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[SPA] Este documento muestra una visión general del estado del arte de la inteligencia artificial aplicada a la agricultura de precisión. Además, describe el plan de trabajo propuesto para conseguir uno de los objetivos relacionados con el manejo eficiente del agua en la agricultura que pretenden ser abordados en la tesis doctoral y muestra algunos de los avances conseguidos hasta ahora. [ENG] This document gives an overview of the state of the art of artificial intelligence applied to precision agriculture. In addition, it describes the proposed work schedule in order to achieve the one of the objectives related to the efficient water management in agriculture that are aimed within this PhD and shows some of the advances that are fulfilled until now. Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el Ministerio de Investigación e Innovación del Gobierno de España (PCIN-2017-091, WaterWorks2015 ERA-NET) y Manuel Forcen agradece la financiación del contrato predoctoral recibida de la Fundación Séneca (20767/FPI/18).

[SPA] En zonas con escasez de recursos hídricos, la gestión del agua es imprescindible para lograr una agricultura económicamente sostenible. Entre las tecnologías disponibles, los lisímetros de pesada son una de las más fiables para determinar la evapotranspiración de los cultivos y mejorar la eficiencia del riego. En esta comunicación se muestran cuatro prototipos de lisímetros de pesada diseñados como sistemas modulares de reducidas dimensiones para su uso en plantaciones hortícolas. En los distintos prototipos se han introducido modificaciones que facilitan su instalación y mantenimiento, mejorando sus prestaciones y consiguiendo un prototipo transportable de fácil montaje. [ENG] In areas with scarce water resources, the management of water is essential for achieving an economically sustainable agriculture. Among the technologies available, lysimeters are one of the most reliable to determine crop evapotranspiration and improve irrigation efficiency. This communication shows four prototypes of weighing lysimeters designed as modular systems of small dimensions for its assembly in horticultural plantations. In the various prototypes, modifications have been introduced to facilitate their installation and maintenance, improving their performance and achieving a transportable prototype for easy assembly. Los autores agradecen el apoyo financiero del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) y del Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) para la realización de proyectos de investigación. Referencia: AGL2015-66938-C2-1-R. También se agradece la colaboración de la empresa TeleNatura EBT S.L. y a la comunicad de regantes Arco Sur Mar Menor (contrato con la UPCT Ref. 5027/17IAEA “Ayuda a la gestión de los recursos hídricos mediante lisímetros de pesada”).

[SPA] El objetivo principal de la tesis es abordar de manera integrada los riesgos asociados a la utilización de aguas regeneradas en agricultura. En concreto se realizará una evaluación exhaustiva de la presencia, persistencia y acumulación de los denominados contaminantes de preocupación emergente en el sistema agua-suelo-planta. Para ello, se seleccionarán cultivos reales de alto interés comercial, diferentes condiciones de trabajo (sistemas de riego, tipo de sustratos, etc.), y se propondrán protocolos de análisis específicos que permitirán evaluar la calidad de los cultivos. Los resultados obtenidos, junto con protocolos adicionales para estudios microbiológicos y la valoración de efectos toxicológicos a corto y largo plazo, permitirán prever futuros escenarios de riesgo y evitar problemas en el complejo suelo-planta, garantizando una producción agrícola de alta calidad, protegiendo además la salud humana. [ENG] The main objective of this thesis is to address the risks associated with the use of reclaimed water in agriculture in an integrated manner. Particularly, a comprehensive assessment of the presence, persistence and accumulation of the so-called pollutants of emerging concern in the water-soil-plant system will be carried out. For this purpose, real crops of high commercial interest, different working conditions (irrigation systems, type of substrates, etc.) will be selected, and specific analysis protocols will be proposed to assess the quality of the crops. The results obtained, together with additional protocols for microbiological studies and the evaluation of short- and long-term toxicological effects, will help to foresee future risk scenarios, and avoid problems in the soil-plant complex, guaranteeing high-quality agricultural production while protecting human health. Esta tesis se desarrolla en el marco del proyecto RIS3MUR REUSAGUA, financiado por la Consejería de Empresa, Industria y Portavocía de la Región de Murcia, que se desarrolla en el marco del Programa Operativo Feder 2014-2020, y en el que se encuentran involucradas las siguientes entidades: CEBAS-CSIC, Imida, Esamur, UMU, UPCT, Cetenma, Azud, Hidrogea y Emuasa. El doctorando se encuentra financiado por un contrato predoctoral de la Fundación Séneca. Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia.

