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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Wangyang Xu; Jiancheng An; Hongbin Li; Lu Gan; +1 Authors

    The user-centric cell-free network has emerged as an appealing technology to improve the wireless communication’s capacity of the internet of things (IoT) networks thanks to its ability to eliminate inter-cell interference effectively. However, the cell-free network inevitably brings in higher hardware cost and backhaul overhead as a larger number of base stations (BSs) are deployed. Additionally, severe channel fading in high-frequency bands constitutes another crucial issue that limits the practical application of the cell-free network. In order to address the above challenges, we amalgamate the cell-free system with another emerging technology, namely reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), which can provide high spectrum and energy efficiency with low hardware cost by reshaping the wireless propagation environment intelligently. To this end, we formulate a weighted sum-rate (WSR) maximization problem for RIS-assisted cell-free systems by jointly optimizing the BS precoding matrix and the RIS reflection coefficient vector. Subsequently, we transform the complicated WSR problem to a tractable optimization problem and propose a distributed cooperative alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) to fully utilize parallel computing resources. Inspired by the model-based algorithm unrolling concept, we unroll our solver to a learning-based deep distributed ADMM (D-ADMM) network framework. To improve the efficiency of the D-ADMM in distributed BSs, we develop a monodirectional information exchange strategy with a small signaling overhead. In addition to benefiting from domain knowledge, D-ADMM adaptively learns hyper-parameters and non-convex solvers of the intractable RIS design problem through data-driven end-to-end training. Finally, numerical results demonstrate that the proposed D-ADMM achieve around 210% improvement in capacity compared with the distributed noncooperative algorithm and almost 96% compared with the centralized algorithm. Ministry of Education (MOE) This work is partially supported by Sichuan Science and Technology Program under Grant 2023YFSY0008 and 2023YFG0291. This research is supported by the Ministry of Education, Singapore, under its MOE Tier 2 (Award number MOE-T2EP50220-0019). The work of H. Li is supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grants ECCS-1923739, ECCS-2212940, and CCF-2316865.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    arXiv.org e-Print Archive
    Other literature type . Preprint . 2023
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2...
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: IEEE Copyright
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2023
    License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
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      arXiv.org e-Print Archive
      Other literature type . Preprint . 2023
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2...
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: IEEE Copyright
      Data sources: Crossref
      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2023
      License: CC BY
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zedong Ba; Qian Wang; Chen Chen; Ziwen Liu; +2 Authors

    Building Information Modelling (BIM) plays a pivotal role in the digitization of facilities management (FM), fundamentally transforming the built environment sector. However, managing the change in organizations to successfully transition into a BIM-enabled FM system remains a significant challenge. To address this, this paper starts with a literature review of existing theories and practices of change management and digital transformation in the built environment sector. Based on the analysis of barriers and strategies identified in the literature review, a five-step roadmap for change management in BIM adoption is proposed. It includes establishing a change management team, conceptualizing the initiative, developing an implementation plan, managing the transition phase, and maintaining the change. The roadmap aims to guide organizations to effectively adopt BIM for FM, resulting in streamlined transition, enhanced operational efficiency, and improved asset performance. Further research is needed to validate the proposed roadmap and its potential for generalization to other sectors and countries.

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    Buildings
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Buildings
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Buildingsarrow_drop_down
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      Buildings
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
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      Buildings
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Na Yao; Chenxi Gu; Jinda Qi; Shigang Shen; +2 Authors

    Governments are faced with the unique challenge of implementing large-scale and targeted protection against the global decline of large old trees. Incorporating socio-cultural values and encouraging public involvement are important parts of conservation policy. However, current studies on the socio-cultural valuation of large old trees are still limited, and how rural residents perceive the human-related value of large old trees remains largely unknown. Using a quantitative, spatial analysis and the contingent valuation method (CVM), we tried to explore a multi-scale socio-cultural valuation and protection framework based on a case study of Baoding City and Xiongan New Area in North China. The results showed that (1) the scattered large old trees in the study area were generally at a relatively younger stage, showing normal growth performance but having poor living environments. Some 96.99% of the trees resided in the countryside. Their distribution showed an agglomerative pattern with several clusters. (2) The species richness was relatively lower than that reported in urban areas. The species diversity had an obvious high–low gradient from the mountain to plain areas. Most endemic species were found in habitats of the village fringe (VF) and government/community/institutional ground (GC). (3) The mean willingness to pay (WTP) for the socio-cultural value of scattered large old trees was CNY 132.48 per year per person (1 US dollar equals about 7.2 CNY) of all the respondents, and CNY 84.30 per year per person with regard to farmers, which is relatively higher than that reported in large cities. (4) Economic income, gender, age, education level, place of residence, diameter at breast height, and tree habitat were factors that significantly influenced the WTP, among which economic income was the most significant. (5) The importance ranking of socio-cultural value connotations perceived by rural residents was as follows: spiritual attachment and homesickness > fengshui > social bond > witnessing history > education > creative inspiration. (6) The annual gross value was estimated to be CNY 349 million in the study area, and CNY 169,500 for a single tree on average. Based on the case study, a conceptual framework for socio-cultural value assessment and multi-scale protection of large old trees was proposed, which can provide references for the improvement of current conservation policies from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives, and give insights into rural revitalization strategies in China.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Forestsarrow_drop_down
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    Forests
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Forests
    Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Forestsarrow_drop_down
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      Forests
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      Forests
      Article . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Moersdorf, Jessica; Rivers, Morgan; Denkenberger, David; Breuer, Lutz; +1 Authors

