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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Manel Díaz Llobet; Manel Plana-Farran; Micaela L. Riethmuller; Victor Rodríguez Lizano; +2 Authors

    A significant part of the world economy is devoted to agriculture. The sector accounts for 27% of global employment and 4% of global GDP. Approximately 28.5 million farms are located in Europe and Latin America. In this sector, many uncertainties negatively impact farmers’ mental and emotional well-being. Many factors contribute to increased stress and a worsening of farmers’ mental health, including health problems resulting from the conducting their profession, economic uncertainty, the effects of climate change, and technological changes in the agricultural sector. Despite the existence of literature review studies related to mental health in agriculture, no bibliometric review study has been conducted. This article presents the first in-depth bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature on mental health in agriculture and operates based on Scopus and Web of Science databases. The results are presented as tables and explanatory diagrams describing the findings. The findings show the exponential increase in research in the last ten years and the evolution towards more social and health-related topics across the previous five years. The most common keywords are “suicide”, “stress”, and “depression”. No topic has been found where the current scientific production was significantly larger than the rest, indicating the wide variety of research sub-topics in this field.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agriculturearrow_drop_down
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    Agriculture
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
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    Agriculture
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agriculturearrow_drop_down
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      Agriculture
      Article . 2023
      Data sources: DOAJ
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      Agriculture
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: R. Sánchez‐Gutiérrez; R. Sánchez‐Murillo; G. Esquivel‐Hernández; C. Birkel; +3 Authors

    AbstractNitrate legacy is affecting groundwater sources across the tropics. This study describes isotopic and ionic spatial trends across a tropical, fractured, volcanic multi‐aquifer system in central Costa Rica in relation to land use change over four decades. Springs and wells (from 800 to 2,400 m asl) were sampled for NO3− and Cl− concentrations, δ18Owater, δ15NNO3, and δ18ONO3. A Bayesian isotope mixing model was used to estimate potential source contributions to the nitrate legacy in groundwater. Land use change was evaluated using satellite imagery from 1979 to 2019. The lower nitrate concentrations (<1 mg/L NO3−N) were reported in headwater springs near protected forested areas, while greater concentrations (up to ∼63 mg/L) were reported in wells (mid‐ and low‐elevation sites in the unconfined unit) and low‐elevation springs. High‐elevation springs were characterized by low Cl− and moderate NO3−/Cl− ratios, indicating the potential influence of soil nitrogen (SN) inputs. Wells and low‐elevation springs exhibited greater NO3−/Cl− ratios and Cl− concentrations above 100 μmol/L. Bayesian calculations suggest a mixture of sewage (domestic septic tanks), SN (forested recharge areas), and chemical fertilizers (coffee plantations), as a direct result of abrupt land use change in the last 40 years. Our results confirm the incipient trend in increasing groundwater nitrogen and highlight the urgent need for a multi‐municipal plan to transition from domestic septic tanks to regional sewage treatment and sustainable agricultural practices to prevent future groundwater quality degradation effectively.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Geophysic...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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    ResearchGate Data
    Preprint . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Geophysic...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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      ResearchGate Data
      Preprint . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Marianita Harvey-Chavarría; Raciel Javier Estrada-León;

    Introducción. En Costa Rica el sector agrícola es uno de los más diversos, este presenta una alta variabilidad socioeconómica. El cantón de Talamanca alberga un fuerte rezago económico y se requiere generar alternativas productivas. Objetivo. Caracterizar a nivel socioeconómico, productivo y comercial, los agricultores del Caribe Sur. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio y descriptivo en los distritos de Cahuita, Bratsi y Sixaola de Talamanca del 2019 al 2021. Se determinó un tamaño de muestra con un nivel de confianza del 95 %. Se diseñó un cuestionario estructurado con veintisiete preguntas para los agricultores, y ocho para responsables de instituciones gubernamentales en la zona. Se aplicó encuestas a 155 agricultores y 33 representantes de instituciones y organizaciones. Los agricultores se clasificaron mediante un análisis de conglomerados jerárquico y análisis discriminantes, se utilizaron variables socioeconómicas cuantitativas continuas. Resultados. Se identificaron cuatro tipos de agricultores [agricultores de subsistencia (ATS, 7,10 %), pequeños (ATP, 23,23 %), medios (ATM, 41,29 %) y grandes (ATG, 28,39 %)], con diferencias estadísticas (p<0,05, χ2<0,05) entre sus variables de estudio. Sobre la agroindustria se identificó que el 77,91 % no industrializaron sus productos, por falta de mercado (14,68 %) y falta de recursos (14,37 %) como principales razones. Conclusión. La actividad agrícola se caracteriza por ser una agricultura familiar. Se producen plátano, cacao y banano; no obstante, la diversidad de cultivos y frutales representa un alto potencial para el desarrollo de la agroindustria.

