu Jutharee; Boonserm Kaewkamnerdpong; Thavida Maneewarn;

    This study proposed a strategy for a quick fault recovery response when an actuator failure problem occurred while a humanoid robot with 7-DOF anthropomorphic arms was performing a task with upper body motion. The objective of this study was to develop an algorithm for joint reconfiguration of the receptionist robot called Namo so that the robot can still perform a set of emblematic gestures if an actuator fails or is damaged. We proposed a gesture similarity measurement to be used as an objective function and used bio-inspired artificial intelligence methods, including a genetic algorithm, a bacteria foraging optimization algorithm, and an artificial bee colony, to determine good solutions for joint reconfiguration. When an actuator fails, the failed joint will be locked at the average angle calculated from all emblematic gestures. We used grid search to determine suitable parameter sets for each method before making a comparison of their performance. The results showed that bio-inspired artificial intelligence methods could successfully suggest reconfigured gestures after joint motor failure within 1 s. After 100 repetitions, BFOA and ABC returned the best-reconfigured gestures; there was no statistical difference. However, ABC yielded more reliable reconfigured gestures; there was significantly less interquartile range among the results than BFOA. The joint reconfiguration method was demonstrated for all possible joint failure conditions. The results showed that the proposed method could determine good reconfigured gestures under given time constraints; hence, it could be used for joint failure recovery in real applications.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sensorsarrow_drop_down
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    Article . 2023
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    Sensors
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2023
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      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Yotsaphat Kittichotsatsawat; Nakorn Tippayawong; Korrakot Yaibuathet Tippayawong;

    AbstractThailand is among high-ranking coffee-exporting countries in the world. This study investigated, analyzed and proposed ideas for improved production of coffee to meet the demands from the local and international market. Using data collected from site visits, observation and interviews, value stream mapping analysis was used to identify the activities in the coffee production process. Automated machine deployment was used to improve the performance of coffee production. From the findings, it was shown that the total cycle time could be reduced by more than 82 %, the profit of sorted cherry coffee could be increased by 80%, and the processing time of green bean coffee could be reduced by almost 97%. An automated color sorting machine was deployed to improve the production process. With integrated lean and automated mechanization techniques, farmers can gain several benefits and become more responsive to future customer demands.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Cogent Food & Ag...arrow_drop_down
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    Cogent Food & Agriculture
    Article . 2023
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    Cogent Food & Agriculture
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      Cogent Food & Agriculture
      Article . 2023
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      Cogent Food & Agriculture
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Jing Xiang Chung; Liew Juneng; Gerasorn Santisirisomboon; Thanh Ngo-Duc; +15 Authors

    The Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) Southeast Asia further downscaled three of its 25 km products, i.e. EC-Earth, HadGEM2-ES and MPI-ESM-MR forced regional climate simulations to a higher resolution of 5 km. A newer RegCM4.7 model was used for this exercise. For the simulations over Peninsular Malaysia, analysis shows that these simulations have much smaller precipitation biases. They can correctly predict the annual precipitation cycle over the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia compared to the 25 km simulations. The ensemble of these 5 km simulations indicates that Peninsular Malaysia is expected to experience a decrease in its seasonal mean precipitation, regardless of the RCP 4.5 or RCP 8.5 scenarios. Aside from the reduction of seasonal mean precipitation, consecutive dry and wet days are expected to increase and decrease, respectively. This indicates that Peninsular Malaysia will experience a long dry spell in the future. At the same time, it is suggested that Peninsular Malaysia will have fewer days with very heavy precipitation. Overall, the findings from this study suggest that the 5 km downscaled climate simulations improve significantly over 25 km and that the Peninsular Malaysia region can expect a drier future climate and extremes.