    Modern civilization is highly dependent on industrial agriculture. Industrial agriculture in turn has become an increasingly complex and globally interconnected system whose historically unprecedented yield relies strongly on external energy inputs in the shape of machinery, fertilizers, and pesticides. This leaves the system vulnerable to disruptions of industrial production and international trade. Several events have the potential to damage electrical infrastructure on a global scale, including electromagnetic pulses caused by solar storms or the detonation of nuclear warheads in the upper atmosphere, a pandemic leading to a significant reluctance to attend their workplaces, as well as a globally coordinated cyber-attack. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of crisis preparation and the establishment of more resilient systems. To improve preparation for high-stake risk scenarios their impact especially on critical supply systems must be better understood. To advance understanding of the implications for the global food system, this work aims to estimate the effect a global curtailment of industrial production could have on crop yields of the major staple crops: corn, rice, soybean, and wheat. We use a generalized linear model to estimate the loss in crop yield based on temperature, moisture, soil characteristics, nitrogen and pesticide application rates, the fraction of irrigated area and mechanization. The model predicts crop yields in two phases following a global catastrophe which inhibits the usage of any electric services. Phase 1 reflects conditions in the year immediately after the catastrophe, assuming the availability of fertilizer, pesticides, and fuel stocks. However, those stocks would be subject to rationed use in the first year. In phase 2, all stocks are used up and artificial fertilizer, pesticides and fuel are not available anymore. The predictions show a reduction in yield of 15 to 37 % in phase 1 and between 35 to 48 % in phase 2 depending on the crop. Soybean is least affected while wheat, rice and corn decline roughly by the same amount. Overall Europe, North and South America and large parts of India, China and Indonesia are projected to face major yield reductions of up to 95% while most African countries are scarcely affected. The findings clearly indicate hotspot regions which align with the level of industrialization of agriculture and highlight the need for preparation. 

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
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    ZENODO
    Preprint . 2023
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    Global Challenges
    Article . 2024
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    Global Challenges
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Global Challenges
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    Authors: Kai Li; Billy Pik Lik Lau; Xin Yuan; Wei Ni; +2 Authors

    In recent years, ubiquitous semantic Metaverse has been studied to revolutionize immersive cyber-virtual experiences for augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) users, which leverages advanced semantic understanding and representation to enable seamless, context-aware interactions within mixed-reality environments. This survey focuses on the intelligence and spatio-temporal characteristics of four fundamental system components in ubiquitous semantic Metaverse, i.e., artificial intelligence (AI), spatio-temporal data representation (STDR), semantic Internet of Things (SIoT), and semantic-enhanced digital twin (SDT). We thoroughly survey the representative techniques of the four fundamental system components that enable intelligent, personalized, and context-aware interactions with typical use cases of the ubiquitous semantic Metaverse, such as remote education, work and collaboration, entertainment and socialization, healthcare, and e-commerce marketing. Furthermore, we outline the opportunities for constructing the future ubiquitous semantic Metaverse, including scalability and interoperability, privacy and security, performance measurement and standardization, as well as ethical considerations and responsible AI. Addressing those challenges is important for creating a robust, secure, and ethically sound system environment that offers engaging immersive experiences for the users and AR/VR applications. This work was supported by the CISTER Research Unit (UIDP/UIDB/04234/2020), project ADANET (PTDC/EEICOM/3362/2021) and project IBEX (PTDC/CCI-COM/4280/2021), financed by National Funds through FCT/MCTES (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology).