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    DOAJ
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
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    Agronomía Mesoamericana
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
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      DOAJ
      Article . 2023
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      Agronomía Mesoamericana
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Su Xu; Su Xu; Yuze Liu; Zhenchun Sun; +5 Authors

    Twenty agroforestry systems consisting of different management practices (conventional and organic) and shade types were set up for coffee plantations in 2,000 at the Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica. The physical (density, bulk density, moisture content, and roasting loss) and chemical attributes (mineral, total lipid, fatty acids, caffeine, and carbohydrate contents) of harvested green coffee beans were investigated. The full sun and Erythrina shade tree systems significantly improved (p &lt; 0.05) the density of the green coffee beans and decreased (p &lt; 0.05) the moisture content and roasting loss of the green coffee beans. The intensive organic (IO) management practice significantly increased some mineral contents, such as K, P, and Ca, in green coffee beans. The full sun system also significantly promoted (p &lt; 0.05) some mineral contents, such as Ca and Mn, in green coffee beans. In terms of total lipid and fatty acids (FAs), compared with the moderate conventional (MC) management practice, the IO management practice was beneficial as it significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05) the total lipid and FAs contents in the green coffee beans, while the Erythrina shade tree system significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05) the total lipid and FAs contents of green coffee beans more efficiently than the other shade types. The caffeine content of green coffee beans was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) under the intensive conventional (IC) and IO management practices than under the MC management practice and higher under the full sun system than under the shaded system. The Erythrina shade tree system significantly improved (p &lt; 0.05) the carbohydrate content of green coffee beans. Overall, in consideration of sustainability, the IO management practice associated with the Erythrina shade tree system would be a useful combination for the local farmers to grow coffee trees.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Frontiers in Nutriti...arrow_drop_down
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    Frontiers in Nutrition
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Frontiers in Nutrition
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Frontiers in Nutriti...arrow_drop_down
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      Frontiers in Nutrition
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      Frontiers in Nutrition
      Article . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jose Cornejo; S. Barrera; C. A. Herrera Ruiz; F. Gutierrez; +34 Authors

    Mechatronics and Robotics (MaR) have recently gained importance in product development and manufacturing settings and applications. Therefore, the Center for Space Emerging Technologies (C-SET) has managed an international multi-disciplinary study to present, historically, the first Latin American general review of industrial, collaborative, and mobile robotics, with the support of North American and European researchers and institutions. The methodology is developed by considering literature extracted from Scopus, Web of Science, and Aerospace Research Central and adding reports written by companies and government organizations. This describes the state-of-the-art of MaR until the year 2023 in the 3 Sub-Regions: North America, Central America, and South America, having achieved important results related to the academy, industry, government, and entrepreneurship; thus, the statistics shown in this manuscript are unique. Also, this article explores the potential for further work and advantages described by robotic companies such as ABB, KUKA, and Mecademic and the use of the Robot Operating System (ROS) in order to promote research, development, and innovation. In addition, the integration with industry 4.0 and digital manufacturing, architecture and construction, aerospace, smart agriculture, artificial intelligence, and computational social science (human-robot interaction) is analyzed to show the promising features of these growing tech areas, considering the improvements to increase production, manufacturing, and education in the Region. Finally, regarding the information presented, Latin America is considered an important location for investments to increase production and product development, taking into account the further proposal for the creation of the LATAM Consortium for Advanced Robotics and Mechatronics, which could support and work on roboethics and education/R+D+I law and regulations in the Region. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-04-025 Full Text: PDF