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    Authors: Apiniti Jotisankasa; Kritanai Torsri; Soravis Supavetch; Kajornsak Sirirodwattanakool; +5 Authors

    Soil moisture plays a crucial role in various hydrological processes and energy partitioning of the global surface. The Soil Moisture Active Passive-Sentinel (SMAP-Sentinel) remote-sensing technology has demonstrated great potential for monitoring soil moisture with a maximum spatial resolution of 1 km. This capability can be applied to improve the weather forecast accuracy, enhance water management for agriculture, and managing climate-related disasters. Despite the techniques being increasingly used worldwide, their accuracy still requires field validation in specific regions like Thailand. In this paper, we report on the extensive in situ monitoring of soil moisture (from surface up to 1 m depth) at 10 stations across Thailand, spanning the years 2021 to 2023. The aim was to validate the SMAP surface-soil moisture (SSM) Level 2 product over a period of two years. Using a one-month averaging approach, the study revealed linear relationships between the two measurement types, with the coefficient of determination (R-squared) varying from 0.13 to 0.58. Notably, areas with more uniform land use and topography such as croplands tended to have a better coefficient of determination. We also conducted detailed soil core characterization, including soil–water retention curves, permeability, porosity, and other physical properties. The basic soil properties were used for estimating the correlation constants between SMAP and in situ soil moistures using multiple linear regression. The results produced R-squared values between 0.933 and 0.847. An upscaling approach to SMAP was proposed that showed promising results when a 3-month average of all measurements in cropland was used together. The finding also suggests that the SMAP-Sentinel remote-sensing technology exhibits significant potential for soil-moisture monitoring in certain applications. Further validation efforts and research, particularly in terms of root-zone depths and area-based assessments, especially in the agricultural sector, can greatly improve the technology’s effectiveness and usefulness in the region.

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    Sensors
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Sensors
    Article . 2023
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    Sensors
    Article . 2023
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      Sensors
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      Sensors
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      Sensors
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Md. Samim Hossain Molla; Orawan Kumdee; Nattaporn Worathongchai; Phanuphong Khongchiu; +4 Authors

    Maize, a major food source for the world’s tropical regions, is often impaired by droughts under a changing climate, which creates the importance of making efforts to improve the tolerance characteristics of maize under field conditions. The experiment was conducted during the dry season of the 2020–2021 period to investigate the stimulatory effects of plant growth regulator (PGR) ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) on the morpho-physio-biochemical traits of maize and to identify suitable application approaches for efficient production under water stress. The factorial randomized complete block design was followed for the present experiment. Ethephon was applied at the vegetative 6 leaves (V6) and/or 10 leaves (V10) stages. Seven application approaches (doses in g a.i. ha−1) of ethephon, i.e., 281 at the V6 stage (E1), 281 at the V6 stage + 281 at the V10 stage (E2), 281 at the V10 stage (E3), 562 at the V6 stage (E4), 562 at the V6 stage + 562 at the V10 stage (E5), 562 at the V10 stage (E6), and no ethephon (E7), were used for maize production. Another factor was that three water levels were used, i.e., well-watered conditions (watering every week) (W1), short water stress (no watering during 48–69 days after planting) (W2), and prolonged water stress (no watering during 48–83 days after planting) (W3). Water stress negatively affected most of the morpho-physiological traits, and in W2 and W3 conditions, the grain yield was significantly lower, i.e., 4.82 and 4.27 t ha−1, respectively, compared to W1 (5.71 t ha−1). The plant height and leaf area index at the reproductive milk stage of maize (R3) were significantly reduced by all approaches of ethephon application compared to no ethephon. However, across the water levels, E3 performed better and produced a higher grain yield (5.11 t ha−1), which was mostly seen by a higher 100-grain weight (24.52 g) and a slightly higher grain number per plant (356.12). It was also positively supported by most of the physiological and biochemical traits, as they were especially higher in the relative growth rate (25.73 mg plant−1 day−1), net assimilation rate (0.79 mg cm−2 day−1) at V6-R3, heat use efficiency (3.39 kg ha−1 °C days−1), electrolyte leakage (5.69%), and proline (28.78 µmol g−1 FW). These traits, under prolonged stress, also gave the maximum drought tolerance index by E3, i.e., the relative growth rate (1.00) and net assimilation rate (1.00) at V6 to R3, heat use efficiency (1.06), relative water content (1.00), electrolyte leakage (1.65), proline (1.88), 100-grain weight (1.01), grain yield (1.11), and water productivity (1.53). A path analysis showed that the shoot weight at R3 (1.00), the stem diameter at the R3 stage (1.00), net assimilation rate (0.95), relative water content (0.95), 100-grain weight (0.90), grain number (0.76), proline (0.75), SPAD value (0.71), and total soluble sugar (0.57) were highly positive, and electrolyte leakage (−0.84) was negatively correlated with the grain yield under prolonged water stress. The maximum positive direct effect on the grain yield was found in the shoot weight (1.05), net assimilation rate (0.68), leaf area index at R3 (0.45), SPAD (0.22), and electrolyte leakage (0.21). The ethephon application as the E3 approach was more efficient in both short and prolonged stress, especially under prolonged stress, as it showed a higher energy use efficiency (1.55) and less CO2-eq emission (3603.69) compared to the other approaches of ethephon. The subsequent efficient ethephon approaches were E1 under short water stress, E6 under prolonged water stress, where E5 performed minimally, and no application of ethephon, which exhibited the worst efficiency under water stress.