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    arXiv.org e-Print Archive
    Other literature type . Preprint . 2023
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    https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2...
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: IEEE Copyright
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2023
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
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      Other literature type . Preprint . 2023
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      https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2...
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Hosseinihashemi, Seyyed Khalil; Akhoundi, Mohammad-Ali; Shirmohammadli, Younes; Ayrilmis, Nadir;

    This research aimed to assess the influence of different pre-impregnation times (PITs) (60, 180, and 300 min), heating or reaction times (H/RTs) (60, 90, and 120 min), and chemical modification of wood flour (WF) on the mechanical and physical properties of wood-plastic composites (WPCs). The study employed acetylated beech (Fagus orientalis L.) flour as the filler and polypropylene (PP) as the matrix phase producing of WPC samples through melt compounding and injection molding. The resulting composites underwent testing for their physical and mechanical properties. The findings revealed that WPCs derived from acetylated wood with PITs of 60 min and H/RTs of 60 min exhibited the highest mechanical properties, except for the bending modulus. Moreover, the lowest water absorption (WA) was observed in the PITs-H/RTs combination of 60-120 min, while the lowest thickness swelling (TS) occurred in the PITs-H/RTs combination of 300-60 min. The simultaneous utilization of pre-impregnation and reaction times demonstrated a synergistic effect on the physical and mechanical properties. Consequently, the chemical modification of wood flour and the application of suitable reaction times improved the interfacial adhesion, thereby enhancing the overall performance of the WPCs. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je procijeniti utjecaj različitih vremena predimpregnacije (PIT) (60, 180 i 300 min), vremena zagrijavanja (H/RT) (60, 90 i 120 min) i kemijske modifikacije drvnog brašna (WF) na mehanička i fizička svojstva drvno-plastičnih kompozita (WPC). U istraživanju je za proizvodnju uzoraka WPC-a taljenjem i injekcijskim prešanjem upotrijebljeno drvno brašno acetilirane bukovine (Fagus orientalis L.) kao punilo i polipropilen (PP) kao matrica. Zatim su ispitana fizička i mehanička svojstva dobivenih kompozita. Rezultati su pokazali da drvno-plastični kompoziti dobiveni od acetiliranog drva s vremenom predimpregnacije i zagrijavanja od 60 min imaju najbolja mehanička svojstva, osim modula na savijanje. Nadalje, najmanje upijanje vode (WA) zabilježeno je za kombinaciju PIT-H/RT 60-120 min, dok je najmanje debljinsko bubrenje (TS) izmjereno za kombinaciju PIT-H/RT 300-60 min. Istodobno je primjena predimpregnacije i zagrijavanja pokazala sinergijski utjecaj na fizička i mehanička svojstva. Posljedično su kemijska modifikacija drvnog brašna i odabir odgovarajućih vremena zagrijavanja poboljšali adheziju između faza, a time i svojstva drvno-plastičnih kompozita.

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    Drvna Industrija
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Drvna Industrija
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Hadee Thompson-Morrison; Fransisca Ariantiningsih; Sugesti Muhammad Arief; Sally Gaw; +1 Authors

    Palm oil production in Southeast Asia often occurs on nutrient-poor, acidic soils converted from primary forest. Both the agricultural conversion and the production of oil palm are subsidised in Indonesia. As well as depleting soil organic C and plant nutrients, agricultural production on these soils can result in the accumulation of trace elements (TEs)—including micronutrients and non-essential trace elements—from the use of TE-containing agrichemicals including phosphate fertilisers and Cu fungicides. We tested the hypothesis that palm soils will have lower C concentrations than forest soils, as well as accumulation of TEs including Cu, Zn and Cd. Soil samples from active and abandoned oil palm plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia, were analysed for general soil properties as well as TE concentrations. Soils were acidic and low in key nutrients, with production likely to be limited by deficiencies of N, P, K, Mg and Mo, present at some sites in mean concentrations as low as 0.021%, 118 mg kg−1, 778 mg kg−1, 1023 mg kg−1 and 0.095 mg kg−1, respectively. Mean organic C was lower (2.0–3.3%) than reported values in nearby forest soils (7.7%). Soils under palm production contained elevated levels of Cu, Zn, As and Pb up to 38, 91, 9.0 and 28 mg kg−1, respectively, likely due to agrichemical use. The correction of nutrient deficiencies in palm production would require significant fertiliser inputs, which would exacerbate TE accumulation and reduce the net economic revenue from oil production. Our data have shown that in the plantations we have sampled, soils have become degraded. These tropical, weathered, and naturally nutrient-poor soils are ill suited to intensive production that requires high ongoing nutrient inputs. These findings have implications for the sustainability of a regionally significant production system across Southeast Asia.