[SPA] En las regiones semiáridas es de gran importancia conocer con exactitud los requerimientos de agua y nutrientes de los cultivos hortícolas, evitando la ineficiencia en el uso del agua y la contaminación de suelos, aguas y cultivos. Se presenta la patente de un nuevo de lisímetro de pesada trasportable, cuya originalidad radica en sus reducidas dimensiones para su integración en cultivos hortícolas. El nuevo lisímetro de pesada trasportable consta de varios módulos que permiten mejorar sus prestaciones. Tras una breve presentación del estado del arte, se describe el nuevo lisímetro patentado y se explican los diferentes módulos. En él se unifican un conjunto de dispositivos agrícolas orientados a evaluar el balance hídrico y los nutrientes del suelo. El dispositivo patentado permite la determinación del balance hídrico, la supervisión remota del cultivo y una evaluación personalizada de los nutrientes del suelo de interés para el usuario. [ENG] In semi-arid regions it is of great importance to know exactly the water and nutrient requirements of horticultural crops. Its knowledge prevents the inefficiency in water use and the contamination of soils, water and crops. A patent of a new portable weighing lysimeter is presented, whose originality comes from its remarkable shape and from its integration into horticultural crops. The complete portable weighing lysimeter consists of several connected modules improving its outputs. After a brief presentation of the state of the art, the new patented lysimeter is described and the modules are shown. A set of agricultural devices have been collected oriented to evaluate the water balance and the soil nutrients. The patented device allows the determination of the water balance, the remote supervision of the crop and a customized evaluation of the soil nutrients of interest to the user. Los autores agradecen el apoyo financiero del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) y del Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) para la realización de proyectos de investigación. Referencia: AGL2015-66938-C2-1-R. También se agradece la colaboración de la empresa TeleNatura EBT S.L.

[SPA] El potencial hídrico de tallo es el indicador más comúnmente utilizado para evaluar el estado hídrico de las plantas debido a su elevada sensibilidad a la demanda climática y al régimen de riego, a pesar de su baja escala espacial y temporal. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue evaluar otros indicadores, como la firma espectral a nivel foliar emitida por mandarinos adultos sometidos a distintas intensidades de estrés hídrico, que nos permitan estimar el estado hídrico del cultivo a una mayor escala. La emisión de radiaciones de longitud de onda de 1000 nm, y el rango entre 1540-1740 nm (SWIR) permitieron diferenciar los niveles de estrés de manera significativa. A través de la combinación de distintas longitudes de onda y estructuras de índice identificamos un nuevo indicador altamente sensible al estado hídrico, denominado Índice de Relación Infrarrojo Visible (VIRI), muy bien correlacionado con el potencial hídrico de tallo. Este índice podría ser un complemento válido para la programación del riego a una escala mayor de parcela. [ENG] Stem water potential is the most used indicator to assess plant water status due to its high sensitivity to climatic demand and irrigation regime, despite its low spatial and temporal scale. The aim of our work was to evaluate other indicators, such as the leaf-scale spectrum emitted by adult mandarin trees subjected to different water stress intensities, which allow us to estimate the plant water status at a larger scale. The emission of radiation at a wavelength of 1000 nm, and the range between 1540-1740 nm (SWIR) allowed us to differentiate the levels of stress in a significant way. Through the combination of different wavelengths and index structures we identified a new indicator highly sensitive to water status, called Visible Infrared Ratio Index (VIRI), which correlates very well with stem water potential. This index could be a valid complement for irrigation scheduling at a larger plot scale. Este estudio fue financiado por la Comisión Europea (Proyecto DIVERFARMING, H2020-RUR-06-2016) y la Agencia Nacional de Investigación de España (PID2019-106226RB-C22).

The Russian-Ukrainian war is having a dramatic impact on the environment. The effects are still unknown. However, it is expected that the effects will be substantial. Since the conflict is ongoing, it is challenging to have ground-accurate data that could show an idea of the extension of the impact. Remote sensing can support a preliminary analysis in areas without safety to conduct fieldwork. This work aims to assess the impacts of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the environment using field and remote sensing sources. This is the first work that published fieldwork data from this conflict. Different soil properties were studied (e.g., texture and heavy metals) in different places (Novy Korotych and Mala Rohan). Remote sensing (e.g., Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) at different spatial scales (Eastern Ukraine and case study in the Kharkiv region) were assessed between 2021 and 2022. The results showed that the finer sediments increased in bombed areas compared with not bombed ones. Also, there was an increase in the content of heavy metals (e.g., Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Nickel) in soils in the shelled areas, compared to the non-shelled. This was mainly observed in the Novy Korotych site. Remote sensing analysis revealed that between 2021 and 2022 at a large scale (Eastern and southeastern Ukraine), vegetation greenness decreased in the areas where the combats are more intense (Luhansk and Donetsk) and increased in the southern area (Zaporizhia and Kherson), likely due to agriculture abandonment. On a small scale (case study in Kharkiv region), the vegetation greenness was affected due to the bombing. Although our results are preliminary, it is important to highlight that shelling is increasing soil pollution and contributing to vegetation greenness reduction where the fighting is intense. The actual impacts of the war still need to be understood entirely. Peer reviewed