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    Agronomy
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Agronomy
    Article . 2023
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    Authors: Dokrak Marod; Tohru Nakashizuka; Tomoyuki Saitoh; Keizo Hirai; +5 Authors

    Nutrient recycling is one of the most important services that supports other processes in ecosystems. Changing litterfall patterns induced by climate change can cause imbalances in nutrient availability. In this study, we reported the long-term (28-year) interplay between environmental factors and variability among litterfall fractions (leaves, flowers, and fruit) in a tropical dry forest located in Kanchanaburi, Thailand. A long-term litter trap dataset was collected and analyzed by lagged generalized additive models. Strong seasonality was observed among the litter fractions. The greatest leaf and flower litterfall accumulated mostly during the cool, dry season, while fruit litterfall occurred mostly during the rainy season. For leaf litter, significant deviations in maximum temperature (Tmax), volumetric soil moisture content (SM), and evapotranspiration (ET) during the months prior to the current litterfall month were the most plausible factors affecting leaf litter production. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and ET were isolated as the most significant factors affecting flower litterfall. Interestingly, light, mean temperature (Tmean), and the southern oscillation index (SOI) were the most significant factors affecting fruit litterfall, and wetter years proved to be highly correlated with elevated fruit litterfall. Such environmental variability affects both the triggering of litterfall and its quantity. Shifting environmental conditions can therefore alter nutrient recycling rates through the changing characteristics and quantity of litter.

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    Forests
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forests
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: PUVADOL DOYDEE; VlNCENTIUS SlREGAR;

    Many types of the coastal land use in Banten Bay have been assessed in order to know the change as evidently detected by Landsat imagery in 1994 and 2001. Image processing such as, supervised classification and various change detection techniques are performed to the satellite images. Red Green method showed the best result for detecting the coastal land use change. This method is suitable for detecting the increasing areas of the paddy fields and settlement. Image Differencing method is capable to detect the increasing areas in agriculture, decreasing in fishponds and natural areas. Image Ratioing method can be considered suitable for detecting the increasing area of fishponds, decreasing of paddy fields and agriculture areas. Each coastal land use type has increased, except for the natural area/brushwood. Most of agriculture and paddy fields areas have been converted to fish ponds. Key words: coastal land use/land cover, change detection method, remote sensing

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    Article . 2006
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    Biotropia: The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Biotropia: The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
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    Authors: Siraporn Chuea-uan; Dheerawan Boonyawan; Choncharoen Sawangrat; Sa-nguansak Thanapornpoonpong;

    This research aimed to understand the use of air gliding arc (GA) plasma to generate plasma-activated water (PAW) for fixing nitrogen in water and the chemical properties of PAW on the germination of rice seeds. The N2, NO, and OH molecules in GA plasma led to NO3−, NO2−, and H2O2 formation in the PAW. The NO3−, NO2−, and H2O2 contents in PAW rapidly decreased after 5 days of storage. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomised design using GA plasma discharged above the surface of deionised (DI) water with different airflow rates (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 L/min) compared to the control (DI water). The NO3− and NO2− contents increased, resulting in an increase in total nitrogen (N) and gibberellic acid (GA3) accumulation in rice seeds. The PAW at an airflow rate of 5 L/min was optimal for enhancing radicle emergence at 48 and 72 h, germination, germination index, shoot length, fresh weight, and dry weight of seedlings. Therefore, air GA plasma to generate PAW is an efficient method for producing nitrogen in a soluble form, which can support the germination processes and early growth of rice seedlings.