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    Land
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Land
    Article . 2023
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      Land
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      Land
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    Authors: Emiliano R. Veronesi; Sarah M. Cairns; Hossein Alizadeh; John Hampton; +4 Authors

    The tomato potato psyllid (TPP) Bactericera cockerelli is a serious pest of the Solanaceae family. The management of this pest using synthetic pesticides is problematic because of the development of pesticide resistance and environmental concerns including impacts on non-target organisms. The predatory bug Engytatus nicotianae has recently been identified as a useful biocontrol agent for TPP in greenhouses. The soil fungus Trichoderma Pers. is commonly used as a plant growth enhancer and biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Therefore, there could be advantages associated with the combined use of these biocontrol agents. Some reports in other systems suggest that Trichoderma inoculation may alter the behaviour of pests and their natural enemies by modifying plant defence metabolites such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). For this reason, this study aimed to investigate the individual and combined efficacy of these biocontrol agents (i.e., Trichoderma atroviride and E. nicotianae) against TPP in greenhouse grown tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Merlice). To this end, we compared the effect of each biocontrol agent and their combination on TPP abundance across different developmental stages (egg, nymphs, adults) and the number of infested leaves. We also investigated plant VOC emissions under the different treatments. Across all measured TPP stages, the treatments tested (E. nicotianae alone, T. atrovirdae alone, and T. atrovirdae + E. nicotianae) significantly reduced mean TPP counts relative to the control, and no significant differences were observed in VOC emissions among treatments. Overall, T. atrovirdae alone was less effective than E. nicotianae alone and its combination with T. atrovirdae in suppressing TPP populations. However, the combined use of Trichoderma + E. nicotianae did not show significant advantages over the use of E. nicotianae alone in controlling TPP. Therefore, their combined use needs to be further assessed in light of other advantages of Trichoderma to the crop (e.g., growth promotion or pathogen defence).

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    Agronomy
    Article . 2023
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    Agronomy
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agronomy
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    Authors: Chen Cai; Yi Wang; Kim-Hui Yap;

    Remote sensing image change captioning (RSICC) aims to automatically generate sentences describing the difference in content in remote sensing bitemporal images. Recent works extract the changes between bitemporal features and employ a hierarchical approach to fuse multiple changes of interest, yielding change captions. However, these methods directly aggregate all features, potentially incorporating non-change-focused information from each encoder layer into the change caption decoder, adversely affecting the performance of change captioning. To address this problem, we proposed an Interactive Change-Aware Transformer Network (ICT-Net). ICT-Net is able to extract and incorporate the most critical changes of interest in each encoder layer to improve change description generation. It initially extracts bitemporal visual features from the CNN backbone and employs an Interactive Change-Aware Encoder (ICE) to capture the crucial difference between these features. Specifically, the ICE captures the most change-aware discriminative information between the paired bitemporal features interactively through difference and content attention encoding. A Multi-Layer Adaptive Fusion (MAF) module is proposed to adaptively aggregate the relevant change-aware features in the ICE layers while minimizing the impact of irrelevant visual features. Moreover, we extend the ICE to extract multi-scale changes and introduce a novel Cross Gated-Attention (CGA) module into the change caption decoder to select essential discriminative multi-scale features to improve the change captioning performance. We evaluate our method on two RSICC datasets (e.g., LEVIR-CC and LEVIRCCD), and the experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves a state-of-the-art performance. Published version This research was funded by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU) Start-up Fund for RAPs under the Strategic Hiring Scheme (P0047884).

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    Remote Sensing
    Article . 2023
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    Remote Sensing
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Remote Sensing
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    Authors: Yongmei Zhang; Javier García-Favre; Haiying Hu; Ignacio F. López; +3 Authors

    Grass species have a range of strategies to tolerate soil water restriction, which are linked to the environmental conditions at their site of origin. Climate change enhances the relevance of the functional role of anatomical attributes and their contribution as water stress tolerance factors. Morpho-anatomical traits and adjustments that contribute to drought resistance in Lolium perenne L. (Lp) and Bromus valdivianus Phil. (Bv), a temperate humid grass species, were analysed. The structure of the leaves and pseudostems (stems only in Lp) grown at 20–25% field capacity (FC) (water restriction) and 80–85% FC (control) were evaluated by making paraffin sections. In both species, water restriction reduced the thickness of the leaves and pseudostems, along with the size of the vasculature. Bv had long and dense leaf hairs, small and numerous stomata, and other significant adaptive traits under water stress, including thicker pseudostems (p ≤ 0.001), a greatly thickened bundle sheath wall (p ≤ 0.001) in the pseudostem to ensure water flow, and a thickened cuticle covering on leaf surfaces (p ≤ 0.01) to avoid water loss. Lp vascular bundles developed throughout the stem, and under water restriction the xylem vessel walls were strengthened and lignified. Lp leaves had individual traits of a ribbed/corrugated-shaped upper surface, and the stomata were positioned to maintain relative humidity outside the leaf surface. Water restriction significantly changed the bulliform cell depth in Lp (p ≤ 0.05) that contributed to water loss reduction via the curling leaf blade. This study demonstrated that the two grass species, through different morphological traits, were able to adjust their individual tissues and cells in aboveground parts to reach similar physiological functions to reduce water loss with increased water restriction. These attributes explain how both species enhance persistence and resilience under soil water restriction.