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    Emerging Science Journal
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Emerging Science Journal
    Article . 2023
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      Emerging Science Journal
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      Emerging Science Journal
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Lopes Monteiro, Carolina; Bonilla Brenes, José Ricardo; Serrano-Pacheco, Alberto; Hack, Jochen;

    Green flood retention measures (GFRMs) are nature-based solutions applied to. mitigate floods by slowing and storing floodwater. This study employed a hydraulic, model developed in HEC-RAS to analyze the effects of GFRMs in the Quebrada Seca-Burío basin in Costa Rica. A multi-criteria methodology was developed to select. suitable sites for implementing the measures. A baseline representing the status quo, scenarios with individually assessed measures implemented at different sites, and a scenario with all measures combined were compared concerning their flood retention. potential. Twelve suitable sites capable of providing multiple socio-ecological benefits. were identified, of which three were implemented in the model to evaluate their. hydraulic performance. The results indicate that all scenarios are effective in reducing. peak flow, volume, and inundation areas, but to varying degrees. The combination of. all measures presented the most effective results, with peak flow reductions of 5.6 –15.3% and flood volume reductions of 3.6 – 9.9%.

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    Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Matthew J. Ward; Meytar Sorek‐Hamer; Jennifer A. Henke; Eliza Little; +4 Authors

    AbstractWest Nile virus (WNV) is the most significant arbovirus in the United States in terms of both morbidity and mortality. West Nile exists in a complex transmission cycle between avian hosts and the arthropod vector, Culex spp. mosquitoes. Human spillover events occur when humans are bitten by an infected mosquito and predicting these rates of infection and therefore the risk to humans may be associated with fluctuations in environmental conditions. In this study, we evaluate the hydrological and meteorological drivers associated with mosquito biology and viral development to determine if these associations can be used to forecast seasonal mosquito infection rates with WNV in the Coachella Valley of California. We developed and tested a spatially resolved ensemble forecast model of the WNV mosquito infection rate in the Coachella Valley using 17 years of mosquito surveillance data and North American Land Data Assimilation System‐2 environmental data. Our multi‐model inference system indicated that the combination of a cooler and dryer winter, followed by a wetter and warmer spring, and a cooler than normal summer was most predictive of the prevalence of West Nile positive mosquitoes in the Coachella Valley. The ability to make accurate early season predictions of West Nile risk has the potential to allow local abatement districts and public health entities to implement early season interventions such as targeted adulticiding and public health messaging before human transmission occurs. Such early and targeted interventions could better mitigate the risk of WNV to humans.

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    GeoHealth
    Article . 2023
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    GeoHealth
    Article . 2023
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    GeoHealth
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      GeoHealth
      Article . 2023
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      GeoHealth
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: André Cedeño-López; Rodolfo WingChing-Jones;

    Introducción. La normativa que regula los alimentos balanceados asegura el bienestar de las mascotas, la salud pública y la seguridad al consumidor, por lo que es valioso corroborar el contenido de los nutrimentos declarados en las etiquetas. Objetivo. Determinar el cumplimiento del análisis de garantía de 34 alimentos importados para perros, gatos, hámsters, conejos, peces ornamentales y tortugas, y comparar los resultados con las recomendaciones nutricionales encontradas en la literatura. Materiales y métodos. Durante los meses de agosto y diciembre del año 2018, se obtuvieron muestras de alimento de perros (10), gatos (10), peces ornamentales (5), tortugas (4), hámster (3) y conejos (2); mediante compra directa en diferentes puntos de venta en San José, Costa Rica. Se analizó el contenido de humedad, proteína cruda (PC), extracto etéreo (EE), fibra cruda (FC), calcio, fósforo, sal y carbohidratos. Se calculó el contenido promedio, la desviación estándar, el valor máximo y mínimo de cada nutrimento en cada grupo de alimento, según la especie animal. Los valores individuales y promedios obtenidos se compararon con los valores declarados en la etiqueta y las recomendaciones nutricionales encontradas en la literatura. Resultados. Los nutrimentos que presentaron incumplimientos fueron: sal (27), calcio (16) y energía (14). Además, se encontró que alimentos no declaraban el contenido de sal (14), calcio (9) y fósforo (7). Con respecto a los requerimientos mínimos nutricionales, veintidós alimentos presentaron deficiencias o excesos en al menos un nutrimento [carbohidratos (11) y extracto etéreo (7)]. Conclusiones. Los alimentos balanceados importados para perros, gatos, conejos, hámster, tortugas y peces ornamentales presentaron incumplimientos en los contenidos de PC, EE, FC, EM, Ca, P y sal garantizados en la etiqueta. La composición nutricional de los alimentos evaluados limita el cumplimiento de requerimientos nutricionales de los animales, excepto para conejos que sí se cumple con los requerimientos.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agronomía Mesoameric...arrow_drop_down
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    Agronomía Mesoamericana
    Article . 2023
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    Agronomía Mesoamericana
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Agronomía Mesoamericana
    Article . 2023
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      Agronomía Mesoamericana
      Article . 2023
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      Agronomía Mesoamericana
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agronomía Mesoamericana
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Aurorita Espinal-Giron; Laura Benegas Negri; Christian Brenes; Christian Birkel; +1 Authors