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    Agronomy
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    Agronomy
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Kawinwut Somsunun; Tippawan Prapamontol; Todsabhorn Kuanpan; Teetawat Santijitpakdee; +3 Authors

    Indoor exposure to heavy metals poses human health risks worldwide, but study reports from Thailand are still limited, particularly in rural and urban areas. We measured the heavy metals in a hundred indoor household dust samples collected from urban and rural areas in Chiang Mai and Lamphun provinces and found a significantly higher concentration of As in rural areas and Cd in urban areas with industrial activities. The source identification of the heavy metals showed significant enrichment from traffic emissions, paint, smoking, and mixed sources with natural soil. From health risk assessment models, children were more vulnerable to noncarcinogenic risks (HI = 1.45), primarily via ingestion (HQ = 1.39). Lifetime cancer risks (LCRs) due to heavy metal exposure were found in adults (LCR = 5.31 × 10−4) and children (LCR = 9.05 × 10−4). The cancer risks from As were higher in rural areas via ingestion, while Cr and Ni were higher in urban areas via inhalation and ingestion, respectively. This study estimated that approximately 5 out of 10,000 adults and 9 out of 10,000 children among the population may develop cancer in their lifetime from exposure to indoor heavy metals in this region.

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    Toxics
    Article . 2023
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    Toxics
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Toxics
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      Toxics
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: I Komang Agus Ady Aryanto; Dechrit Maneetham; Padma Nyoman Crisnapati;

    This research focuses on enhancing neonatal care by developing a comprehensive monitoring and control system and an efficient model for predicting electrical energy consumption in incubators, aiming to mitigate potential adverse effects caused by excessive energy usage. Employing a combination of 1-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) methods within the framework of the Internet of Things (IoT), the study encompasses multiple components, including hardware, network, database, data analysis, and software. The research outcomes encompass a real-time web application for monitoring and control, temperature distribution visualizations within the incubator, a prototype incubator, and a predictive energy consumption model. Testing the LSTM method resulted in an RMSE of 42.650 and an MAE of 33.575, while the CNN method exhibited an RMSE of 37.675 and an MAE of 30.082. Combining CNN and LSTM yielded an RMSE of 32.436 and an MAE of 25.382, demonstrating the potential for significantly improving neonatal care.

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    Applied Sciences
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Applied Sciences
    Article . 2023
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    Authors: Wisanu Jutharee; Boonserm Kaewkamnerdpong; Thavida Maneewarn;

    This study proposed a strategy for a quick fault recovery response when an actuator failure problem occurred while a humanoid robot with 7-DOF anthropomorphic arms was performing a task with upper body motion. The objective of this study was to develop an algorithm for joint reconfiguration of the receptionist robot called Namo so that the robot can still perform a set of emblematic gestures if an actuator fails or is damaged. We proposed a gesture similarity measurement to be used as an objective function and used bio-inspired artificial intelligence methods, including a genetic algorithm, a bacteria foraging optimization algorithm, and an artificial bee colony, to determine good solutions for joint reconfiguration. When an actuator fails, the failed joint will be locked at the average angle calculated from all emblematic gestures. We used grid search to determine suitable parameter sets for each method before making a comparison of their performance. The results showed that bio-inspired artificial intelligence methods could successfully suggest reconfigured gestures after joint motor failure within 1 s. After 100 repetitions, BFOA and ABC returned the best-reconfigured gestures; there was no statistical difference. However, ABC yielded more reliable reconfigured gestures; there was significantly less interquartile range among the results than BFOA. The joint reconfiguration method was demonstrated for all possible joint failure conditions. The results showed that the proposed method could determine good reconfigured gestures under given time constraints; hence, it could be used for joint failure recovery in real applications.

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    Sensors
    Article . 2023
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    Sensors
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    Authors: Yotsaphat Kittichotsatsawat; Nakorn Tippayawong; Korrakot Yaibuathet Tippayawong;

    AbstractThailand is among high-ranking coffee-exporting countries in the world. This study investigated, analyzed and proposed ideas for improved production of coffee to meet the demands from the local and international market. Using data collected from site visits, observation and interviews, value stream mapping analysis was used to identify the activities in the coffee production process. Automated machine deployment was used to improve the performance of coffee production. From the findings, it was shown that the total cycle time could be reduced by more than 82 %, the profit of sorted cherry coffee could be increased by 80%, and the processing time of green bean coffee could be reduced by almost 97%. An automated color sorting machine was deployed to improve the production process. With integrated lean and automated mechanization techniques, farmers can gain several benefits and become more responsive to future customer demands.