Authors acknowledge dr Sangboom Ryoo of Korean Meteorological Administration in Seoul for his help and support.The research leading to these results has received funding from the COST ActionCA16202, supported by COST Association (European Cooperation in Science and Technology), from DustClim Project as part of ERA4CS, an ERA-NET initiated by JPI Climate, and funded by FORMAS (SE), DLR (DE), BMWFW (AT), IFD (DK), MINECO (ES), ANR (FR) with co-funding by the European Union (Grant 690462) and by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research program for societal challenges – smart, green and integrated transport under grant agreement no.723986 (project EUNADICS-AV – European Natural Disaster Coordination and Information System for Aviation). L. Mona acknowledges the ACTRIS-IMP (Implementation project), funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant no 871115) and the contribution of the ACTRIS-ITALIA JRU (CNR prot. n. 0067310/2017). S. Basart acknowledges CAMS-84 and CAMS2-82 (part of the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Services, CAMS) and the Spanish Jose Castillejo mobility programme (CAS18/0033). V. Amiridis acknowledges support from the European Research Council (grant no. 725698, D-TECT). A. Gkikas acknowledges support by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (H.F.R.I.) under the “2nd Call for H.F.R.I. Research Projects to support Post-Doctoral Researchers” (project acronym: ATLANTAS, project number: 544). S. Kazadzis acknowledges the ACTRIS-CH (Aerosol, Clouds and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure–- Swiss contribution) funded by the State Secretariat for Education, Research, and Innovation, Switzerland. Work of P. Dagsson-Waldhauserova was partly funded by the Czech Science Foundation (HLD-CHANGE project, no. 20-06168Y). C. Pérez García-Pando acknowledges the long-term support from the AXA Research Fund, as well as the support received through the Ramón y Cajal programme (grant RYC-2015-18690) of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 773051).B. Weinzierl acknowledges funding under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 640458, A‐LIFE). Mineral dust produced by wind erosion of arid and semi-arid surfaces is a major component of atmospheric aerosol that affects climate, weather, ecosystems, and socio-economic sectors such as human health, transportation, solar energy, and air quality. Understanding these effects and ultimately improving the resilience of affected countries requires a reliable, dense, and diverse set of dust observations, fundamental for the development and the provision of skillful dust forecasts tailored products. The last decade has seen a notable improvement of dust observational capabilities in terms of considered parameters, geographical coverage, and delivery times, as well as of tailored products of interest to both the scientific community and the various end-users. Given this progress, here we review the current state of observational capabilities including in-situ, ground-based and satellite remote sensing observations, in Northern Africa, the Middle East and Europe for the provision of dust information considering the needs of various users. We also critically discuss observational gaps and related unresolved questions while providing suggestions for overcoming the current limitations. Our review aims to be a milestone for discussing dust observational gaps at a global level to address the needs of users, from research communities to nonscientific stakeholders "Article signat per 26 autors/es: Lucia Mona, Vassilis Amiridis, Emilio Cuevas, Antonis Gkikas, Serena Trippetta, Sophie Vandenbussche, Angela Benedetti, Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Paola Formenti, Alexander Haefele, Stelios Kazadzis, Peter Knippertz, Benoit Laurent, Fabio Madonna, Slobodan Nickovic, Nikolaos Papagiannopoulos, Gelsomina Pappalardo, Carlos Pérez García-Pando, Thomas Popp, Sergio Rodríguez, Andrea Sealy, Nobuo Sugimoto, Enric Terradellas, Ana Vukovic Vimic, Bernadette Weinzierl, and Sara Basart " Peer Reviewed

Volcanic eruptions have a strong environmental impact on surrounding forests. Trees are affected by mechanical damage, tephra deposition and volcanic gases. Oceanic islands are shaped by relatively frequent volcanic eruptions and thus offer the opportunity to study the effect of volcanic activity on biodiversity. We investigate the impact of volcanic gas emissions and tephra deposition during the 2021 Tajogaite eruption on the Canary Pine forests of the island of La Palma, Spain, characterized by monospecific stands of the endemic pine species Pinus canariensis C. Sm. ex D.C. Large quantities of volcanic sulphur dioxide caused chlorotic damage up to approximately 7 km around the crater, followed by widespread resprouting of P. canariensis. To detect the spatial pattern of impacts, we sampled P. canariensis needles from all over the island of La Palma and analyzed their sulphur (S), nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) content. We found a strong increase of S needle content close to the crater, while C decreased significantly. S levels were strongly related to distance to the crater, C and N were mostly influenced by S content. Trees affected by volcanic gases allocate resources to resprouting, leading to lower levels of C due to translocation of C as a building block. Surprisingly, we found higher N levels in needles with high levels of S and a less clear pattern compared to C, likely due to a multitude of environmental factors influencing N needle levels. We investigated how canopy damage patterns detected in Sentinel-2 remote sensing imagery after the eruption correlated to the in-situ needle contents. However, we did not find a clear correlation between in-situ needle values and spectral responses in remote sensing. While satellite images were well suited to analyse large scale patterns of canopy damage following the eruption, needle levels varied strongly on a local, tree-based level, which is not reflected in remote sensing imagery. We thank the Bavarian Academic Forum (BayWISS) for funding the fieldwork of Frank Weiser for this study. We thank Christine Pilsl for preparation of the samples, Reinhold Stahlmann for help with the tephra interpolation and the BayCEER laboratory for analyzing the needle samples. Peer reviewed