    The implementation of green infrastructure (GI) as Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) generates positive effects on the water ecosystem service in an urban context. Practices such as bioretention cells, green roofs, rain gardens, permeable pavements, and infiltration trenches contribute to treating large volumes of runoff and providing safe spaces for populations living in highly urbanized areas. With the aim to simulate these effects, a hydrological modeling was carried out using the i-Tree Hydro Plus model, which quantified the runoff generated from precipitation events and effective transformations (NBS) to cope with runoff. Eight scenarios were developed: a baseline scenario, five future scenarios with green infrastructure, a scenario with increased tree coverage, and a scenario with increased urbanization. Our hypothesis is that NBS would reduce runoff and increase permeable flow. The analysis of the feasibility of implementing the modeled green infrastructures was carried out through consultation with local stakeholders in the micro-watershed. We found that bioretention cells decrease runoff by 5%, green roofs by 4%, rain gardens by 4%, permeable pavements by 4.5%, and infiltration trenches by 7.5% compared to the baseline scenario where runoff accounts for 32% of water balance flows. The scenario of increased tree coverage had a similar behavior to the baseline scenario, indicating that efforts in this alternative would generate a limited impact on the reduction of runoff. With increased urbanization, impermeable flow increases up to 78%, which would generate floods. Implementing NBS would be feasible since this type of initiative is included in the agenda of many regulatory instruments of urban planning in Costa Rica.

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    Forests
    Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Forests
    Article . 2023
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      Forests
      Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forests
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Miguel Salceda; Ranjith P. Udawatta; Stephen H. Anderson; Sidath S. Mendis; +1 Authors

    AbstractAgricultural practices often contribute to the transport of solutes into groundwater; thus, low‐cost strategies that extract nutrients from groundwater are essential to address water pollution. This study evaluated the effects of agroforestry (tree + grass; AB [cottonwood {Populus deltoides Bortr. ex Marsh.}]) and grass buffers (GB; [tall fescue Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub, Red clover {Trifolium pretense L.}, and Lespedeza {Lespedeza Michx}]) on groundwater nitrogen (N) concentrations. The experiment consisted of two grazing watersheds, one with an AB and another with a GB treatment. Buffers were not grazed since 2001. Three wells representing summit, backslope, and foot‐slope positions were installed at each watershed. Water samples were collected biweekly from November 2019 to January 2022 and analyzed for total nitrogen (TN) and dissolved N (DN). Dissolved nitrogen (DN) and TN concentrations after the AB in the foot‐slope well were 99% (5.36–0.06 mg L−1) and 85% (9.04–1.37 mg L−1) lower than the mean concentration of the summit and backslope wells. Similarly, DN and TN concentrations after the GB in the foot‐slope well were 94% (1.95–0.11 mg L−1) and 62% (2.86–1.07 mg L−1), lower than the mean concentration of the summit and backslope wells. Dissolved N concentrations were lower during warm periods probably due to plant uptake and denitrification in the buffer zone. Results showed that buffers, especially with deep‐rooted trees in the proximity of the water table, decreased TN and DN concentrations in groundwater and can be used as a conservation practice to address water pollution.