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    Cogent Food & Agriculture
    Article . 2023
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    Cogent Food & Agriculture
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      Cogent Food & Agriculture
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    Authors: Jing Xiang Chung; Liew Juneng; Gerasorn Santisirisomboon; Thanh Ngo-Duc; +15 Authors

    The Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) Southeast Asia further downscaled three of its 25 km products, i.e. EC-Earth, HadGEM2-ES and MPI-ESM-MR forced regional climate simulations to a higher resolution of 5 km. A newer RegCM4.7 model was used for this exercise. For the simulations over Peninsular Malaysia, analysis shows that these simulations have much smaller precipitation biases. They can correctly predict the annual precipitation cycle over the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia compared to the 25 km simulations. The ensemble of these 5 km simulations indicates that Peninsular Malaysia is expected to experience a decrease in its seasonal mean precipitation, regardless of the RCP 4.5 or RCP 8.5 scenarios. Aside from the reduction of seasonal mean precipitation, consecutive dry and wet days are expected to increase and decrease, respectively. This indicates that Peninsular Malaysia will experience a long dry spell in the future. At the same time, it is suggested that Peninsular Malaysia will have fewer days with very heavy precipitation. Overall, the findings from this study suggest that the 5 km downscaled climate simulations improve significantly over 25 km and that the Peninsular Malaysia region can expect a drier future climate and extremes.

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    Authors: Apiniti Jotisankasa; Kritanai Torsri; Soravis Supavetch; Kajornsak Sirirodwattanakool; +5 Authors

    Soil moisture plays a crucial role in various hydrological processes and energy partitioning of the global surface. The Soil Moisture Active Passive-Sentinel (SMAP-Sentinel) remote-sensing technology has demonstrated great potential for monitoring soil moisture with a maximum spatial resolution of 1 km. This capability can be applied to improve the weather forecast accuracy, enhance water management for agriculture, and managing climate-related disasters. Despite the techniques being increasingly used worldwide, their accuracy still requires field validation in specific regions like Thailand. In this paper, we report on the extensive in situ monitoring of soil moisture (from surface up to 1 m depth) at 10 stations across Thailand, spanning the years 2021 to 2023. The aim was to validate the SMAP surface-soil moisture (SSM) Level 2 product over a period of two years. Using a one-month averaging approach, the study revealed linear relationships between the two measurement types, with the coefficient of determination (R-squared) varying from 0.13 to 0.58. Notably, areas with more uniform land use and topography such as croplands tended to have a better coefficient of determination. We also conducted detailed soil core characterization, including soil–water retention curves, permeability, porosity, and other physical properties. The basic soil properties were used for estimating the correlation constants between SMAP and in situ soil moistures using multiple linear regression. The results produced R-squared values between 0.933 and 0.847. An upscaling approach to SMAP was proposed that showed promising results when a 3-month average of all measurements in cropland was used together. The finding also suggests that the SMAP-Sentinel remote-sensing technology exhibits significant potential for soil-moisture monitoring in certain applications. Further validation efforts and research, particularly in terms of root-zone depths and area-based assessments, especially in the agricultural sector, can greatly improve the technology’s effectiveness and usefulness in the region.

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    Sensors
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2023
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    Sensors
    Article . 2023
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      Sensors
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Md. Samim Hossain Molla; Orawan Kumdee; Nattaporn Worathongchai; Phanuphong Khongchiu; +4 Authors