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    Agronomy
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      Agronomy
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Wangyang Xu; Jiancheng An; Hongbin Li; Lu Gan; +1 Authors

    The user-centric cell-free network has emerged as an appealing technology to improve the wireless communication’s capacity of the internet of things (IoT) networks thanks to its ability to eliminate inter-cell interference effectively. However, the cell-free network inevitably brings in higher hardware cost and backhaul overhead as a larger number of base stations (BSs) are deployed. Additionally, severe channel fading in high-frequency bands constitutes another crucial issue that limits the practical application of the cell-free network. In order to address the above challenges, we amalgamate the cell-free system with another emerging technology, namely reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), which can provide high spectrum and energy efficiency with low hardware cost by reshaping the wireless propagation environment intelligently. To this end, we formulate a weighted sum-rate (WSR) maximization problem for RIS-assisted cell-free systems by jointly optimizing the BS precoding matrix and the RIS reflection coefficient vector. Subsequently, we transform the complicated WSR problem to a tractable optimization problem and propose a distributed cooperative alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) to fully utilize parallel computing resources. Inspired by the model-based algorithm unrolling concept, we unroll our solver to a learning-based deep distributed ADMM (D-ADMM) network framework. To improve the efficiency of the D-ADMM in distributed BSs, we develop a monodirectional information exchange strategy with a small signaling overhead. In addition to benefiting from domain knowledge, D-ADMM adaptively learns hyper-parameters and non-convex solvers of the intractable RIS design problem through data-driven end-to-end training. Finally, numerical results demonstrate that the proposed D-ADMM achieve around 210% improvement in capacity compared with the distributed noncooperative algorithm and almost 96% compared with the centralized algorithm. Ministry of Education (MOE) This work is partially supported by Sichuan Science and Technology Program under Grant 2023YFSY0008 and 2023YFG0291. This research is supported by the Ministry of Education, Singapore, under its MOE Tier 2 (Award number MOE-T2EP50220-0019). The work of H. Li is supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grants ECCS-1923739, ECCS-2212940, and CCF-2316865.

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    arXiv.org e-Print Archive
    Other literature type . Preprint . 2023
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    https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2...
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2023
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      https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2...
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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    Authors: Zedong Ba; Qian Wang; Chen Chen; Ziwen Liu; +2 Authors

    Building Information Modelling (BIM) plays a pivotal role in the digitization of facilities management (FM), fundamentally transforming the built environment sector. However, managing the change in organizations to successfully transition into a BIM-enabled FM system remains a significant challenge. To address this, this paper starts with a literature review of existing theories and practices of change management and digital transformation in the built environment sector. Based on the analysis of barriers and strategies identified in the literature review, a five-step roadmap for change management in BIM adoption is proposed. It includes establishing a change management team, conceptualizing the initiative, developing an implementation plan, managing the transition phase, and maintaining the change. The roadmap aims to guide organizations to effectively adopt BIM for FM, resulting in streamlined transition, enhanced operational efficiency, and improved asset performance. Further research is needed to validate the proposed roadmap and its potential for generalization to other sectors and countries.

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    Buildings
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Buildings
    Article . 2023
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      Buildings
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Buildings
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    Authors: Na Yao; Chenxi Gu; Jinda Qi; Shigang Shen; +2 Authors

    Governments are faced with the unique challenge of implementing large-scale and targeted protection against the global decline of large old trees. Incorporating socio-cultural values and encouraging public involvement are important parts of conservation policy. However, current studies on the socio-cultural valuation of large old trees are still limited, and how rural residents perceive the human-related value of large old trees remains largely unknown. Using a quantitative, spatial analysis and the contingent valuation method (CVM), we tried to explore a multi-scale socio-cultural valuation and protection framework based on a case study of Baoding City and Xiongan New Area in North China. The results showed that (1) the scattered large old trees in the study area were generally at a relatively younger stage, showing normal growth performance but having poor living environments. Some 96.99% of the trees resided in the countryside. Their distribution showed an agglomerative pattern with several clusters. (2) The species richness was relatively lower than that reported in urban areas. The species diversity had an obvious high–low gradient from the mountain to plain areas. Most endemic species were found in habitats of the village fringe (VF) and government/community/institutional ground (GC). (3) The mean willingness to pay (WTP) for the socio-cultural value of scattered large old trees was CNY 132.48 per year per person (1 US dollar equals about 7.2 CNY) of all the respondents, and CNY 84.30 per year per person with regard to farmers, which is relatively higher than that reported in large cities. (4) Economic income, gender, age, education level, place of residence, diameter at breast height, and tree habitat were factors that significantly influenced the WTP, among which economic income was the most significant. (5) The importance ranking of socio-cultural value connotations perceived by rural residents was as follows: spiritual attachment and homesickness > fengshui > social bond > witnessing history > education > creative inspiration. (6) The annual gross value was estimated to be CNY 349 million in the study area, and CNY 169,500 for a single tree on average. Based on the case study, a conceptual framework for socio-cultural value assessment and multi-scale protection of large old trees was proposed, which can provide references for the improvement of current conservation policies from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives, and give insights into rural revitalization strategies in China.