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    Agrosystems, Geosciences &amp; Environment
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agrosystems, Geosciences &amp; Environment
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Manel Díaz Llobet; Manel Plana-Farran; Micaela L. Riethmuller; Victor Rodríguez Lizano; +2 Authors

    A significant part of the world economy is devoted to agriculture. The sector accounts for 27% of global employment and 4% of global GDP. Approximately 28.5 million farms are located in Europe and Latin America. In this sector, many uncertainties negatively impact farmers’ mental and emotional well-being. Many factors contribute to increased stress and a worsening of farmers’ mental health, including health problems resulting from the conducting their profession, economic uncertainty, the effects of climate change, and technological changes in the agricultural sector. Despite the existence of literature review studies related to mental health in agriculture, no bibliometric review study has been conducted. This article presents the first in-depth bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature on mental health in agriculture and operates based on Scopus and Web of Science databases. The results are presented as tables and explanatory diagrams describing the findings. The findings show the exponential increase in research in the last ten years and the evolution towards more social and health-related topics across the previous five years. The most common keywords are “suicide”, “stress”, and “depression”. No topic has been found where the current scientific production was significantly larger than the rest, indicating the wide variety of research sub-topics in this field.

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    Agriculture
    Article . 2023
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    Agriculture
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2023
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      Agriculture
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: R. Sánchez‐Gutiérrez; R. Sánchez‐Murillo; G. Esquivel‐Hernández; C. Birkel; +3 Authors

    AbstractNitrate legacy is affecting groundwater sources across the tropics. This study describes isotopic and ionic spatial trends across a tropical, fractured, volcanic multi‐aquifer system in central Costa Rica in relation to land use change over four decades. Springs and wells (from 800 to 2,400 m asl) were sampled for NO3− and Cl− concentrations, δ18Owater, δ15NNO3, and δ18ONO3. A Bayesian isotope mixing model was used to estimate potential source contributions to the nitrate legacy in groundwater. Land use change was evaluated using satellite imagery from 1979 to 2019. The lower nitrate concentrations (<1 mg/L NO3−N) were reported in headwater springs near protected forested areas, while greater concentrations (up to ∼63 mg/L) were reported in wells (mid‐ and low‐elevation sites in the unconfined unit) and low‐elevation springs. High‐elevation springs were characterized by low Cl− and moderate NO3−/Cl− ratios, indicating the potential influence of soil nitrogen (SN) inputs. Wells and low‐elevation springs exhibited greater NO3−/Cl− ratios and Cl− concentrations above 100 μmol/L. Bayesian calculations suggest a mixture of sewage (domestic septic tanks), SN (forested recharge areas), and chemical fertilizers (coffee plantations), as a direct result of abrupt land use change in the last 40 years. Our results confirm the incipient trend in increasing groundwater nitrogen and highlight the urgent need for a multi‐municipal plan to transition from domestic septic tanks to regional sewage treatment and sustainable agricultural practices to prevent future groundwater quality degradation effectively.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    ResearchGate Data
    Preprint . 2023
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Preprint . 2023
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    Authors: Marianita Harvey-Chavarría; Raciel Javier Estrada-León;

    Introducción. En Costa Rica el sector agrícola es uno de los más diversos, este presenta una alta variabilidad socioeconómica. El cantón de Talamanca alberga un fuerte rezago económico y se requiere generar alternativas productivas. Objetivo. Caracterizar a nivel socioeconómico, productivo y comercial, los agricultores del Caribe Sur. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio y descriptivo en los distritos de Cahuita, Bratsi y Sixaola de Talamanca del 2019 al 2021. Se determinó un tamaño de muestra con un nivel de confianza del 95 %. Se diseñó un cuestionario estructurado con veintisiete preguntas para los agricultores, y ocho para responsables de instituciones gubernamentales en la zona. Se aplicó encuestas a 155 agricultores y 33 representantes de instituciones y organizaciones. Los agricultores se clasificaron mediante un análisis de conglomerados jerárquico y análisis discriminantes, se utilizaron variables socioeconómicas cuantitativas continuas. Resultados. Se identificaron cuatro tipos de agricultores [agricultores de subsistencia (ATS, 7,10 %), pequeños (ATP, 23,23 %), medios (ATM, 41,29 %) y grandes (ATG, 28,39 %)], con diferencias estadísticas (p<0,05, χ2<0,05) entre sus variables de estudio. Sobre la agroindustria se identificó que el 77,91 % no industrializaron sus productos, por falta de mercado (14,68 %) y falta de recursos (14,37 %) como principales razones. Conclusión. La actividad agrícola se caracteriza por ser una agricultura familiar. Se producen plátano, cacao y banano; no obstante, la diversidad de cultivos y frutales representa un alto potencial para el desarrollo de la agroindustria.