    Maize, a major food source for the world’s tropical regions, is often impaired by droughts under a changing climate, which creates the importance of making efforts to improve the tolerance characteristics of maize under field conditions. The experiment was conducted during the dry season of the 2020–2021 period to investigate the stimulatory effects of plant growth regulator (PGR) ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) on the morpho-physio-biochemical traits of maize and to identify suitable application approaches for efficient production under water stress. The factorial randomized complete block design was followed for the present experiment. Ethephon was applied at the vegetative 6 leaves (V6) and/or 10 leaves (V10) stages. Seven application approaches (doses in g a.i. ha−1) of ethephon, i.e., 281 at the V6 stage (E1), 281 at the V6 stage + 281 at the V10 stage (E2), 281 at the V10 stage (E3), 562 at the V6 stage (E4), 562 at the V6 stage + 562 at the V10 stage (E5), 562 at the V10 stage (E6), and no ethephon (E7), were used for maize production. Another factor was that three water levels were used, i.e., well-watered conditions (watering every week) (W1), short water stress (no watering during 48–69 days after planting) (W2), and prolonged water stress (no watering during 48–83 days after planting) (W3). Water stress negatively affected most of the morpho-physiological traits, and in W2 and W3 conditions, the grain yield was significantly lower, i.e., 4.82 and 4.27 t ha−1, respectively, compared to W1 (5.71 t ha−1). The plant height and leaf area index at the reproductive milk stage of maize (R3) were significantly reduced by all approaches of ethephon application compared to no ethephon. However, across the water levels, E3 performed better and produced a higher grain yield (5.11 t ha−1), which was mostly seen by a higher 100-grain weight (24.52 g) and a slightly higher grain number per plant (356.12). It was also positively supported by most of the physiological and biochemical traits, as they were especially higher in the relative growth rate (25.73 mg plant−1 day−1), net assimilation rate (0.79 mg cm−2 day−1) at V6-R3, heat use efficiency (3.39 kg ha−1 °C days−1), electrolyte leakage (5.69%), and proline (28.78 µmol g−1 FW). These traits, under prolonged stress, also gave the maximum drought tolerance index by E3, i.e., the relative growth rate (1.00) and net assimilation rate (1.00) at V6 to R3, heat use efficiency (1.06), relative water content (1.00), electrolyte leakage (1.65), proline (1.88), 100-grain weight (1.01), grain yield (1.11), and water productivity (1.53). A path analysis showed that the shoot weight at R3 (1.00), the stem diameter at the R3 stage (1.00), net assimilation rate (0.95), relative water content (0.95), 100-grain weight (0.90), grain number (0.76), proline (0.75), SPAD value (0.71), and total soluble sugar (0.57) were highly positive, and electrolyte leakage (−0.84) was negatively correlated with the grain yield under prolonged water stress. The maximum positive direct effect on the grain yield was found in the shoot weight (1.05), net assimilation rate (0.68), leaf area index at R3 (0.45), SPAD (0.22), and electrolyte leakage (0.21). The ethephon application as the E3 approach was more efficient in both short and prolonged stress, especially under prolonged stress, as it showed a higher energy use efficiency (1.55) and less CO2-eq emission (3603.69) compared to the other approaches of ethephon. The subsequent efficient ethephon approaches were E1 under short water stress, E6 under prolonged water stress, where E5 performed minimally, and no application of ethephon, which exhibited the worst efficiency under water stress.

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    Agronomy
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Agronomy
    Article . 2023
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    Authors: Dokrak Marod; Tohru Nakashizuka; Tomoyuki Saitoh; Keizo Hirai; +5 Authors

    Nutrient recycling is one of the most important services that supports other processes in ecosystems. Changing litterfall patterns induced by climate change can cause imbalances in nutrient availability. In this study, we reported the long-term (28-year) interplay between environmental factors and variability among litterfall fractions (leaves, flowers, and fruit) in a tropical dry forest located in Kanchanaburi, Thailand. A long-term litter trap dataset was collected and analyzed by lagged generalized additive models. Strong seasonality was observed among the litter fractions. The greatest leaf and flower litterfall accumulated mostly during the cool, dry season, while fruit litterfall occurred mostly during the rainy season. For leaf litter, significant deviations in maximum temperature (Tmax), volumetric soil moisture content (SM), and evapotranspiration (ET) during the months prior to the current litterfall month were the most plausible factors affecting leaf litter production. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and ET were isolated as the most significant factors affecting flower litterfall. Interestingly, light, mean temperature (Tmean), and the southern oscillation index (SOI) were the most significant factors affecting fruit litterfall, and wetter years proved to be highly correlated with elevated fruit litterfall. Such environmental variability affects both the triggering of litterfall and its quantity. Shifting environmental conditions can therefore alter nutrient recycling rates through the changing characteristics and quantity of litter.

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    Forests
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Forests
    Article . 2023
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      Forests
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forests
      Article . 2023
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