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    Forests
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Forests
    Article . 2023
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      Forests
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forests
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    Authors: Moersdorf, Jessica; Rivers, Morgan; Denkenberger, David; Breuer, Lutz; +1 Authors

    Modern civilization is highly dependent on industrial agriculture. Industrial agriculture in turn has become an increasingly complex and globally interconnected system whose historically unprecedented yield relies strongly on external energy inputs in the shape of machinery, fertilizers, and pesticides. This leaves the system vulnerable to disruptions of industrial production and international trade. Several events have the potential to damage electrical infrastructure on a global scale, including electromagnetic pulses caused by solar storms or the detonation of nuclear warheads in the upper atmosphere, a pandemic leading to a significant reluctance to attend their workplaces, as well as a globally coordinated cyber-attack. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of crisis preparation and the establishment of more resilient systems. To improve preparation for high-stake risk scenarios their impact especially on critical supply systems must be better understood. To advance understanding of the implications for the global food system, this work aims to estimate the effect a global curtailment of industrial production could have on crop yields of the major staple crops: corn, rice, soybean, and wheat. We use a generalized linear model to estimate the loss in crop yield based on temperature, moisture, soil characteristics, nitrogen and pesticide application rates, the fraction of irrigated area and mechanization. The model predicts crop yields in two phases following a global catastrophe which inhibits the usage of any electric services. Phase 1 reflects conditions in the year immediately after the catastrophe, assuming the availability of fertilizer, pesticides, and fuel stocks. However, those stocks would be subject to rationed use in the first year. In phase 2, all stocks are used up and artificial fertilizer, pesticides and fuel are not available anymore. The predictions show a reduction in yield of 15 to 37 % in phase 1 and between 35 to 48 % in phase 2 depending on the crop. Soybean is least affected while wheat, rice and corn decline roughly by the same amount. Overall Europe, North and South America and large parts of India, China and Indonesia are projected to face major yield reductions of up to 95% while most African countries are scarcely affected. The findings clearly indicate hotspot regions which align with the level of industrialization of agriculture and highlight the need for preparation. 

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    Global Challenges
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    Authors: Kai Li; Billy Pik Lik Lau; Xin Yuan; Wei Ni; +2 Authors

    In recent years, ubiquitous semantic Metaverse has been studied to revolutionize immersive cyber-virtual experiences for augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) users, which leverages advanced semantic understanding and representation to enable seamless, context-aware interactions within mixed-reality environments. This survey focuses on the intelligence and spatio-temporal characteristics of four fundamental system components in ubiquitous semantic Metaverse, i.e., artificial intelligence (AI), spatio-temporal data representation (STDR), semantic Internet of Things (SIoT), and semantic-enhanced digital twin (SDT). We thoroughly survey the representative techniques of the four fundamental system components that enable intelligent, personalized, and context-aware interactions with typical use cases of the ubiquitous semantic Metaverse, such as remote education, work and collaboration, entertainment and socialization, healthcare, and e-commerce marketing. Furthermore, we outline the opportunities for constructing the future ubiquitous semantic Metaverse, including scalability and interoperability, privacy and security, performance measurement and standardization, as well as ethical considerations and responsible AI. Addressing those challenges is important for creating a robust, secure, and ethically sound system environment that offers engaging immersive experiences for the users and AR/VR applications. This work was supported by the CISTER Research Unit (UIDP/UIDB/04234/2020), project ADANET (PTDC/EEICOM/3362/2021) and project IBEX (PTDC/CCI-COM/4280/2021), financed by National Funds through FCT/MCTES (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology).