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    DOAJ
    Article . 2023
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    Agronomía Mesoamericana
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agronomía Mesoamericana
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Su Xu; Su Xu; Yuze Liu; Zhenchun Sun; +5 Authors

    Twenty agroforestry systems consisting of different management practices (conventional and organic) and shade types were set up for coffee plantations in 2,000 at the Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica. The physical (density, bulk density, moisture content, and roasting loss) and chemical attributes (mineral, total lipid, fatty acids, caffeine, and carbohydrate contents) of harvested green coffee beans were investigated. The full sun and Erythrina shade tree systems significantly improved (p &lt; 0.05) the density of the green coffee beans and decreased (p &lt; 0.05) the moisture content and roasting loss of the green coffee beans. The intensive organic (IO) management practice significantly increased some mineral contents, such as K, P, and Ca, in green coffee beans. The full sun system also significantly promoted (p &lt; 0.05) some mineral contents, such as Ca and Mn, in green coffee beans. In terms of total lipid and fatty acids (FAs), compared with the moderate conventional (MC) management practice, the IO management practice was beneficial as it significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05) the total lipid and FAs contents in the green coffee beans, while the Erythrina shade tree system significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05) the total lipid and FAs contents of green coffee beans more efficiently than the other shade types. The caffeine content of green coffee beans was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) under the intensive conventional (IC) and IO management practices than under the MC management practice and higher under the full sun system than under the shaded system. The Erythrina shade tree system significantly improved (p &lt; 0.05) the carbohydrate content of green coffee beans. Overall, in consideration of sustainability, the IO management practice associated with the Erythrina shade tree system would be a useful combination for the local farmers to grow coffee trees.

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    Frontiers in Nutrition
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Frontiers in Nutrition
    Article . 2023
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      Frontiers in Nutrition
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Frontiers in Nutrition
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Jose Cornejo; S. Barrera; C. A. Herrera Ruiz; F. Gutierrez; +34 Authors

    Mechatronics and Robotics (MaR) have recently gained importance in product development and manufacturing settings and applications. Therefore, the Center for Space Emerging Technologies (C-SET) has managed an international multi-disciplinary study to present, historically, the first Latin American general review of industrial, collaborative, and mobile robotics, with the support of North American and European researchers and institutions. The methodology is developed by considering literature extracted from Scopus, Web of Science, and Aerospace Research Central and adding reports written by companies and government organizations. This describes the state-of-the-art of MaR until the year 2023 in the 3 Sub-Regions: North America, Central America, and South America, having achieved important results related to the academy, industry, government, and entrepreneurship; thus, the statistics shown in this manuscript are unique. Also, this article explores the potential for further work and advantages described by robotic companies such as ABB, KUKA, and Mecademic and the use of the Robot Operating System (ROS) in order to promote research, development, and innovation. In addition, the integration with industry 4.0 and digital manufacturing, architecture and construction, aerospace, smart agriculture, artificial intelligence, and computational social science (human-robot interaction) is analyzed to show the promising features of these growing tech areas, considering the improvements to increase production, manufacturing, and education in the Region. Finally, regarding the information presented, Latin America is considered an important location for investments to increase production and product development, taking into account the further proposal for the creation of the LATAM Consortium for Advanced Robotics and Mechatronics, which could support and work on roboethics and education/R+D+I law and regulations in the Region. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-04-025 Full Text: PDF

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    Emerging Science Journal
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Emerging Science Journal
    Article . 2023
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      Emerging Science Journal
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      Emerging Science Journal
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    Authors: Lopes Monteiro, Carolina; Bonilla Brenes, José Ricardo; Serrano-Pacheco, Alberto; Hack, Jochen;