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    arXiv.org e-Print Archive
    Other literature type . Preprint . 2023
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    https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2...
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2023
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      arXiv.org e-Print Archive
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      https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2...
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Hosseinihashemi, Seyyed Khalil; Akhoundi, Mohammad-Ali; Shirmohammadli, Younes; Ayrilmis, Nadir;

    This research aimed to assess the influence of different pre-impregnation times (PITs) (60, 180, and 300 min), heating or reaction times (H/RTs) (60, 90, and 120 min), and chemical modification of wood flour (WF) on the mechanical and physical properties of wood-plastic composites (WPCs). The study employed acetylated beech (Fagus orientalis L.) flour as the filler and polypropylene (PP) as the matrix phase producing of WPC samples through melt compounding and injection molding. The resulting composites underwent testing for their physical and mechanical properties. The findings revealed that WPCs derived from acetylated wood with PITs of 60 min and H/RTs of 60 min exhibited the highest mechanical properties, except for the bending modulus. Moreover, the lowest water absorption (WA) was observed in the PITs-H/RTs combination of 60-120 min, while the lowest thickness swelling (TS) occurred in the PITs-H/RTs combination of 300-60 min. The simultaneous utilization of pre-impregnation and reaction times demonstrated a synergistic effect on the physical and mechanical properties. Consequently, the chemical modification of wood flour and the application of suitable reaction times improved the interfacial adhesion, thereby enhancing the overall performance of the WPCs. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je procijeniti utjecaj različitih vremena predimpregnacije (PIT) (60, 180 i 300 min), vremena zagrijavanja (H/RT) (60, 90 i 120 min) i kemijske modifikacije drvnog brašna (WF) na mehanička i fizička svojstva drvno-plastičnih kompozita (WPC). U istraživanju je za proizvodnju uzoraka WPC-a taljenjem i injekcijskim prešanjem upotrijebljeno drvno brašno acetilirane bukovine (Fagus orientalis L.) kao punilo i polipropilen (PP) kao matrica. Zatim su ispitana fizička i mehanička svojstva dobivenih kompozita. Rezultati su pokazali da drvno-plastični kompoziti dobiveni od acetiliranog drva s vremenom predimpregnacije i zagrijavanja od 60 min imaju najbolja mehanička svojstva, osim modula na savijanje. Nadalje, najmanje upijanje vode (WA) zabilježeno je za kombinaciju PIT-H/RT 60-120 min, dok je najmanje debljinsko bubrenje (TS) izmjereno za kombinaciju PIT-H/RT 300-60 min. Istodobno je primjena predimpregnacije i zagrijavanja pokazala sinergijski utjecaj na fizička i mehanička svojstva. Posljedično su kemijska modifikacija drvnog brašna i odabir odgovarajućih vremena zagrijavanja poboljšali adheziju između faza, a time i svojstva drvno-plastičnih kompozita.

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    Drvna Industrija
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Drvna Industrija
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Hadee Thompson-Morrison; Fransisca Ariantiningsih; Sugesti Muhammad Arief; Sally Gaw; +1 Authors

    Palm oil production in Southeast Asia often occurs on nutrient-poor, acidic soils converted from primary forest. Both the agricultural conversion and the production of oil palm are subsidised in Indonesia. As well as depleting soil organic C and plant nutrients, agricultural production on these soils can result in the accumulation of trace elements (TEs)—including micronutrients and non-essential trace elements—from the use of TE-containing agrichemicals including phosphate fertilisers and Cu fungicides. We tested the hypothesis that palm soils will have lower C concentrations than forest soils, as well as accumulation of TEs including Cu, Zn and Cd. Soil samples from active and abandoned oil palm plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia, were analysed for general soil properties as well as TE concentrations. Soils were acidic and low in key nutrients, with production likely to be limited by deficiencies of N, P, K, Mg and Mo, present at some sites in mean concentrations as low as 0.021%, 118 mg kg−1, 778 mg kg−1, 1023 mg kg−1 and 0.095 mg kg−1, respectively. Mean organic C was lower (2.0–3.3%) than reported values in nearby forest soils (7.7%). Soils under palm production contained elevated levels of Cu, Zn, As and Pb up to 38, 91, 9.0 and 28 mg kg−1, respectively, likely due to agrichemical use. The correction of nutrient deficiencies in palm production would require significant fertiliser inputs, which would exacerbate TE accumulation and reduce the net economic revenue from oil production. Our data have shown that in the plantations we have sampled, soils have become degraded. These tropical, weathered, and naturally nutrient-poor soils are ill suited to intensive production that requires high ongoing nutrient inputs. These findings have implications for the sustainability of a regionally significant production system across Southeast Asia.

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    Land
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Land
    Article . 2023
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      Land
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Land
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    Authors: Emiliano R. Veronesi; Sarah M. Cairns; Hossein Alizadeh; John Hampton; +4 Authors

    The tomato potato psyllid (TPP) Bactericera cockerelli is a serious pest of the Solanaceae family. The management of this pest using synthetic pesticides is problematic because of the development of pesticide resistance and environmental concerns including impacts on non-target organisms. The predatory bug Engytatus nicotianae has recently been identified as a useful biocontrol agent for TPP in greenhouses. The soil fungus Trichoderma Pers. is commonly used as a plant growth enhancer and biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Therefore, there could be advantages associated with the combined use of these biocontrol agents. Some reports in other systems suggest that Trichoderma inoculation may alter the behaviour of pests and their natural enemies by modifying plant defence metabolites such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). For this reason, this study aimed to investigate the individual and combined efficacy of these biocontrol agents (i.e., Trichoderma atroviride and E. nicotianae) against TPP in greenhouse grown tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Merlice). To this end, we compared the effect of each biocontrol agent and their combination on TPP abundance across different developmental stages (egg, nymphs, adults) and the number of infested leaves. We also investigated plant VOC emissions under the different treatments. Across all measured TPP stages, the treatments tested (E. nicotianae alone, T. atrovirdae alone, and T. atrovirdae + E. nicotianae) significantly reduced mean TPP counts relative to the control, and no significant differences were observed in VOC emissions among treatments. Overall, T. atrovirdae alone was less effective than E. nicotianae alone and its combination with T. atrovirdae in suppressing TPP populations. However, the combined use of Trichoderma + E. nicotianae did not show significant advantages over the use of E. nicotianae alone in controlling TPP. Therefore, their combined use needs to be further assessed in light of other advantages of Trichoderma to the crop (e.g., growth promotion or pathogen defence).

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    Agronomy
    Article . 2023
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    Agronomy
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Chen Cai; Yi Wang; Kim-Hui Yap;

    Remote sensing image change captioning (RSICC) aims to automatically generate sentences describing the difference in content in remote sensing bitemporal images. Recent works extract the changes between bitemporal features and employ a hierarchical approach to fuse multiple changes of interest, yielding change captions. However, these methods directly aggregate all features, potentially incorporating non-change-focused information from each encoder layer into the change caption decoder, adversely affecting the performance of change captioning. To address this problem, we proposed an Interactive Change-Aware Transformer Network (ICT-Net). ICT-Net is able to extract and incorporate the most critical changes of interest in each encoder layer to improve change description generation. It initially extracts bitemporal visual features from the CNN backbone and employs an Interactive Change-Aware Encoder (ICE) to capture the crucial difference between these features. Specifically, the ICE captures the most change-aware discriminative information between the paired bitemporal features interactively through difference and content attention encoding. A Multi-Layer Adaptive Fusion (MAF) module is proposed to adaptively aggregate the relevant change-aware features in the ICE layers while minimizing the impact of irrelevant visual features. Moreover, we extend the ICE to extract multi-scale changes and introduce a novel Cross Gated-Attention (CGA) module into the change caption decoder to select essential discriminative multi-scale features to improve the change captioning performance. We evaluate our method on two RSICC datasets (e.g., LEVIR-CC and LEVIRCCD), and the experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves a state-of-the-art performance. Published version This research was funded by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU) Start-up Fund for RAPs under the Strategic Hiring Scheme (P0047884).

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    Remote Sensing
    Article . 2023
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    Remote Sensing
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Remote Sensing
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    Authors: Yongmei Zhang; Javier García-Favre; Haiying Hu; Ignacio F. López; +3 Authors

    Grass species have a range of strategies to tolerate soil water restriction, which are linked to the environmental conditions at their site of origin. Climate change enhances the relevance of the functional role of anatomical attributes and their contribution as water stress tolerance factors. Morpho-anatomical traits and adjustments that contribute to drought resistance in Lolium perenne L. (Lp) and Bromus valdivianus Phil. (Bv), a temperate humid grass species, were analysed. The structure of the leaves and pseudostems (stems only in Lp) grown at 20–25% field capacity (FC) (water restriction) and 80–85% FC (control) were evaluated by making paraffin sections. In both species, water restriction reduced the thickness of the leaves and pseudostems, along with the size of the vasculature. Bv had long and dense leaf hairs, small and numerous stomata, and other significant adaptive traits under water stress, including thicker pseudostems (p ≤ 0.001), a greatly thickened bundle sheath wall (p ≤ 0.001) in the pseudostem to ensure water flow, and a thickened cuticle covering on leaf surfaces (p ≤ 0.01) to avoid water loss. Lp vascular bundles developed throughout the stem, and under water restriction the xylem vessel walls were strengthened and lignified. Lp leaves had individual traits of a ribbed/corrugated-shaped upper surface, and the stomata were positioned to maintain relative humidity outside the leaf surface. Water restriction significantly changed the bulliform cell depth in Lp (p ≤ 0.05) that contributed to water loss reduction via the curling leaf blade. This study demonstrated that the two grass species, through different morphological traits, were able to adjust their individual tissues and cells in aboveground parts to reach similar physiological functions to reduce water loss with increased water restriction. These attributes explain how both species enhance persistence and resilience under soil water restriction.

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    Agronomy
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Agronomy
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agronomyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Agronomy
      Article . 2023
      Data sources: DOAJ
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Agronomy
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.