    Green flood retention measures (GFRMs) are nature-based solutions applied to. mitigate floods by slowing and storing floodwater. This study employed a hydraulic, model developed in HEC-RAS to analyze the effects of GFRMs in the Quebrada Seca-Burío basin in Costa Rica. A multi-criteria methodology was developed to select. suitable sites for implementing the measures. A baseline representing the status quo, scenarios with individually assessed measures implemented at different sites, and a scenario with all measures combined were compared concerning their flood retention. potential. Twelve suitable sites capable of providing multiple socio-ecological benefits. were identified, of which three were implemented in the model to evaluate their. hydraulic performance. The results indicate that all scenarios are effective in reducing. peak flow, volume, and inundation areas, but to varying degrees. The combination of. all measures presented the most effective results, with peak flow reductions of 5.6 –15.3% and flood volume reductions of 3.6 – 9.9%.

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    Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
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    Authors: Matthew J. Ward; Meytar Sorek‐Hamer; Jennifer A. Henke; Eliza Little; +4 Authors

    AbstractWest Nile virus (WNV) is the most significant arbovirus in the United States in terms of both morbidity and mortality. West Nile exists in a complex transmission cycle between avian hosts and the arthropod vector, Culex spp. mosquitoes. Human spillover events occur when humans are bitten by an infected mosquito and predicting these rates of infection and therefore the risk to humans may be associated with fluctuations in environmental conditions. In this study, we evaluate the hydrological and meteorological drivers associated with mosquito biology and viral development to determine if these associations can be used to forecast seasonal mosquito infection rates with WNV in the Coachella Valley of California. We developed and tested a spatially resolved ensemble forecast model of the WNV mosquito infection rate in the Coachella Valley using 17 years of mosquito surveillance data and North American Land Data Assimilation System‐2 environmental data. Our multi‐model inference system indicated that the combination of a cooler and dryer winter, followed by a wetter and warmer spring, and a cooler than normal summer was most predictive of the prevalence of West Nile positive mosquitoes in the Coachella Valley. The ability to make accurate early season predictions of West Nile risk has the potential to allow local abatement districts and public health entities to implement early season interventions such as targeted adulticiding and public health messaging before human transmission occurs. Such early and targeted interventions could better mitigate the risk of WNV to humans.

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    GeoHealth
    Article . 2023
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    Article . 2023
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    GeoHealth
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      GeoHealth
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      GeoHealth
      Article . 2023
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      GeoHealth
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: André Cedeño-López; Rodolfo WingChing-Jones;

    Introducción. La normativa que regula los alimentos balanceados asegura el bienestar de las mascotas, la salud pública y la seguridad al consumidor, por lo que es valioso corroborar el contenido de los nutrimentos declarados en las etiquetas. Objetivo. Determinar el cumplimiento del análisis de garantía de 34 alimentos importados para perros, gatos, hámsters, conejos, peces ornamentales y tortugas, y comparar los resultados con las recomendaciones nutricionales encontradas en la literatura. Materiales y métodos. Durante los meses de agosto y diciembre del año 2018, se obtuvieron muestras de alimento de perros (10), gatos (10), peces ornamentales (5), tortugas (4), hámster (3) y conejos (2); mediante compra directa en diferentes puntos de venta en San José, Costa Rica. Se analizó el contenido de humedad, proteína cruda (PC), extracto etéreo (EE), fibra cruda (FC), calcio, fósforo, sal y carbohidratos. Se calculó el contenido promedio, la desviación estándar, el valor máximo y mínimo de cada nutrimento en cada grupo de alimento, según la especie animal. Los valores individuales y promedios obtenidos se compararon con los valores declarados en la etiqueta y las recomendaciones nutricionales encontradas en la literatura. Resultados. Los nutrimentos que presentaron incumplimientos fueron: sal (27), calcio (16) y energía (14). Además, se encontró que alimentos no declaraban el contenido de sal (14), calcio (9) y fósforo (7). Con respecto a los requerimientos mínimos nutricionales, veintidós alimentos presentaron deficiencias o excesos en al menos un nutrimento [carbohidratos (11) y extracto etéreo (7)]. Conclusiones. Los alimentos balanceados importados para perros, gatos, conejos, hámster, tortugas y peces ornamentales presentaron incumplimientos en los contenidos de PC, EE, FC, EM, Ca, P y sal garantizados en la etiqueta. La composición nutricional de los alimentos evaluados limita el cumplimiento de requerimientos nutricionales de los animales, excepto para conejos que sí se cumple con los requerimientos.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agronomía Mesoameric...arrow_drop_down
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    Agronomía Mesoamericana
    Article . 2023
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    Agronomía Mesoamericana
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Agronomía Mesoamericana
    Article . 2023
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      Agronomía Mesoamericana
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      Agronomía Mesoamericana
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agronomía Mesoamericana
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Aurorita Espinal-Giron; Laura Benegas Negri; Christian Brenes; Christian Birkel; +1 Authors

    The implementation of green infrastructure (GI) as Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) generates positive effects on the water ecosystem service in an urban context. Practices such as bioretention cells, green roofs, rain gardens, permeable pavements, and infiltration trenches contribute to treating large volumes of runoff and providing safe spaces for populations living in highly urbanized areas. With the aim to simulate these effects, a hydrological modeling was carried out using the i-Tree Hydro Plus model, which quantified the runoff generated from precipitation events and effective transformations (NBS) to cope with runoff. Eight scenarios were developed: a baseline scenario, five future scenarios with green infrastructure, a scenario with increased tree coverage, and a scenario with increased urbanization. Our hypothesis is that NBS would reduce runoff and increase permeable flow. The analysis of the feasibility of implementing the modeled green infrastructures was carried out through consultation with local stakeholders in the micro-watershed. We found that bioretention cells decrease runoff by 5%, green roofs by 4%, rain gardens by 4%, permeable pavements by 4.5%, and infiltration trenches by 7.5% compared to the baseline scenario where runoff accounts for 32% of water balance flows. The scenario of increased tree coverage had a similar behavior to the baseline scenario, indicating that efforts in this alternative would generate a limited impact on the reduction of runoff. With increased urbanization, impermeable flow increases up to 78%, which would generate floods. Implementing NBS would be feasible since this type of initiative is included in the agenda of many regulatory instruments of urban planning in Costa Rica.

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    Forests
    Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Forests
    Article . 2023
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      Forests
      Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forests
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Miguel Salceda; Ranjith P. Udawatta; Stephen H. Anderson; Sidath S. Mendis; +1 Authors

    AbstractAgricultural practices often contribute to the transport of solutes into groundwater; thus, low‐cost strategies that extract nutrients from groundwater are essential to address water pollution. This study evaluated the effects of agroforestry (tree + grass; AB [cottonwood {Populus deltoides Bortr. ex Marsh.}]) and grass buffers (GB; [tall fescue Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub, Red clover {Trifolium pretense L.}, and Lespedeza {Lespedeza Michx}]) on groundwater nitrogen (N) concentrations. The experiment consisted of two grazing watersheds, one with an AB and another with a GB treatment. Buffers were not grazed since 2001. Three wells representing summit, backslope, and foot‐slope positions were installed at each watershed. Water samples were collected biweekly from November 2019 to January 2022 and analyzed for total nitrogen (TN) and dissolved N (DN). Dissolved nitrogen (DN) and TN concentrations after the AB in the foot‐slope well were 99% (5.36–0.06 mg L−1) and 85% (9.04–1.37 mg L−1) lower than the mean concentration of the summit and backslope wells. Similarly, DN and TN concentrations after the GB in the foot‐slope well were 94% (1.95–0.11 mg L−1) and 62% (2.86–1.07 mg L−1), lower than the mean concentration of the summit and backslope wells. Dissolved N concentrations were lower during warm periods probably due to plant uptake and denitrification in the buffer zone. Results showed that buffers, especially with deep‐rooted trees in the proximity of the water table, decreased TN and DN concentrations in groundwater and can be used as a conservation practice to address water pollution.

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    Agrosystems, Geosciences &amp; Environment
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agrosystems, Geosciences &amp; Environment
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